Energy nexus最新文献

{"title":"Synergistic integration of hybrid carbon nanotube blended silver nanomaterial for energizing organic phase change material","authors":"B Kalidasan ,&nbsp;A.K. Pandey ,&nbsp;Anas Islam ,&nbsp;Mohammed Almeshaal ,&nbsp;Reji Kumar Rajamony ,&nbsp;Subramaniyan Chinnasamy","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2026.100639","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2026.100639","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phase change materials (PCM) are commonly applied in thermal management, but their effectiveness in new energy conversion and storage is limited by poor thermal and optical characteristics. Therefore, researchers have been exploring ways to improve the performance of organic PCM using metals, metal oxides, carbon, and conductive nanomaterials, although the potential of hybrid nanomaterials has not been thoroughly investigated. This research introduces a carbon nanotube-doped silver (SCN) nanomaterial blend that enhances the functionality of commercial organic PCM at temperatures between 49 °C and 51 °C, with an energy storage capacity of 165.5 J/g. A straightforward two-step melting-blending technique is utilized to synthesize hybrid nanocomposites with different SCN weight fractions. The presence of SCN expands the light absorption spectrum, increases surface roughness to facilitate thermal conductivity, and enhances intermolecular interactions, thereby improving heat storage capacity. The hybrid PCM nanocomposite containing 0.7 wt.% SCN achieves a melting enthalpy of 170.3 J/g, a thermal conductivity of 0.442 W/(m·K), superior solar thermal conversion efficiency with a 59.33% increase in optical absorbance, outstanding thermal stability up to 172 °C, and durability for 500 phase transition thermal cycles. Additionally, this work presents a comparative photo-thermal analysis under simulated solar irradiation showed that RT50-0.7SCN achieved faster heating (2.38 °C/min) and cooling (–2.70 °C/min) rates than pristine RT50 (1.95 °C/min and –2.52 °C/min, respectively). The insights gained from this research provide valuable guidance for the future real-time implementation of hybrid PCMs in the thermal management of both buildings and electronic gadgets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100639"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146077986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Future prospects for Jatropha curcas L. as a bioenergy crop: Assessing land suitability under varying climate scenarios","authors":"Yongkang Zhou ,&nbsp;Peiwei Fan ,&nbsp;Fangyu Ding ,&nbsp;Shuai Chen ,&nbsp;Haonan Li ,&nbsp;Zhenbo Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100628","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100628","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Intensifying greenhouse-gas emissions from prolonged reliance on conventional energy and the resulting climate change have amplified the need for scalable bioenergy solutions; within this context, <em>Jatropha curcas</em> L. is a promising second-generation biodiesel crop. This study aims to delineate current and future land suitability for <em>Jatropha curcas</em> L. cultivation to inform sustainable energy transitions. We integrated georeferenced occurrence records with climate, topographic, and soil covariates on a 0.05° global grid and applied a GIS-based Boosted Regression Trees framework (10-fold cross-validation; 50 simulations) to map suitability under baseline conditions and RCP4.5/6.0/8.5 scenarios. Temperature variables dominated model performance (85.51 % total contribution), led by Temperature Seasonality (65.45 %, 95 % CI: 59.39–71.50 %). As of 2020, an estimated 37.6421 million km² are suitable for <em>Jatropha curcas</em> L. cultivation, &gt;80 % in Africa and South America, and this broad distribution persists across scenarios. Projections indicate that by 2080, highly suitable areas increase by 278.23–333.19 km²; moreover, the spatial regions where suitability increases or decreases are broadly consistent across all three RCPs, indicating that climate-driven changes in suitability are concentrating in specific regions. The decade 2020–2030 emerges as the most dynamic period, with marked expansion in central Africa and northern coastal Australia and contraction along the southern coasts of North America, southern Africa, and parts of South Asia, followed by slower net change thereafter (notably under RCP6.0). These findings underscore the potential of <em>Jatropha curcas</em> L. to contribute to low-carbon energy systems and highlight the need for targeted agricultural management and infrastructure planning in regions where changes in suitability are concentrated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100628"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147396206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cyber-resilient energy modeling in water-energy nexus: Computational intelligence techniques and optimization for promoting agricultural systems sustainability","authors":"Daryoush Tavangar Rizi ,&nbsp;Mohammad Hassan Nazari ,&nbsp;Seyed Hossein Hosseinian","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2026.100673","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2026.100673","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Smart farms, exemplified by smart water-energy nexus (WEN) system, are evolving to integrate renewable energy sources (RESs) such as biomass boilers and wind turbines (WTs) for thermal and electrical demands, alongside water desalination systems to ensure a sustainable fresh water supply. As critical nodes in the water-energy management system (WEMS), these systems face increasing risks from sophisticated cyber threats, which can compromise resource efficiency, stability, and environmental sustainability. This study explores the resilience of a WEN that incorporates battery-based storage, heat retention systems, and stored water reserves