IEEE journal of microwaves最新文献

{"title":"Environmental Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Wireless RF Systems: A Comparative Sustainability Analysis and a Microwave Engineers' Guide to LCA","authors":"Mahmoud Wagih;Andrew Bainbridge;Bashayer Alsulami;Jeff Kettle","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2024.3455575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2024.3455575","url":null,"abstract":"Information Communication and Technology (ICT) accounts for an increasing share of global Green House Gas (GHG) emissions. Wireless circuits and systems are indispensable in across all ICT sectors, from cellular networks through satellite communications, to the Internet of Things (IoT). While Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an industry-standard methodology for assessing the environmental impact of systems, there has been no comprehensive LCA study focusing on RF systems. We present the first comparative LCA specific to RF and microwave applications, and a design-for-sustainability guide covering mainstream RF applications. With Integrated Circuits (ICs) having the largest environmental impact, the trends in RFICs and MMICs are summarized and evaluated from an environmental perspective. Moving to mmWave frequencies, beyond 20 GHz, results in a shift to over 50% smaller node size above 28 GHz, but with minimal reduction in the core chip area, which inevitably increases the environmental footprint of 5G/6G mmWave systems. We then review active and passive microwave circuits focusing on phased array elements and filters, both distributed and lumped. A bespoke model for RF PCBs is also presented to model the surface finish and transmission line or antenna area accurately. Our LCA indicates that design choices such as the CMOS process, PCB material and surface finish, can have a large environmental impact at the manufacturing stage. We highlight the importance of low-loss components, comparing microstrip and LC filters, where a higher end-to-end RF system efficiency directly translates to a lower global warming potential (GWP), reducing Scope 2 GHG emissions.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 4","pages":"987-1000"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10703165","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142825888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transmitarrays for Wireless Power Transfer on Earth and in Space","authors":"Jesse Brunet;Alex Ayling;Ali Hajimiri","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2024.3459859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2024.3459859","url":null,"abstract":"We present a space solar power system using transmitarrays for lowering the system's LCOE (Levelized Cost of Energy). We discuss the theoretical framework for transmitarrays in the context of wireless power transfer, including the transmission phase limit associated with layered frequency selective surfaces. We then present a proposal for using transmitarrays to lower the LCOE of space solar powered systems that are limited by the transmitting aperture size. Finally, we design and fabricate a low-cost, lightweight static transmitarray prototype and demonstrate a \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$sim$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 2.4x increase in power transferred from the phased array transmitter to the rectenna receiver.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 4","pages":"934-945"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10703104","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142825795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 424 and 448 GHz Receiver for Aircraft Contrail Observations","authors":"Andy Fung;Pekka Kangaslahti;William Chun;Joelle Cooperrider;Javier Bosch-Lluis;Joan Munoz-Martin;Mary Soria;Erika Hernandez;Alan Tanner;Omkar Pradhan;Willam Deal;Caitlyn Cooke;Gerry Mei;Aaron Swanson;Khanh Nguyen","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2024.3450022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2024.3450022","url":null,"abstract":"Airplane produced contrail cirrus has a greenhouse effect in our atmosphere. It has an effect that is as much as or more than any other airplane emission such as airplane produced CO\u0000₂\u0000 Karcher et al. 2018. With air traffic anticipated to increase into the future it is important to understand contrail cirrus formation. We present a new receiver instrument using the 424 GHz (O\u0000₂\u0000) and 448 GHz (H\u0000₂\u0000O) emission lines for thermal and humidity profiling that will provide data to model airplane contrail formation. Such an instrument can be used for guiding aircraft flight paths to reduce the development of contrail cirrus that can have an immediate greenhouse effect in our atmosphere.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 4","pages":"928-933"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10699383","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142825873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultra-Wideband Bistatic Radar Measurements of Snow","authors":"Omid Reyhanigalangashi;Siva-Prasad Gogineni;Drew Taylor;Shriniwas Kolpuke;Feras Abushakra;Jordan D. Larson;Aabhash Bhandari","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2024.3453941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2024.3453941","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the development of an ultra-wideband bistatic radar operating over the frequency range of 0.7–2.1 GHz based on the Radio-Frequency System-on-Chip (RF-SoC) platform and its application to snow measurements. The system utilizes Global Positioning System Disciplined Oscillators (GPS-DO) to synchronize the transmitter and receiver mounted on two small unmanned aerial systems (sUAS). We developed an arbitrary waveform generator to synthesize and transmit chirp signals. A data acquisition system was designed to capture signals with up to 2.2 GHz bandwidth and record the radar data. The transmit and receive antennas were developed using a four-element Vivaldi antenna array over the operating frequency range. Bistatic measurements were performed to determine the Brewster angle to estimate snow dielectric properties. The separation, incidence, and reflection angles were adjusted to collect radar data over an angular region extending from 27 to 68 degrees over snow at the Study of Precipitation, the Lower Atmosphere and Surface for Hydrometeorology (SPLASH) field site near Gothic, Colorado.