ACS ES&T waterPub Date : 2025-02-11DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.4c0091210.1021/acsestwater.4c00912
Milad Torabfam, Francis Osonga, Quentin Young and Omowunmi Sadik*,
{"title":"Scalable Electrochemical Detection and Degradation of 1,4-Dioxane in Water and Wastewater: A Core–Shell Bimetallic Nanocatalyst and Simulation Study","authors":"Milad Torabfam, Francis Osonga, Quentin Young and Omowunmi Sadik*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c0091210.1021/acsestwater.4c00912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00912https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00912","url":null,"abstract":"<p >We hereby report the synthesis, characterization, and computational analysis of novel bimetallic PdRu nanoparticles (PdRuNPs) using the quercetin-para aminobenzoic acid (QPABA) ligand and their application in developing a sensitive and scalable electrochemical system for effective detection and degradation of 1,4-dioxane in water samples. The fabricated nanocatalysts were subjected to UV–visible spectroscopy, particle size analyzer, XRD, SEM, STEM–EDX, TEM, and FTIR. Also, the DFT B3LYP computational study shows that stable PdRuNPs form through Pd and Ru interactions with QPABA at the carboxyl OH sites on the G and F rings, respectively. The limit of detection for 1,4-dioxane was determined to be 0.034 ppb, which is below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s advisory range. Additionally, combining liquid–liquid extraction with GC–MS for the detection of 1,4-dioxane registered a method detection limit of 0.033 ppb in real wastewater samples. In the scaled-up system, three actual wastewaters from a wastewater treatment plant in New Jersey containing 1,4-dioxane up to 300 ppm were able to be 100% removed within 30 min. In addition, LC–MS analysis revealed the final reduction of 1,4-dioxane to carbon dioxide and water. This study provides a reliable method for the scalable and simultaneous detection and degradation of hazardous chemicals, enhancing the environmental safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":93847,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T water","volume":"5 3","pages":"1158–1172 1158–1172"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143608869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ACS ES&T waterPub Date : 2025-02-10DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.5c0012010.1021/acsestwater.5c00120
José Rubén Morones-Ramírez*,
{"title":"Biotechnological and Nanotechnological Advancements in Water Sustainability","authors":"José Rubén Morones-Ramírez*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.5c0012010.1021/acsestwater.5c00120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.5c00120https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.5c00120","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93847,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T water","volume":"5 3","pages":"1064–1066 1064–1066"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143608843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ACS ES&T waterPub Date : 2025-02-10DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.4c0112510.1021/acsestwater.4c01125
Jucai Wei, and , Xu Wu*,
{"title":"Process Intensification Approach towards H2O2 Electrosynthesis & Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes","authors":"Jucai Wei, and , Xu Wu*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c0112510.1021/acsestwater.4c01125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c01125https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c01125","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The two-electron route oxygen reduction reaction brings new development opportunities for electrochemical advanced oxidation processes but greatly lacks practical engineering attempts and devices. The reaction conditions (e.g., anion, cation, temperature, pH, and organics) play crucial roles in H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> electrogeneration, which can affect mass transfer and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> decomposition. For instance, organics lead to decreases in electrode current and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> production, especially in macromolecular matters. The cathode reaction seems to be changed from the O<sub>2</sub> → H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> route to the O<sub>2</sub> → •OH route, influenced by the metal ions. Particle electrodes, electrode assembly, and bubble-induced convection are applied together to overcome the mass transfer limitations and underutilization of the electroactive area here. A process intensification electrode assembly reactor is proposed, which consists of a PbO<sub>2</sub> anode and an insert H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> electrogenerated particle cathode. The results of modeling and wastewater tests suggest that the carbon particle cathode and notable turbulent disturbance result in notable enhancements in mass transfer and space-time yield.</p>","PeriodicalId":93847,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T water","volume":"5 3","pages":"1384–1398 1384–1398"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143608868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ACS ES&T waterPub Date : 2025-02-07DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.4c0118110.1021/acsestwater.4c01181
Shizong Wang, and , Jianlong Wang*,
