IEEE journal of microwaves最新文献

{"title":"IEEE Journal of Microwaves Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3662934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3662934","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 2","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11437563","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148508830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chessboard FPA in 130-nm SiGe BiCMOS for High-Resolution Passive Terahertz Imaging","authors":"Martijn Hoogelander;Marco Spirito;Batuhan Sutbas;Corrado Carta;Nuria Llombart;Maria Alonso-delPino","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3660185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3660185","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents a chessboard focal plane array (FPA) camera with state-of-the-art thermal and spatial resolution in the 200–<inline-formula><tex-math>$600 ,mathrm{G}mathrm{Hz}$</tex-math></inline-formula> frequency range. The FPA is implemented in a 130-<inline-formula><tex-math>$mathrm{n}mathrm{m}$</tex-math></inline-formula> SiGe BiCMOS technology, where each antenna element is loaded with a direct detector based on heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs). The antenna and detector architecture, including the vias and biasing network, were optimized to achieve a noise-equivalent power (NEP) suitable for passive <inline-formula><tex-math>$mathrm{T}mathrm{Hz}$</tex-math></inline-formula> imaging. Overall, the estimated loss of the FPA is better than <inline-formula><tex-math>$4 ,mathrm{d}mathrm{B}$</tex-math></inline-formula> between 350 and <inline-formula><tex-math>$600 ,mathrm{G}mathrm{Hz}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, of which <inline-formula><tex-math>$1.5 ,mathrm{d}mathrm{B}$</tex-math></inline-formula> is due to ohmic losses in the FPA, <inline-formula><tex-math>$1 ,mathrm{d}mathrm{B}$</tex-math></inline-formula> to mutual coupling between detectors, and <inline-formula><tex-math>$0.7 ,mathrm{d}mathrm{B}$</tex-math></inline-formula> to the impedance mismatch between the detector and antenna. A prototype of 24 pixels was manufactured and mounted on the base of a silicon hyperhemispherical lens with an anti-reflection coating. Excellent spatial resolution is achieved through a tight element spacing in the fabricated FPA, which is only half the wavelength in silicon at <inline-formula><tex-math>$350 ,mathrm{G}mathrm{Hz}$</tex-math></inline-formula> and therefore consistent with the state-of-the-art. Its responsivity, noise, and radiation patterns were characterized using a quasi-optical measurement setup. The measured radiation patterns are within <inline-formula><tex-math>$1 ,mathrm{d}mathrm{B}$</tex-math></inline-formula> of simulations, demonstrating that the integrated <inline-formula><tex-math>$mathrm{T}mathrm{Hz}$</tex-math></inline-formula> camera achieves excellent spatial resolution. Between <inline-formula><tex-math>$330 ,mathrm{G}mathrm{Hz}$</tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><tex-math>$500 ,mathrm{G}mathrm{Hz}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, the NEP was measured to be on the order of <inline-formula><tex-math>$10 ,mathrm{p}mathrm{W}mathrm{/}sqrt{text{Hz}}$</tex-math></inline-formula>. When considering the entire operational band, this NEP results in a noise-equivalent temperature difference (NETD) of the camera is <inline-formula><tex-math>$1.6 ,mathrm{K}$</tex-math></inline-formula> for an integration time of <inline-formula><tex-math>$1 ,mathrm{s}$</tex-math></inline-formula> per pixel, which is comparable to the state-of-the-art. While <inline-formula><tex-math>$mathrm{T}mathrm{Hz}$</tex-math></inline-formula> detectors with state-of-the-art sensitivity are limited to single-pixel designs, the presented work comb","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 2","pages":"334-349"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11396353","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148509091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sub-6$,text{GHz}$ SAR Imaging With Frequency Hopping Toward JCAS Applications in Automotive Scenarios","authors":"Max Basler;Alexander Grathwohl;Timo Grebner;Christian Waldschmidt","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3661273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3661273","url":null,"abstract":"As highly assisted and autonomous driving systems evolve, the need for detailed environmental information becomes crucial for accurate trajectory planning and safety assurance. To achieve this, sub-6<inline-formula><tex-math>$,text{GHz}$</tex-math></inline-formula> vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication signals could be leveraged for imaging purposes, merging communication and environmental sensing. However, the low center frequencies and limited bandwidths in this joint communication and sensing (JCAS) approach pose challenges for imaging performance. This article presents a method for using bandwidths across multiple communication bands, leveraging the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) principle to combine data of various measurement points and achieve high-resolution environmental images. To accomplish this, a channel sounding measurement is performed using a 1<inline-formula><tex-math>$,text{GHz}$</tex-math></inline-formula> to 