ACS ES&T waterPub Date : 2025-07-23DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.5c00434
Kari E. Norris*, Emma M. Payne and Fernando L. Rosario-Ortiz,
{"title":"Enhanced Removal of Saxitoxins by Far-UVC Advanced Oxidation Processes","authors":"Kari E. Norris*, Emma M. Payne and Fernando L. Rosario-Ortiz, ","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.5c00434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.5c00434","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are becoming an increasing concern for drinking water utilities due to the production and release of cyanotoxins, including saxitoxins, into source waters. Many conventional water treatment processes have proven to be slow or ineffective in the removal of saxitoxins. This work investigated the removal of six saxitoxin congeners by UV-advanced oxidation processes (UV/AOP), utilizing KrCl* excimer and low-pressure UV (LPUV) lamps with hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) as a hydroxyl radical (<sup>•</sup>OH) promoter. After exposure to typical UV fluences, initial saxitoxin concentrations decreased by 30–75%, depending on congener and irradiation source. Degradation of all six saxitoxin congeners was 2.1–10.8 times faster in the KrCl* excimer system compared to the LPUV system due to the greater <sup>•</sup>OH steady-state concentrations at 222 nm. While the addition of 1 mg<sub>C</sub> L<sup>–1</sup> of dissolved organic matter (DOM) did not significantly affect the degradation rate of one saxitoxin congener at 222 nm, removal of all other congeners was significantly inhibited in the presence of 5 mg<sub>C</sub> L<sup>–1</sup> DOM in both UV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> systems due to <sup>•</sup>OH scavenging by DOM.</p>","PeriodicalId":93847,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T water","volume":"5 8","pages":"4729–4736"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144807266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ACS ES&T waterPub Date : 2025-07-22DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.5c00713
Zhipeng Mao, Xutong Yin, Xuemei Yi, Aiqin Luo, Fan Zha, Yanhong Ge and Yue Yi*,
{"title":"Correction to “Novel and Simple Method for the Instant Determination of Water Toxicity Based on an Early-Stage Biofilm of Electrochemically Active Bacteria”","authors":"Zhipeng Mao, Xutong Yin, Xuemei Yi, Aiqin Luo, Fan Zha, Yanhong Ge and Yue Yi*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.5c00713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.5c00713","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93847,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T water","volume":"5 8","pages":"4926"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144806855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ACS ES&T waterPub Date : 2025-07-22DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.5c00300
Peijie Sun, Xingchen Yang and Lejin Xu*,
{"title":"Nanoscale Alanine-Modified Zero-Valent Iron for Fenton-Like Degradation of the Mixed Organic Solvents of Tributyl Phosphate and n-Dodecane","authors":"Peijie Sun, Xingchen Yang and Lejin Xu*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.5c00300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.5c00300","url":null,"abstract":"<p >During the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel, mixed organic solvents of tributyl phosphate (TBP) and <i>n</i>-decane (DD) after extraction may encounter treatment difficulties. This study synthesized nanoscale alanine-modified zerovalent iron (Ala@Fe<sup>0</sup>) as a Fenton-like catalyst. Various characterization techniques were employed to analyze the surface morphology, structure, and properties of Ala@Fe<sup>0</sup>. The results showed that alanine was successfully grafted onto Fe<sup>0</sup>, increasing the Fe(0) content and enhancing the specific surface area and surface hydrophobicity. The catalytic performance of Ala@Fe<sup>0</sup> in degradable organic solvents was evaluated. Under the optimal reaction conditions, the oxidation efficiency could exceed 60%, and the volume reduction rate of organic solvents could exceed 95%. Electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis indicated that the active oxygen species in the Ala@Fe<sup>0</sup>–H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> system were mainly hydroxyl radicals (·OH). The interaction mechanism was analyzed by using density functional theory (DFT) calculations and interaction region indicator (IRI) isosurface maps. The proposed catalytic degradation mechanism indicated that Ala@Fe<sup>0</sup> could avoid oil-phase encapsulation and undergo Fenton reactions through two possible interface mechanisms to oxidize TBP and DD. This study provides a theoretical basis for the modification of iron-based materials and their application in treating organic solvents derived from spent nuclear fuel reprocessing.</p>","PeriodicalId":93847,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T water","volume":"5 8","pages":"4596–4608"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144806787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ACS ES&T waterPub Date : 2025-07-22DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.5c00504
Shuai Wang*, Xinyi Chang, Kang Zhao, Kun Gao, Chongxuan Liu and Xing Xie,