facilities, highlighting its representation of smart farms as WEN for optimized resource management. A novel undetectable false data injection (FDI) attack is simulated, targeting electricity and water demands to exploit system vulnerabilities and destabilize the WEMS. To mitigate these risks, a residual long short-term memory (LSTM)-based data modification method, leveraging a residual neural network (ResNet) approach with LSTM model and residual connections, is proposed to restore the integrity of tampered time-series data. The results reveal that FDI attacks can disrupt electricity demand by 2.32% to 21.46% and water demand by 6.29% to 21.47%, jeopardizing the stability of the WEMS. Implementing the proposed correction approach reduces the error, measured as the percentage discrepancy between reconstructed and original values, to 10.31% for power usage and 3.19% for water consumption estimates, showcasing its efficacy in stabilizing the WEMS. The research highlights the value of intelligent algorithms within energy nexus in resource optimization and sustainability. Integrating renewable technologies and data analytics enhances WEN reliability, efficiency, and cyber resilience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100673"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147396207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A methodological framework for the optimization of agro-energy systems within the water–energy–food nexus","authors":"Andrea Cusva-García,&nbsp;Guillermo Jiménez-Estévez,&nbsp;Nicanor Quijano","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2026.100653","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2026.100653","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As pressure on water, energy, and food systems intensifies, integrated approaches such as the Water–Energy–Food (WEF) nexus are crucial for addressing sustainability trade-offs. This paper proposes a methodological framework for optimizing agro-energy systems within the WEF nexus by coupling land-use decisions, irrigation pumping, and hourly energy system operation at the community scale. The proposed nonlinear optimization model simultaneously minimizes total annualized cost, reduces crop-specific water consumption, and maximizes employment generation, thereby addressing economic, environmental, and social objectives within a unified formulation. A weighted-sum multi-objective approach is used to characterize trade-offs and identify balanced solutions under annual resource constraints. The framework is validated through a rural case study designed by the authors, representative of non-interconnected agricultural communities. Results show that, relative to a single-objective cost-minimization solution, the multi-objective configuration reduces crop-specific water intensity by 97% and nearly doubles employment with only a 16% increase in total annualized cost, at the expense of moderately higher CO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> emissions. These outcomes highlight explicit and quantifiable trade-offs between water efficiency, employment, and energy-related emissions. By integrating land allocation, water delivery, and energy system operation within a single optimization layer, the proposed approach extends existing WEF studies that focus on sector-specific or farm-level interactions. Overall, the results demonstrate the potential of integrated, community-scale WEF optimization to support transparent and context-sensitive decision-making for sustainable rural development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100653"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147396212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Institutionalizing the water-energy-food nexus in Jordan: A policy and governance blueprint","authors":"Mohammad Khwaileh ,&nbsp;Khaled Mohammad","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2026.100666","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2026.100666","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Jordan faces severe, chronic water scarcity alongside heavy energy import dependence and growing pressures on its food systems, creating an urgent need for integrated national planning. This study develops a governance-centered Water–Energy–Food (WEF) Nexus framework tailored to Jordan’s institutional realities. Using a qualitative methodology, it systematically analyzes national strategies, sectoral laws, regulatory frameworks, UNFCCC reporting documents, and economic development plans, and benchmarks against established international governance models to identify gaps, interdependencies, and coordination challenges. The research introduces a five-pillar WEF Nexus governance blueprint encompassing institutional coordination, resource-efficiency measures, capacity development, innovative financing, and regional cooperation. This model serves as a practical tool for diagnosing fragmented mandates, supporting policy alignment, and guiding Nexus-informed interventions such as renewable-powered water systems, irrigation modernization, and cross-sector investment planning. Findings reveal that Jordan’s current strategies remain siloed, limiting their ability to meet sustainability and climate commitments. The study recommends establishing a WEF Nexus Coordination Authority, adopting measurable cross-sector indicators, and mobilizing green finance to support implementation. While designed for Jordan, the proposed framework offers a transferable, action-oriented model for other resource-constrained countries seeking to institutionalize Nexus principles and strengthen long-term resilience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100666"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147396226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental, economic, and social trade-offs in biochar and biosurfactant-based soil remediation: A critical review based on mass flow analysis","authors":"Dilshan