4<inline-formula><tex-math>$,text{GHz}$</tex-math></inline-formula> linear frequency modulated (LFM) sensor system. The frequency ramp is then restricted to various subband constellations for each measurement point in the SAR processing. By randomly selecting subbands within the full ramp, the performance of random frequency hopping between measurement points is quantitatively assessed. The experimental SAR results validate the theoretical predictions and anticipated imaging characteristics. Images obtained with an effective bandwidth of 100<inline-formula><tex-math>$,text{MHz}$</tex-math></inline-formula> remain comparable to those acquired using the full bandwidth. To assess its real-world applicability in an automotive scenario, the evaluations are applied to various environments, with a particular focus on a parking lot. Despite frequency hopping being restricted to defined communication bands and an effective bandwidth of approximately 100<inline-formula><tex-math>$,text{MHz}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, the resulting SAR image clearly shows targets such as cars, a bicycle, a wooden fence, bushes, and a person. This demonstrates the feasibility of sub-6<inline-formula><tex-math>$,text{GHz}$</tex-math></inline-formula> SAR imaging under communication constraints within a JCAS context.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 2","pages":"360-375"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11417849","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148509097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Layer Polymer-on-Si Interconnects for Heterogeneous Integration to 50-GHz","authors":"Sofia Mvokany;Jack A. Molles;Steven Verhaverbeke;Han-Wen Chen;Shuoqi Chen;Andrew Ketterson;Zoya Popović","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3663104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3663104","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a variety of broadband, low-loss interconnects designed on an experimental process that includes 6 organic resin-filled dielectric layers laminated on both sides of a silicon interposer. The process allows metallization of each dielectric layer, making 6 metallic layers available for design. This paper highlights 3 interconnects using 3 metal layers, as well as a coaxial through-silicon via (TSV) interconnect using all 6 layers. Interconnects on both high-resistivity and low-resistivity interposer wafers are characterized from 2 to 50 GHz, showing a return loss better than 10 dB and insertion loss below 0.5 dB across the frequency range for organic-layer interconnects. The TSV transitions demonstrate 0.11 dB/mm and 0.16 dB/mm insertion loss at 10 GHz when fabricated on high and low resistivity interposers, respectively. Broadside couplers are designed and characterized to evaluate cross-coupling between lines on different metal layers. A second generation wafer including multilayer passive circuits is fabricated and measured. Results for a 6-dB grounded coplanar waveguide coupler and a substrate-integrated waveguide multi-layer filter are presented.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 2","pages":"461-474"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11410437","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148511263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Compact CMOS W-Band Transmitter Front-End With 7-Bit Phase Shifter Resolution","authors":"Tal Elazar;Eran Socher","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3681969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3681969","url":null,"abstract":"Vector modulation circuits such as cartesian phase shifters and IQ modulators are integral components of mm-wave transceivers, relying on quadrature signal summation. This work analyzes conventional quadrature summation techniques and provides an in-depth study of the widely used current-summation method, identifying its limitations and the resulting distortion of the output constellation. Guided by these insights, we present a W-band 65 nm bulk CMOS transmitter front-end that integrates a voltage-summation vector modulator (VM) and a power amplifier. The VM features a transformer-based combiner with a single secondary inductor that performs a weighted summation of the quadrature fluxes generated by two primary inductors. Using a low-complexity predistortion algorithm, a linear and predictable 1024-point constellation is achieved with 9% Error Vector Magnitude (EVM). Additionally, phase shift keying (PSK) constellations were measured, demonstrating true 7-bit phase resolution across the 95–97.5 GHz range with minimum 1° phase RMSE.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 3","pages":"675-688"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11488732","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147828920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Final Response to Authors of “Experimental Evaluation of Relationship Between Radiofrequency Heating Near Implanted Conductive Devices, Scanner-Reported B1+rms, and Transmit Power”","authors":"Michael Steckner;Mark Conroy;Jonathan Edmonson;Tolga Goren","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3666607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3666607","url":null,"abstract":"We1Response to Authors’ Reply to Comments received Oct. 8, 2025. Complete correspondence appears in the March 2026 issue. thank the authors [1] for their response. This final reply focuses on three key sentences: 1)The following incorrect statement: “there are no user-controlled RF shimming instructions in the implant safety labeling.” 