Multi-factor optimization for electric bus charging stations: Integrating electrical, social, and environmental perspectives

In this study, a method that provides the optimal placement of Charging Stations (CSs) for Electric Buses (EBs) on the distribution network considering electrical, social, and environmental aspects is proposed. The parameters used in the study are power loss, voltage deviation, voltage stability index, population density, traffic density, proximity to points of interest and location cost. The energy consumption of the EBs is calculated by linear modeling method using ten parameters. To test the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed method, IEEE-33 and IEEE-69 bus systems are modified in accordance with EBs, and the distances between the stops are set as routes. Afterwards, CS placement is performed for different scenarios and power effects are shown. The power loss is decreased by 17.34 % in the 33-bus and 8.75 % in the 69-bus test systems. Accordingly, 106 and 25 kgs of CO₂ per hour can be prevented, respectively. In summary, this study provides a method that comprehensively evaluates both electrical and social-environmental factors for the optimal placement of CSs for EBs. Additionally, the practical applications of the proposed method offer valuable data for reducing power loss and CO₂ emissons, thus providing important insights for sustainable urban transportation solutions. The findings of the study can form the basis for future research on optimizing EV charging infrastructure (based on both social/environmental and electrical data) and guide policymakers and urban planners in developing more efficient and sustainable transportation networks.