{"title":"Coupling Hydrodynamics and Biofilm Detachment to Predict Iron Bioreduction by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1","authors":"Shuai Wang*, Xinyi Chang, Kang Zhao, Kun Gao, Chongxuan Liu and Xing Xie, ","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.5c00504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.5c00504","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Hydrodynamic conditions strongly regulate the biofilm structure and consequently the rate of dissimilatory Fe(III) bioreduction by <i>Shewanella oneidensis</i> MR-1. To elucidate this relationship, column experiments and in situ flow cell observations were performed under varying flow velocities and initial biofilm biomass. A reactive transport model was then developed, incorporating biofilm detachment kinetics and biofilm surface area-dependent Fe(III) reduction rates, to simulate the spatiotemporal distribution of Fe(III) and Fe(II) across these flow regimes. Results showed that a higher flow velocity (1.1 × 10<sup>–5</sup> m/s) generated greater shear stress, causing extensive biofilm detachment, which significantly lowered Fe(III) reduction rates compared to low-flow conditions. Despite substantial detachment at a high flow, the residual attached biofilm continued to reduce Fe(III), yielding a steady-state Fe(II) fraction of 17%. The model accurately captured the observed flow-dependent bioreduction dynamics, underscoring the critical role of hydrodynamics in controlling the biofilm thickness and activity. These findings highlight the necessity of incorporating hydrodynamic impacts on the biofilm structure into biogeochemical models to improve the predictions of iron cycling in complex aquatic environments.</p><p >Biofilm thickness controlled by hydrodynamics determines the iron bioreduction rate, which also affects the distribution and migration of the iron in the environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":93847,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T water","volume":"5 9","pages":"5416–5425"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsestwater.5c00504","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145036286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ACS ES&T waterPub Date : 2025-07-22DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.5c00451
Wenjing Ren*, Emily Zak, Matthew Flood, Kara Dean, Rebecca Ives and Joan B. Rose,
{"title":"Examining the Persistence of Coronavirus in Septage","authors":"Wenjing Ren*, Emily Zak, Matthew Flood, Kara Dean, Rebecca Ives and Joan B. Rose, ","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.5c00451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.5c00451","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Wastewater surveillance has become a critical tool for public health monitoring during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, decentralized systems such as septic tanks, used by approximately 24% of the U.S. population, are not covered in current surveillance efforts. Septage, the byproduct of these systems, is stored for extended periods and may release pathogens into the environment, raising concerns about viral persistence. This study investigated the decay of human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2, in septage at 4 and 22 °C over 132 days. OC43 was inoculated into septage samples (<i>n</i> = 7), and viral RNA concentrations were quantified using droplet digital PCR. Prolonged viral persistence was observed at 4 °C, with the times for 90% reduction (<i>T</i><sub>90</sub>) ranging from 10.84 to more than 132 days, compared to 2.53 to 22.35 days at 22 °C. Nonlinear models, including Juneja and Marks 2 (JM2) and double exponential, achieved lower Bayesian Information Criterion values and provided superior fits over the traditional first-order decay model, effectively capturing complex biphasic decay behavior. These findings underscore the influence of temperature on viral decay and the need for nonlinear modeling in environmental virology. This work informs future quantitative microbial risk assessments and supports the inclusion of decentralized systems in wastewater-based epidemiology frameworks.</p><p >Limited research exists on coronavirus persistence in septage. This study shows prolonged stability at lower temperature, emphasizing the need for nonlinear modeling and improved wastewater surveillance in onsite treatment systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":93847,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T water","volume":"5 8","pages":"4748–4757"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsestwater.5c00451","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144806799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ACS ES&T waterPub Date : 2025-07-21DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.4c01165
Abera Atumo Ante*, Tamrat Kassa Abegaz and Biniyam Mohammed Adem,