2)The consequences of not controlling, nor documenting, experimental parameters with variable impact on the results: “The scanner was allowed to make all of the RF adjustments automatically to avoid user induced variation.” 3)Stratifying the diverse experiments demonstrates equal temperature spread in a power vs B1+rms comparison: “We encourage the authors to view Fig. 4 and observe the vertical variation of RF power with RF coils for a given B1+rms.”","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 2","pages":"493-494"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11437555","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148506014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microwave Acoustic Device Integration for In-Band Full-Duplex Applications","authors":"Jack Guida;Chuan Tian;Kenneth E. Kolodziej;Siddhartha Ghosh","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3642700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3642700","url":null,"abstract":"Simultaneous transmit and receive, or in-band full-duplex (IBFD), holds significant promise for radar and wireless communication systems using time-domain cancellation at radio frequencies. These systems rely on precise control of group delay to effectively mitigate self-interference. Piezoelectric-based traveling microwave acoustic wave devices provide a compact, passive means to implement such delays with high fidelity. This work explores the integration of piezoelectric acoustic delay lines to enhance self-interference cancellation (SIC) performance through precise group delay control and demonstrates SIC with such devices for a single tap demonstration.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 2","pages":"401-409"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11314557","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148510656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comments on “Experimental Evaluation of Relationship Between Radiofrequency Heating Near Implanted Conductive Devices, Scanner-Reported B1+rms, and Transmit Power”","authors":"Michael Steckner;Mark Conroy;Jonathan Edmonson;Tolga Goren","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3666625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3666625","url":null,"abstract":"In the above article [1] regarding heating near implanted conductive medical devices during MRI, key experimental conditions regarding “RF shimming” parameters are not identified. Therefore, the exact mechanism causing the spread in heating cannot be reliably identified. The likely mechanism is suggested here, and it is noted that the spread in heating results is expected nor relevant, given standard implant testing procedures.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 2","pages":"489-490"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11437562","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148507374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Resolution and Broadband Aperiodic Time-Modulated Arrays for Multi-Beam Applications","authors":"Sandra Costanzo;Giovanni Buonanno","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3660166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3660166","url":null,"abstract":"This work introduces a probabilistic approach for aperiodic time-modulated arrays tailored to simultaneous multi-beam applications. Specifically, they include on-off RF switches that contribute to amplitude tapering, as in <italic>“classic”</i> time-modulated arrays, while the spacing is aperiodic, so it is possible to obtain large distances between the elements, in terms of wavelength, without the appearance of grating lobes. The significant spacing allows also a reduction of the deleterious impact of mutual coupling. The proposed aperiodic time-modulated arrays are broadband in the sense that the carrier frequency can potentially span a wide bandwidth without the appearance of grating lobes, independently on the element placement, and they are high-resolution in the sense that the array aperture can be made <italic>“electrically”</i> very large regardless the number of elements. The array factor can be controlled simultaneously and independently via switching timing and element positioning. In addition, the proposed arrays are reconfigurable in the sense that a change in the duty cycles of the switches can relatively easily change the shape of the radiation pattern. Furthermore, the presented mathematical modeling allows for obtaining simultaneous beams.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 2","pages":"312-323"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11396354","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148510658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IEEE Journal of Microwaves Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3666602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3666602","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 2","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11455391","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147558050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}