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 4","pages":"894-905"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10700996","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142825824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A D-Band Self-Packaged Low Loss Grounded Coplanar Waveguide to Rectangular Waveguide Transition With Silicon-Based Air Cavity-Backed Structure","authors":"Zi-Qi Zhang;Xiao-Long Huang;Liang Zhou;Yin-Shan Huang;Cheng-Rui Zhang","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2024.3459909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2024.3459909","url":null,"abstract":"A novel D-band self-packaged silicon-based air cavity-backed transition from grounded coplanar waveguide to air-filled rectangular waveguide was investigated, fabricated, and measured in this work. The equivalent circuit model was established and analyzed in detail, and design procedures are given. The calculated, simulated, and measured S-parameters of the transition show some agreement. The minimum measured insertion loss of the proposed transition is 1.1 dB at 147 GHz with a fractional 3-dB bandwidth of 10.2%. This transition demonstrates outstanding performance of low loss and profile compared with state-of-the art works in our in-house silicon-based MEMS photosensitive composite film fabrication process. It can be further used in a high-performance joint radar communication system in packaging.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 4","pages":"767-776"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10699397","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142408877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ordinary and Extraordinary Permittivities of 4H SiC at Different Millimeter-Wave Frequencies, Temperatures, and Humidities","authors":"Tianze Li;Lei Li;Xiaopeng Wang;James C. M. Hwang;Shana Yanagimoto;Yoshiyuki Yanagimoto","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2024.3453325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2024.3453325","url":null,"abstract":"Hexagonal semiconductors such as 4H SiC have important high-frequency, high-power, and high-temperature applications. The applications require accurate knowledge of both ordinary and extraordinary relative permittivities, \u0000<italic>ϵ</i>\u0000_⊥\u0000 and \u0000<italic>ϵ</i>\u0000_||\u0000, perpendicular and parallel, respectively, to the c axis of these semiconductors. However, due to challenges for suitable test setups and precision high-frequency measurements, little reliable data exists for these semiconductors especially at millimeter-wave frequencies. Recently, we reported \u0000<italic>ϵ</i>\u0000_||\u0000 of 4H SiC from 110 to 170 GHz. This paper expands on the previous report to include both \u0000<italic>ϵ</i>\u0000_⊥\u0000 and \u0000<italic>ϵ</i>\u0000_||\u0000 of the same material from 55 to 330 GHz, as well as their temperature and humidity dependence enabled by improving the measurement precision to two decimal points. For example, at room temperature, real \u0000<italic>ϵ</i>\u0000_⊥\u0000 and \u0000<italic>ϵ</i>\u0000_||\u0000 are constant at 9.77 ± 0.01 and 10.20 ± 0.05, respectively. By contrast, the ordinary loss tangent increases linearly with the frequency \u0000<italic>f</i>\u0000 in the form of (4.9 ± 0.1) × 10\u0000⁻¹⁶\u0000 \u0000<italic>f</i>\u0000. The loss tangent, less than 1 × 10\u0000⁻⁴\u0000 over most millimeter-wave frequencies, is significantly lower than that of sapphire, our previous low-loss standard. Finally, both \u0000<italic>ϵ</i>\u0000_⊥\u0000 and \u0000<italic>ϵ</i>\u0000_||\u0000 have weak temperature coefficients on the order of 10\u0000⁻⁴\u0000 /°C. The knowledge reported here is especially critical to millimeter-wave applications of 4H SiC, not only for solid-state devices and circuits, but also as windows for high-power vacuum electronics.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 4","pages":"666-674"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10684839","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142408730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards Detecting Climate Change Effects With UAV-Borne Imaging Radars","authors":"Ingrid Ullmann;Christina Bonfert;Alexander Grathwohl;Mohamed Amine Lahmeri;Victor Mustieles-Pérez;Julian Kanz;Elena Sterk;Frederik Bormuth;Roghayeh Ghasemi;Patrick Fenske;Michelangelo Villano;Robert Schober;Robert F. H. Fischer;Gerhard Krieger;Christian Damm;Christian Waldschmidt;Martin Vossiek","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2024.3450015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2024.3450015","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is associated with a variety of environmental phenomena, such as the melting of glaciers, the drying out of crops and soils, and an increase in the risk of avalanches. To detect and monitor these changes, satellite-based radar imaging is widely used, as it enables the large-scale mapping of the Earth's surface independent of weather and sunlight. An emerging field of research is to use radar systems mounted on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for this purpose. UAV-borne radar systems image smaller areas, but can capture them in greater detail, more flexibly in terms of flight trajectory, and at shorter repetition intervals. This article presents the capabilities of UAV-based radar systems and the associated challenges in terms of system design and imaging techniques for detecting and monitoring the effects of climate change. Current research results are shown. In addition, we give an outlook on using a swarm of cooperative UAVs, each carrying a radar. UAV swarms will enable a higher imaging quality with respect to resolution and detectability, but at the same time come with a number of additional challenges, which will be discussed in the paper as well.