{"title":"Threats and Conservation of Lakes in Ethiopia: A Literature Review","authors":"Abera Atumo Ante*, Tamrat Kassa Abegaz and Biniyam Mohammed Adem, ","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c01165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c01165","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Ethiopia is home to diverse lakes that provide vital ecological services, yet comprehensive, organized information on these water bodies remains scarce. This review seeks to address this gap by examining the distribution, morphometry, water quality, ecological significance, threats, and conservation efforts associated with Ethiopian lakes, based on a systematic review of 105 documents, including peer-reviewed articles and publications from government and nongovernmental organizations sourced from platforms such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. In Ethiopia, the largest lake covers approximately 3000 km<sup>2</sup> in area. Many lakes in Ethiopia face growing threats due to land degradation, climate change, overabstraction, hydrological impacts, and land use changes. For instance, the water quality in Lake Ziway is increasingly compromised by year-round irrigation extraction. Lake Abijata has seen a 68% reduction in surface area due to irrigation and soda extraction, while Lake Tana has lost 10% of its surface area due to land use changes. Nutrient pollution remains a significant concern, with high nitrogen and phosphorus levels in Lake Hawassa. Despite the various conservation efforts, the lakes face significant threats from various factors. These challenges highlight the urgent need for an improvement of management strategies to ensure long-term preservation of lake resources.</p>","PeriodicalId":93847,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T water","volume":"5 8","pages":"4253–4265"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144806909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ACS ES&T waterPub Date : 2025-07-21DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.5c00439
John Awad*, Christopher Walker, Declan Page, Muhammad Arslan, Sarah A. White, Terry Lucke, Simon Beecham, Ryan J. Winston, William H. J. Strosnider, Phil Nicodemus, Chris Streb and John van Leeuwen,
{"title":"Assessing the Costs of Constructed Floating Wetlands for the Treatment of Surface Waters and Wastewater","authors":"John Awad*, Christopher Walker, Declan Page, Muhammad Arslan, Sarah A. White, Terry Lucke, Simon Beecham, Ryan J. Winston, William H. J. Strosnider, Phil Nicodemus, Chris Streb and John van Leeuwen, ","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.5c00439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.5c00439","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The development of constructed floating wetlands (CFWs) as a nature-based solution for water treatment has progressed over the last 25 years. However, full-scale CFW adoption remains relatively limited due in part to the uncertainty regarding the costs of CFWs in terms of capital and operational expenditure (CAPEX and OPEX) and treatment capacity. This study reports on the costs of 11 international CFW schemes including the factors affecting CAPEX and OPEX and levelized costs of nitrogen and phosphorus removal. The estimated levelized CAPEX and OPEX ranged from US$15/m<sup>2</sup> to $2537/m<sup>2</sup> and from $0.5/m<sup>2</sup> y<sup>–1</sup> to $181/m<sup>2</sup> y<sup>–1</sup>, respectively, for CFW schemes of 55–3926 m<sup>2</sup>. Data from six full-scale CFWs showed that the costs per kg of nitrogen removed ($10 to $120/kg) by plant uptake were consistently lower than those of phosphorus ($15 to $3250/kg). CFW scheme scale was found to be a key influencing factor on cost, with cost per kg of nitrogen and phosphorus removed declining as CFW size increased. Use of this cost information can be generalized when considering nutrient removal and adoption of CFW technology compared to other engineered treatment options worldwide.</p><p >This research enhances understanding of the costs of constructed floating wetlands, highlighting their potential as effective, nature-based water treatment solutions.</p>","PeriodicalId":93847,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T water","volume":"5 8","pages":"4737–4747"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsestwater.5c00439","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144806953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ACS ES&T waterPub Date : 2025-07-21DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.5c00095
Raysa Moraes Castro, Lucas Peres Angelini*, Marconi Batista Teixeira, Wilker Alves Morais and Michael Lathuillière,
{"title":"Demand and Water Availability in the Hydrographic Basins of Southwestern Goiás, Brazil","authors":"Raysa Moraes Castro, Lucas Peres Angelini*, Marconi Batista Teixeira, Wilker Alves Morais and Michael Lathuillière, ","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.5c00095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.5c00095","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The dynamics between the demand for water and its availability is fundamental to economic activities, especially in the Brazilian Cerrado, where water demand is often greater than the safe flow. In this study, we evaluated the demand and the availability of water for this resource in stretches of drainage in six watersheds in the municipality of Rio Verde, Goiás state, Brazil. The availability of water was assessed using a Water Availability Index (WAI), which is based on the demand for water and the 95% guaranteed streamflow (<i>Q</i><sub>95</sub>). Overall, the analysis revealed that 74.88% of the area of the study basins is covered by cultivated land, with a total of 9.3 m<sup>3</sup> s<sup>–1</sup> of flow being captured for irrigation. The WAI revealed that conditions are normal in 91.28% of the watercourses in the study basins. However, a small proportion (4.88%) of the watercourses were in a critical situation, where the demand for water is greater than the <i>Q</i><sub>95</sub> streamflow. The results of the study indicated that areas in a critical situation must be accompanied by adequate strategies for the management of water resources that guarantee both multiple uses of the available water and the conservation of local biodiversity.</p><p >The WAI indicated that the demand for water was greater than its availability.</p>","PeriodicalId":93847,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T water","volume":"5 8","pages":"4448–4460"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsestwater.5c00095","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144806969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ACS ES&T waterPub Date : 2025-07-20DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.5c00046
