IEEE journal of microwaves最新文献

{"title":"Active and Passive Lenses From Coupled Square Ring Slots","authors":"Christoph Kohlberger;Saeid Karamzadeh;Andreas Stelzer","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2024.3397552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2024.3397552","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents the utilization of square ring slots as resonators on active and passive metasurfaces operating within the K\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$_text{a}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000-band. Thereby, fully functional prototypes of reflectors and lenses based on a two-layer printed circuit board were fabricated and verified. The analytical model of the square ring slot structure is depicted extensively, which allows finding simulation optimized designs that can be applied to the passive prototypes. Additionally, the gained information on self-resonances is used for combinations with layers, activated through lumped varactor diodes. In the end, the reflection and transmission parameters of single active and passive designs as well as beam patterns of the lenses are measured and interpreted, resulting in a switching dynamic range of 15 dB at a bandwidth of 1 GHz for active reflectors and a maximum gain of 22 dBi at 26 GHz for the passive lens. While the active lens operates best approximately 1 GHz around the design frequency at 26 GHz, the passive one maintains a maximum gain higher than 20.8 dBi between 23 and 27 GHz.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 3","pages":"416-427"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10530056","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141630941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of Coupling Mechanisms for Efficient High Power and Low Phase Noise E-Band Quadrature VCOs in 130nm SiGe","authors":"David Starke;Sven Thomas;Christian Bredendiek;Klaus Aufinger;Nils Pohl","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2024.3370395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2024.3370395","url":null,"abstract":"This article compares two SiGe Colpitts quadrature voltage-controlled oscillators (QVCO) with different coupling techniques in the low E-Band, intended to be used as signal sources for push-push frequency doublers. The first QVCO is based on a cross-coupled tail-current topology, while the second is based on a fundamental active coupling network. The cross-coupled QVCO has a center frequency of 64.3 GHz and a bandwidth of 2.5 GHz. This circuit realization provides up to 12.2 dBm output power per channel and has a power consumption of 385 mW, resulting in a dc-to-RF efficiency of 8.6%. The phase noise of this oscillator at 1 MHz offset frequency is as low as −105 dBc/Hz. The fundamentally coupled QVCO has a center frequency of 67 GHz with a bandwidth of 3.9 GHz. It provides 13.1 dBm output power per channel while consuming 410 mW of power, resulting in a dc-to-RF efficiency of 9.9%. The oscillator's phase noise at 1 MHz offset frequency is as low as −105.2 dBc/Hz. In addition to the presented circuits, this article introduces a method to measure the relative phase error of quadrature signals utilizing a vector network analyzer. This method is verified with measurements of the developed QVCOs.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 2","pages":"264-276"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10471532","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140345468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constellation Estimation, Coherent Signal Processing, and Multiperspective Imaging in an Uncoupled Bistatic Cooperative Radar Network","authors":"Patrick Fenske;Tobias Koegel;Roghayeh Ghasemi;Martin Vossiek","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2024.3393120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2024.3393120","url":null,"abstract":"Cooperative radar networks are a promising technology in various areas, such as vehicle-to-infrastructure networks for automotive radar and radar remote sensing with UAVs. The use of widely distributed radar networks enables the detection of targets with complex scattering characteristics, as their coherent bistatic images are superior for forward scattering, and each monostatic image illuminates a scene from a different perspective. This work introduces a signal processing scheme that addresses two main challenges in this area: the coherent signal processing of uncoupled radar nodes and the self-localization of the nodes for radar image combination. A comprehensive signal model that incorporates time, frequency and phase incoherency is introduced. Based on this, an algorithm for constellation estimation, synchronization up to the carrier phase level, and multiperspective imaging is developed. The proposed approach is experimentally verified using commercially available \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$77 ,mathrm{G}mathrm{Hz}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 single-input/multiple-output radar nodes. The measurements for different radar constellations and various target scenes show a self-localization accuracy below \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$6 ,mathrm{c}mathrm{m}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 in range and below \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$2.5^{circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 for the incident angles. The resulting images of various scenes clearly indicate an information gain compared to single monostatic images due to the combination of bistatic and multiperspective monostatic images.