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 4","pages":"881-893"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10683959","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142825875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Almost-All Digital Proximity Transceiver for Mars Surface Missions","authors":"Adrian Tang;Emmanuel Decrossas;Zaid Towfic;Andrew Daniel;Joshua Miller;Carlos Y. Villalpando;Nacer Chahat;Yanghyo Kim","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2024.3451371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2024.3451371","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a digital proximity transceiver for next the generation of small Mars robotic surface exploration missions operating at the deep space exploration UHF band (390–450 MHz). The developed transceiver adopts an almost all-digital architecture, except for a single variable gain pre-amplifier placed before the receiver ADC. All other functions of the transceiver (filtering, up-conversion, down-conversion) are implemented as digital signal processing circuitry. The transceiver highly oversamples the UHF band at a rate of 1280 MS/s allowing additional dynamic range to be obtained with modest bit-depth data converters (10-bit transmit and 7-bit receive). The transceiver expects an external baseband processor implemented in software or programmable logic for Channel-coding, Link and Network-layer operations. It also contains a stand-alone hailing function that allows it to wake up downstream avionics without requiring baseband processing when a hailing signal is received within a programmable bandwidth. The CMOS transceiver chip is implemented in a 65 nm CMOS technology and consumes a total power of 356 mW, not counting the need for an external III-V Low Noise Amplifier and Power Amplifier.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 4","pages":"653-665"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10680469","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142408681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Out-of-Band Multi-Notch Generation in RF Filters Through Parallelization","authors":"Mohamed Malki;Li Yang;Talal Skaik;Yi Wang;Roberto Gómez-García","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2024.3451130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2024.3451130","url":null,"abstract":"A simple technique for frequency-static multi-notch/transmission-zero (TZ) creation in RF filters with single- and dual-band bandpass transfer functions is presented. It is based on the direct connection of two identical inline filtering units without stopband TZs in an in-parallel configuration by means of unequal input/output transmission-line segments for each branch. Unlike in typical transversal-signal-interference and channelized filter architectures, the overall length of these connecting transmission-line segments for both branches is the same. Thus, the multi-notch/TZ generation in the whole filtering action is accomplished by differently distributing this total electrical length between the input/output transmission-line segments for the two branches. As such, enhanced selectivity in the filtering response with several embedded notches when compared to the filtering transfer function of an isolated branch can be obtained. To experimentally demonstrate the generality of this approach, two proof-of-concept filter prototypes corresponding to a 2\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$/$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u00003-GHz microstrip dual-band bandpass filter (BPF) and a 62-GHz waveguide BPF are built and tested.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 4","pages":"749-758"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10680458","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142408820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proving the Feasibility of D-Band Single SiGe MMIC Vector Network Analyzer Extension Modules With Large System Dynamic Range","authors":"Justin Romstadt;Lukas Dierkes;Stephan Hauptmeier;Tobias T. Braun;Hakan Papurcu;Jens Richter;Pascal Stadler;Ahmad Zaben;Klaus Aufinger;Jan Barowski;Nils Pohl","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2024.3444040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2024.3444040","url":null,"abstract":"The need for size and cost-efficient vector network analyzer (VNA) frequency extension modules (VNAX module) is driven by new applications in research and industry. Responding to this potential demand, we present a novel D-band VNAX module based on a single SiGe MMIC. Our work addresses the challenges associated with integrating components on a single chip compared to conventional commercial modules, which typically rely on discrete components. We provide a comprehensive discussion covering the performance of system blocks, such as multiplier chains and receivers, and their impact on the module's performance. In addition, we present extensive measurements of the entire system, including magnitude-and phase stability and dynamic ranges. At a resolution bandwidth (RBW) of 10 Hz, our module shows a system dynamic range (SDR) above 90 dB for the frequency range of 110 GHz to 151 GHz and a maximum SDR close to 100 dB at 122 GHz. The corresponding receiver dynamic range within the D-band ranges from 113 dB to 125 dB, and the Test Port power is between −27 dBm and −16 dBm. In addition, we present and evaluate several measurements of different passive components that verify the calibration capability of our module.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 4","pages":"706-720"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10679161","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142408780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}