Sandaruwan Premathilake ,&nbsp;Arumadura Aruna Manoj Prasad Silva ,&nbsp;W.A.M.A.N. Illankoon ,&nbsp;Asia Rosatelli ,&nbsp;Fabrizio Beltrametti ,&nbsp;Adriana Bava ,&nbsp;Francesco Battaglia ,&nbsp;Marco Mendola ,&nbsp;Filippo Passaro ,&nbsp;Alessandro Abbà ,&nbsp;Andrea Franzetti ,&nbsp;Mentore Vaccari","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2026.100644","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2026.100644","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biochar and biosurfactants are emerging bio-based materials for remediating contaminated soils. While their pollutant removal mechanisms are well studied, broader environmental, economic, and social implications remain underexplored. Existing studies often rely on a 1 kg functional unit, limiting direct comparisons. This critical review evaluates and quantifies the multidimensional sustainability trade-offs of using biochar and biosurfactants to remediate one hectare of contaminated land, based on real-world applications. Use of common functional unit (1 hectare of land treatment) enables direct, meaningful comparison.</div><div>Material flow analysis reveals biochar’s superior energy efficiency (net output for the grid ∼290 GJ/ha) and economic returns, despite higher production emissions (100 kg CH₄, 55 kg N₂O, 38 kg PM₁₀, and 1.7 kg PAHs/ha). In contrast, biosurfactants emit negligible direct pollutants but demand significantly more energy (2340 GJ/ha). Both materials offer social benefits, such as enhanced rural livelihoods and health, yet face challenges like land use conflicts and patent barriers. Policy measures are proposed to mitigate these issues. Finally, the synergistic use of biochar and biosurfactants is highlighted as a promising avenue for future research in sustainable soil remediation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100644"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146188431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A hierarchical control system for optimizing crop production in a vertical farming container and its Internet of Things architecture","authors":"Francisco García-Mañas ,&nbsp;Elia Ruipérez-Algarra ,&nbsp;Manuel Muñoz ,&nbsp;Francisco Rodríguez","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2026.100658","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2026.100658","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work presents a hierarchical control system to maximize profit for vertical farming in a shipping container. In its upper optimization layer, a model predictive control (MPC) approach was implemented to calculate the optimal crop cycle duration, the optimal duration of the artificial lighting periods, and the optimal air temperature setpoints, as variables with high impact on crop growth and directly linked to resource consumption and costs. In addition, to address commercial contract aspects, a minimum weight constraint to be met by the crop at the end of the cycle was incorporated. The MPC strategy uses a temperature model and a crop growth model, both based on first principles, which were calibrated and validated using climate data and destructive samples of lettuce crops from a real container located in southeastern Spain. For practical deployment, the hierarchical control system was conceptually implemented in a cloud platform under the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm, which provides interoperability with sensors and actuators, remote supervision, and scalability to multiple containers. The responses provided by the hierarchical system are analyzed after three simulations involving the achievement of the optimal setpoints in a lower control layer, a sudden change in the minimum crop weight restriction, and a case in which the optimal setpoints are not reached during the crop cycle. In each simulation, the performance of the MPC strategy is compared against a baseline controller that operates with manually fixed setpoints. The proposed control system achieves production targets five days earlier, reducing energy consumption by 6.5% and increasing profitability by 2%. It would allow for an additional crop growth cycle each year, increasing container productivity (and therefore annual profits). Moreover, it is able to comply with variability in product demand, while the baseline controller would violate the maximum cycle duration constraint and might not yield any benefits. Regarding performance with uncertainty, the proposed control system can generate adequate setpoints to continue optimizing production, which shows that the system automates decision-making to assist farmers in achieving long-term objectives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100658"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146188342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Persistence analysis of energy intensity of well-being in OECD countries","authors":"Sakiru Adebola Solarin ,&nbsp;Fatima Romero-Rojo ,&nbsp;Luis Alberiko Gil-Alana","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2026.100660","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2026.100660","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Energy intensity of well-being measures the volume of energy consumption per unit of human well-being. Numerous features of the indicator have not been assessed in the extant literature including its persistence. This study focusses on the persistence of energy intensity of well-being using the data of 31 OECD countries for 1965–2022 period. Three indicators of well-being, including life expectancy, under-five survival rates and infant survival rates have been evaluated in the analysis. Using a fractional integration method, the results indicate that most of the series are highly persistent, with order of integration about 1. Mean reversion and thus transitory shocks are found in only few countries that are mostly Scandinavian countries. An implication of the results is that there is hysteresis in energy intensity of well-being in majority of the OECD countries. Hence, long-term measures interventions as against short-term blueprints are required to essentially further decrease energy intensity of well-being in the OECD countries. The results also suggest that it is not feasible to correctly project the future values of energy intensity of well-being by just counting on their historical values. There is the need to incorporate the importance of other potential factors in projecting future values of energy intensity of well-being.