{"title":"Electron Beam Radiation Induced-Polymerization for Improving Membrane Separation Performance: A Novel Wastewater Treatment Technology","authors":"Shizong Wang, and , Jianlong Wang*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c0118110.1021/acsestwater.4c01181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c01181https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c01181","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Herein a novel advanced wastewater treatment process based on electron beam radiation-induced polymerization was developed. During the radiation process of phenol-containing wastewater, polymerization products of high molecular weight (MW) were formed, and their distribution could be regulated by the absorbed doses. Chloride and sulfate ions decreased the proportion of ≥5000 Da products and increased the proportion of ≤100 Da. At acidic conditions, the MW distribution was dominated by ≤100 Da, 100–500 Da, and 500–5000 Da; at alkaline conditions, by ≤100 and 100–500 Da; and at neutral conditions, by ≤100 Da, 100–500 Da, 500–5000 Da, and ≥5000 Da. Gel permeation chromatography and Fourier-transform mass spectrometry confirmed the formation of hydrophobic polymers through phenol and its polymerization products, which were induced by HO<sup>•</sup>. The process was validated in actual coking and dyeing wastewater, where polymerization enhanced the removal efficiency of UF, NF, and RO. This electron beam radiation-induced polymerization could decrease the absorbed dose required for complete degradation of organic pollutants and reduce carbon dioxide emission compared to traditional advanced oxidation processes, offering a promising solution for the treatment of refractory industrial wastewater.</p>","PeriodicalId":93847,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T water","volume":"5 3","pages":"1437–1445 1437–1445"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143608944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ACS ES&T waterPub Date : 2025-02-06DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.4c0071810.1021/acsestwater.4c00718
Ivan Radelyuk*, Xuexiu Jia, Raymond R. Tan, Madeniyet Yelubay and Nassiba Baimatova*,
{"title":"Assessing the Impact of Water Integration on Water Resource Management in Central Asia─A Case Study of Kazakhstani Industry","authors":"Ivan Radelyuk*, Xuexiu Jia, Raymond R. Tan, Madeniyet Yelubay and Nassiba Baimatova*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c0071810.1021/acsestwater.4c00718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00718https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00718","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This study presents a pioneering attempt to employ a water allocation optimization modeling coupled with a cost-based quantitative–qualitative water footprint (QQWF) approach in a Central Asian country, using the oil refinery industry of Kazakhstan as a representative case study. The QQWF method assesses the costs of water consumption and contamination removal associated with refining one ton of crude oil, considering scenarios of increased tariffs, mathematical optimization, and enhanced water regeneration efficiency. Results show that the state-of-the-art water consumption (32.8%) contributed less to the total QQWF (0.67 USD) than contaminant removal costs (67.2%). Hydrocarbon removal accounted for 71.1% of the qualitative footprint, highlighting the considerable loading of crude oil residues in the wastewater. Scenario simulations revealed a substantial increase (15.6-fold) in the QQWF under increased water tariffs, suggesting the potential of economic instruments for water conservation. Improved efficiency of water regeneration units could achieve a 12% reduction in the QQWF, underlining the importance of wastewater treatment technologies for promoting water reuse within industries. The findings demonstrated the importance of robust, comprehensive incentives to drive the shift toward sustainable water use in industry, particularly within the context of Kazakhstan and Central Asian economies.</p>","PeriodicalId":93847,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T water","volume":"5 3","pages":"1112–1124 1112–1124"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143608937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ACS ES&T waterPub Date : 2025-02-06DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.4c0094710.1021/acsestwater.4c00947
Rashmi Singh, Latika Patel and Shoji D. Thottathil*,
{"title":"Urbanization Drives Carbon Dioxide Supersaturation in South Asian River Networks: Insights from the Krishna River Basin, India","authors":"Rashmi Singh, Latika Patel and Shoji D. Thottathil*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c0094710.1021/acsestwater.4c00947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00947https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00947","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Rivers are globally significant sources of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>). However, the processes governing supersaturation of CO<sub>2</sub> in large tropical fluvial networks are poorly understood. In particular, strikingly little is known about the role of land use in shaping CO<sub>2</sub> variability in South Asian river basins, which are undergoing rapid urbanization. Here, we show that the wide variability in the partial pressure of CO<sub>2</sub> (<i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub>: 246.3–21271.2 μatm) in an agriculture-dominated river basin (Krishna River basin, India) is primarily shaped by the extent of