Santosh R. Ghimire*, Kurt Wolfe, John M. Johnston, Stephen R. Kraemer, Dylan Blaskey and Alan Lindquist,
{"title":"A Methodology for Designing a Roof Rainwater Quality Sensing-Recording-Grading System Using Low-Cost Sensors Paired with Microcontroller Software","authors":"Santosh R. Ghimire*, Kurt Wolfe, John M. Johnston, Stephen R. Kraemer, Dylan Blaskey and Alan Lindquist, ","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.5c00046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.5c00046","url":null,"abstract":"<p >We present a methodology for creating a roof rainwater harvesting (RWH) contaminant sensing-recording-grading (SRG) system comprising hardware and software components like low-cost sensors, a solar-powered data logger, a publicly available Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) software, and smart mobile and web applications for data retrieval. We illustrate the prototype SRG system designed for monitoring basic roof-RWH quality parameters (i.e., electrical conductivity (μS/cm), temperature (°C), and depth (mm)) with a temporal frequency of 15 min from February to August 2024 in a rain barrel receiving rooftop runoff from a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) building located in Georgia, USA. We established data validation protocols and verified the performance of the sensors by using an alternative set of sensors. We performed minimal data filling and comparable data cleaning for intermittent data gaps, which were partly attributed to extreme weather conditions or hardware or software issues. Analysis of the cleaned data set showed a robust performance of the tested sensors comparable to the validation sensor, with strong Pearson correlation coefficients between the two sensors’ conductivity (0.99) and temperature measurements (1.00) and similar data spreads and mean values. The clean data analysis also showed that the RWH conductivity ranged from 7 to 116 μS/cm, the temperature ranged from 5 to 29 °C, and the depth ranged from 29 to 838 mm, from February to August 2024.</p><p >The study provides a firm basis for future demonstrations of additional rainwater quality monitoring efforts supporting the EPA’s green infrastructure practice recommendations.</p>","PeriodicalId":93847,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T water","volume":"5 8","pages":"4404–4414"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsestwater.5c00046","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144806601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ACS ES&T waterPub Date : 2025-07-19DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.5c00635
Dâmaris Vieira, Marcelo Silveira Bacelos, Flavio Duarte Couto Oliveira, Eduardo Perini Muniz and Paulo Sérgio da Silva Porto*,
{"title":"Synergy between Electrocoagulation (EC) and Magnetic Separation for the Treatment of Oily Wastewater","authors":"Dâmaris Vieira, Marcelo Silveira Bacelos, Flavio Duarte Couto Oliveira, Eduardo Perini Muniz and Paulo Sérgio da Silva Porto*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.5c00635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.5c00635","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Produced water, a byproduct of oil extraction, contains highly emulsified oils that offer serious environmental risks if discharged untreated. Efficient treatment of such oily wastewater is crucial for sustainability in oil-producing industries facing the upcoming challenges of offshore scale production. Therefore, the novelty of this research lies in its application of cobalt ferrite to the electrocoagulation (EC) process, where it not only aids in oil and turbidity removal but also increases electrode stability through electrophoretic deposition. Experimental results reveal that the ferrite-enhanced EC achieves high removal efficiencies, reaching 94% for oil and 98 ± 2% for turbidity under the tested operating conditions. Moreover, cobalt ferrite integration allowed for stable pH and low energy consumption (3.5–5.5 kWh·m<sup>–3</sup>), demonstrating the cost-effectiveness of treatment. These findings highlight cobalt ferrite-enhanced EC as a promising technology for managing oily wastewater, offering a viable solution for industrial applications demanding compact and efficient wastewater treatment.</p><p >An innovative treatment of oily wastewater involving cobalt ferrite to improve the quality of makeup water for industrial reuse is described.</p>","PeriodicalId":93847,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T water","volume":"5 8","pages":"4917–4925"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsestwater.5c00635","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144806674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}