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100660"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147396224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ozone nanobubble effects on early development of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and rearing-water microbial communities in a flow-through hatchery","authors":"Markéta Dvořáková Prokešová ,&nbsp;Hung Quang Tran ,&nbsp;Ilario Ferrocino ,&nbsp;Vlastimil Stejskal ,&nbsp;Maksim Kononov ,&nbsp;Vu Thi Trang ,&nbsp;Pham Thai Giang ,&nbsp;Elayaraja Sivaramasamy","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2026.100656","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2026.100656","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nanobubble technology is increasingly being explored in aquaculture for its potential to enhance water quality, control pathogens, and improve fish performance. This study investigated the effects of ozone nanobubbles (O₃NB) on rearing-water microbial communities and early development of rainbow trout (<em>Oncorhynchus mykiss</em>) in a pond-water-sourced flow-through hatchery system. A two-factorial experimental design combined four O₃NB water treatments (Control; Low: 277 ± 104 mV; Moderate: 392 ± 134 mV; High: 610 ± 122 mV) with two rearing techniques (with or without regular removal of unfertilised eggs and dead individuals; R and NR). O₃NB exposure altered microbial community composition in rearing water, with alpha-diversity indices (ACE, OTU, Shannon, Simpson) showing negative relationships with increasing O₃NB intensity. Taxonomic profiling indicated a marked reduction in genus richness under higher O₃NB exposure, with communities dominated by <em>Moheibacter, Tepidimonas</em>, and <em>Sphingobacterium</em>. Regular removal of dead organic matter increased hatching and survival compared with non-removal. O₃NB effects were dose-dependent: the highest mean larval body length and high hatching success (∼80 %) occurred under Low O₃NB treatment among surviving larvae, particularly under R-technique, while Moderate and High exposures reduced hatching (&lt;40 %) and survival (&lt;5 % in High-NR). Yolk-sac absorption occurred more rapidly under O₃NB exposure, but was completed across all groups by 77 dpF. Overall, these findings indicate that low-level O₃NB, when used to complement (rather than replace) standard hatchery practices such as the removal of dead organic matter, can support microbial control and early developmental performance of rainbow trout in hatchery systems with elevated organic load. In contrast, excessive exposure compromises embryo viability and larval survival. Further optimisation of O₃NB dosing and application strategies is therefore required, recognising the effectiveness and safety under different system-specific conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100656"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147396229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced energy storage performance of Cu₂SnS₃@rGO electrode in pouch-type asymmetric supercapacitors","authors":"Uma Shankar Veerasamy ,&nbsp;Suganya Palani ,&nbsp;Anandh Jesuraj S ,&nbsp;Yoonseuk Choi ,&nbsp;Kengkamon Wiratkasem ,&nbsp;Nakorn Tippayawong ,&nbsp;Yuttana Mona","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2026.100670","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2026.100670","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Copper tin sulfides are extensively investigated as an electroactive material for energy storage applications due to their higher theoretical pseudocapacitance. The combination of pseudocapacitance behavior of Cu₂SnS₃ and double layer capacitance behavior of rGO is expected to boost the electrochemical property of the electrode. Here, the rGO supported Cu₂SnS₃ nanocomposite was prepared by using the hydrothermal method. The pure and rGO loaded samples were found to have a tetragonal structure from the XRD analysis and the Raman spectra confirm the formation of rGO supported Cu₂SnS₃ from the D and G bands arising along with Cu₂SnS₃ vibrational modes. Moreover, the flower-shaped Cu₂SnS₃ was covered by rGO nanosheet and is illustrated in the SEM and HRTEM analysis. Also, the Cu₂SnS₃@rGO-2 electrode delivers a higher capacitance value of 630 F/g at 1 A/g, which is much higher than Cu₂SnS₃, Cu₂SnS₃@rGO-1, Cu₂SnS₃@rGO-3 and Cu₂SnS₃@rGO-5 electrodes. The cyclic efficiency of the Cu₂SnS₃@rGO-2 showed 98.38% which is higher than the Cu₂SnS₃ (92.59%), Cu₂SnS₃@rGO-1 (96.61%), Cu₂SnS₃@rGO-3 (98.5%) and Cu₂SnS₃@rGO-5 (97.17%) electrodes over 2000 cycles. Further, the fabrication of asymmetric supercapacitor device, the positive electrode is Cu₂SnS₃@rGO-2 electrode and the activated carbon (AC) as the negative electrode for asymmetric type supercapacitor devices using 1 M KOH electrolyte dipped filter paper is the separator. The Cu₂SnS₃@rGO-2//AC device showed the maximum capacity value of 71.33 mAh/g. Also, the energy and power densities were 47.55 Wh/kg and 1600 W/kg, respectively, at a current density of 1 A/g. In addition, the Cu₂SnS₃@rGO-2//AC device has higher capacitance retention of 73.26% for 10,000 cycles. The addition of rGO is used to improve electrical conductivity and elevate the volume charge of the Cu₂SnS₃ electrode.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100670"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146188341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}