urbanization. Specifically, a strong positive correlation between <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> and built-up area (%) was observed when the built-up area exceeded 2%. Furthermore, machine learning analysis showed that <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> variability was predicted by built-up area (%), Strahler order, and altitude, together explaining ∼77% of the spatial variability. Additionally, a strong negative correlation between excess CO<sub>2</sub> and oxygen relative to atmospheric equilibrium indicates that in-stream metabolism, fueled by organic matter inputs from urbanized areas, is the primary cause of CO<sub>2</sub> supersaturation, establishing a mechanistic link between <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> and the built-up area. Given that <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> increases with urbanization, limiting urban inputs is crucial for reducing fluvial CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from South Asian river basins.</p>","PeriodicalId":93847,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T water","volume":"5 3","pages":"1183–1194 1183–1194"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143608916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ACS ES&T waterPub Date : 2025-02-05DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.4c0072710.1021/acsestwater.4c00727
Braxton W. Porter, Robert B. Sowby*, Gustavious P. Williams, Braden J. Limb, Jason C. Quinn, Alex Johnson and Evan A. Thomas,
{"title":"Mitigating Wildfire Impact on Water Quality through Climate-Based Financing: A Case Study of the Provo River Watershed","authors":"Braxton W. Porter, Robert B. Sowby*, Gustavious P. Williams, Braden J. Limb, Jason C. Quinn, Alex Johnson and Evan A. Thomas, ","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c0072710.1021/acsestwater.4c00727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00727https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00727","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Following wildfires, riverine water quality in forested watersheds is prone to degradation, impacting drinking water treatment and potentially causing increased carbon emissions because of additional electricity consumption during treatment. We explore the potential for climate-based financing to support wildfire mitigation and watershed restoration by reducing potential water treatment energy demand following a fire within the Provo River watershed, Utah, USA. We model pre- and post-wildfire erosion and water quality in the Provo River using GeoWEPP. We use energy data from a water treatment plant in the watershed and literature data to estimate the increase in energy use for treating degraded water. We find that most watershed areas are not subject to large treatment demand changes, but a few hotspots are prone to increased sediment loads. In the Provo River watershed, on average, a fire in a single 12-digit hydrologic unit code (HUC) subwatershed corresponds to an additional 350 metric tonnes of carbon-dioxide-equivalent (CO<sub>2</sub>e) emissions for one year following a wildfire event due to increased energy required by the water treatment plant. If wildfire risk is reduced, the avoided emissions can generate a potential of $88,500 annually in carbon credit revenue (at $10/CO<sub>2</sub>e credit) for the contributing HUC8 sub-basin.</p><p >This study demonstrates a method for modeling pre- and post-fire erosion and connects the impacts to energy use and emissions associated with a downstream drinking water treatment plant.</p>","PeriodicalId":93847,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T water","volume":"5 2","pages":"649–658 649–658"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00727","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143402362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ACS ES&T waterPub Date : 2025-02-05eCollection Date: 2025-02-14DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.4c00727
Braxton W Porter, Robert B Sowby, Gustavious P Williams, Braden J Limb, Jason C Quinn, Alex Johnson, Evan A Thomas
{"title":"Mitigating Wildfire Impact on Water Quality through Climate-Based Financing: A Case Study of the Provo River Watershed.","authors":"Braxton W Porter, Robert B Sowby, Gustavious P Williams, Braden J Limb, Jason C Quinn, Alex Johnson, Evan A Thomas","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c00727","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c00727","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Following wildfires, riverine water quality in forested watersheds is prone to degradation, impacting drinking water treatment and potentially causing increased carbon emissions because of additional electricity consumption during treatment. We explore the potential for climate-based financing to support wildfire mitigation and watershed restoration by reducing potential water treatment energy demand following a fire within the Provo River watershed, Utah, USA. We model pre- and post-wildfire erosion and water quality in the Provo River using GeoWEPP. We use energy data from a water treatment plant in the watershed and literature data to estimate the increase in energy use for treating degraded water. We find that most watershed areas are not subject to large treatment demand changes, but a few hotspots are prone to increased sediment loads. In the Provo River watershed, on average, a fire in a single 12-digit hydrologic unit code (HUC) subwatershed corresponds to an additional 350 metric tonnes of carbon-dioxide-equivalent (CO<sub>2</sub>e) emissions for one year following a wildfire event due to increased energy required by the water treatment plant. If wildfire risk is reduced, the avoided emissions can generate a potential of $88,500 annually in carbon credit revenue (at $10/CO<sub>2</sub>e credit) for the contributing HUC8 sub-basin.</p>","PeriodicalId":93847,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T water","volume":"5 2","pages":"649-658"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11833860/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143460705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ACS ES&T waterPub Date : 2025-02-05DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.4c0123410.1021/acsestwater.4c01234
Kelly E. Matuszewski, Benjamin Shindel, Vikas Nandwana and Vinayak P. Dravid*,
{"title":"Rinse, Recover, Repeat: pH-Assisted Selective Extraction of Phosphate and Metals with a Sponge Nanocomposite","authors":"Kelly E. Matuszewski, Benjamin Shindel, Vikas Nandwana and Vinayak P. Dravid*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c0123410.1021/acsestwater.4c01234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c01234https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c01234","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Water polluted with excess phosphates and metals poses significant risks to human health and the environment. These elements, however, also hold value as nonrenewable resources essential for agriculture and renewable energy. Nanostructured sorbents, with their high surface area/volume ratio, offer a solution by enhancing sorption capacity and selectivity. Given this, we developed a sponge nanocomposite (SNC) consisting of a cellulose sponge coated with iron oxide nanoparticles. The SNC features a robust hierarchical porosity and structure more suitable for scaled deployment, while also minimizing byproducts and providing reusability. Tested in a flow-through column setup, it demonstrated the effective removal of phosphate, copper, and zinc. Selective recovery was then achieved by using a pH-assisted selective extraction approach, where phosphorus was recovered at a mildly basic pH, while metals were recovered at a mildly acidic pH. This process regenerates the adsorption sites on the SNC for subsequent reuse. The methodology exhibited in this report shows the potential for sustainable advancements in the circular economy, resource reclamation, and water treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":93847,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T water","volume":"5 2","pages":"1055–1063 1055–1063"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143402244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ACS ES&T waterPub Date : 2025-02-04DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.4c0090010.1021/acsestwater.4c00900
Neeraj Chauhan, Stefan Krause*, Jaswant Singh, Reza Dehbandi, Pavitra V. Kumar, Pankaj Kumar, Amrit Pal Toor and Alok Srivastava,
{"title":"Assessment and Mitigation of Heavy Toxic Elements with Emphasis on Uranium in the Malwa Region of Punjab, India","authors":"Neeraj Chauhan, Stefan Krause*, Jaswant Singh, Reza Dehbandi, Pavitra V. Kumar, Pankaj Kumar, Amrit Pal Toor and Alok Srivastava, ","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c0090010.1021/acsestwater.4c00900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00900https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00900","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The Malwa region of Punjab, India, is witnessing an increase in cancer patients, but the origin of high uranium concentrations in groundwater remains unclear. In this study, 91 groundwater samples from the Malwa region were analyzed using ion chromatography for cations and anions and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry for heavy element concentrations. Uranium concentrations ranged from 1.13 to 299.40 μg/L (mean: 54.03 μg/L), with 73% of samples exceeding the permissible limit of 30 μg/L for uranium in drinking water prescribed by the Bureau of Indian Standards and the World Health Organization. Elevated arsenic and selenium levels were observed in 3 and 10% of the samples. The groundwater primarily was of Mg-HCO<sub>3</sub> type and alkaline due to silicate and carbonate rock weathering. Cluster analysis grouped uranium with nitrate, sodium, and potassium, indicating interconnected behavior. Spearman correlation analysis showed correlations of uranium with electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, alkalinity, nitrate, sulfate, sodium, and potassium, suggesting salt-induced ion competition as the primary cause of uranium mobilization. Hydrogeochemical correlations showed that geogenic factors like rock water interactions, carbonic water type, and mineral saturation influence uranium mobilization. This study demonstrates that hydrogeochemical analysis can provide insights into drivers and the potential origin of uranium.</p><p >Uranium concentrations in groundwater of the Malwa region in the Punjab state, one of India’s most important agricultural production areas, are critically elevated. Hydrogeochemical analysis reveals mechanisms of uranium mobilization and potential mitigation options.</p>","PeriodicalId":93847,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T water","volume":"5 2","pages":"838–850 838–850"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00900","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143402036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}