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 3","pages":"486-500"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10523946","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141630911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introducing the Scattering Element Method","authors":"Sebastian Paul;Joerg Schoebel","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2024.3357541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2024.3357541","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we introduce the scattering element method (SEM) as a new generic denomination for a special type of electromagnetic field simulation. The SEM is characterized by the fact that every spatial element of the simulation domain is defined by a scattering matrix. Classically, this type of simulation method is known as transmission line matrix (TLM) method, where the unit cell is modeled with transmission lines. In this paper, we consider the two-dimensional case and present an alternative approach for defining/modelling the two-dimensional unit cell. This approach samples plane waves directly in the spatial domain. This wave sampling concept leads to a new unit cell, which is referred as wave sampling matrix (WSM). It turns out, that a SEM grid with this type of unit cell has improved dispersion properties compared to the classical cell. A grid with the WSM can be about 1.5 times coarser to obtain the same 1% phase velocity error. We show how the WSM is embedded in the classical grid. This demonstrates that the WSM cannot be derived with the classical transmission line approach and thus justifies the term SEM as a new generic denomination. Finally, the performance of WSM and “classical” frequency-domain TLM cells are compared in a numerical example determining the cutoff frequencies of a dielectric-loaded rectangular waveguide.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 2","pages":"233-245"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10432943","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140345477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 28GHz, Switched-Cascode, Class E Amplifier in 22nm CMOS FDSOI Technology","authors":"Nourhan Elsayed;Saeedeh Makhsuci;Mihai Sanduleanu","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2024.3358627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2024.3358627","url":null,"abstract":"Using the stacking technique in CMOS technology for Power Amplifiers (PAs), allows the use of a higher supply voltage. This facilitates achieving a higher voltage swing, and delivering more output power while maintaining a high efficiency. This work presents an improved 2-stacked cascode class-E PA at 28 GHz. Unlike existing topologies, a switching input signal is not only applied at the input transistor, but also at the cascode transistor with an added delay. The design was fabricated in 22 nm FDSOI CMOS technology by GlobalFoundries that offers high performance especially at mm-wave frequencies. Measurement results of the cascode Class-E Power Amplifier achieves a peak PAE of 28%, and 41% DE. The switched-cascode topology showed an improved peak PAE of 35% and DE of 45%. Measured power gain was 8.5 dB with saturated output power (P\u0000_sat\u0000) of 13 dBm. This work reports the best Drain Efficiency (DE) and FoM for a fully integrated PA at 28 GHz in 22 nm FDSOI.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 2","pages":"246-252"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10432944","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140345493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated Wideband Multiplexer Design for Multiple-Use SATCOM/Terrestrial Terminals","authors":"Chad Bartlett;Michael Höft;Uwe Rosenberg","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2024.3356308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2024.3356308","url":null,"abstract":"A novel wideband multiplexer is introduced as a communications equipment solution in order to provide simultaneous operation of satellite and terrestrial services in the dedicated \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$K$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000/\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$Ka$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 frequency bands (passbands ranging from 19.5 GHz to 30.5 GHz). Advanced RF filtering techniques are applied in order to accommodate a compact multiplexer design while maintaining low insertion loss and high rejection demands up to 33 GHz. Due to the overall wide bandwidth and the demanding requirements for the assigned three operational bands, different filter types have been employed. Thus, the multiplexer considers the combination of filters with rectangular, evanescent combline, and conductor-loaded resonator types. The multiplexer relies on the direct branching approach, i.e., all filters are connected to a central (star-junction) waveguide branching region. This region exhibits a reduced waveguide size to suppress interference by higher order modes. For a verification of the approach, WR34 waveguide interfaces have been considered at all ports for prototype design, however, the design can be well adapted for integrated equipment solutions with associated direct interfaces. Accurate coincidence of analyzed and measured performance of the prototype demonstrates the validity of the special approach. Moreover, additional simulations are provided as an outline for terminals with specific industry demands.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 2","pages":"182-192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10431412","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140345469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wearable Flexible Radio Frequency Filtering System for Muscle Contraction Monitoring","authors":"Zaynab Attoun;Nader Shafi;Youssef Tawk;Joseph Costantine;Elie Shammas","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2023.3347260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2023.3347260","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces a dual band-pass and dual band-stop filter that is designed along its flexible back-end circuitry to sense and monitor muscle contractions. The filter and its back-end circuit are proposed to be wearable, flexible, and stretchable. The presented design is composed of several logarithmically scaled spiral-shaped defected ground structures (DGS) located along the ground plane of a co-planar waveguide transmission line. In addition, U-shaped slots are integrated within the transmission line to maintain the sensing operation of the filter when its structure is stretched. The entire structure is fabricated on a multi-part flexible Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) substrate and its stretchable configuration is enabled through the integration of a Room-Temperature-Vulcanizing (RTV) silicon substrate. Such stretchable ability is obtained through the movement of the multiple parts that compose the filter and is exhibited by the tuning of its band-pass and band-stop frequencies of operation between 1 GHz and 4 GHz. Correspondingly, the stretchable ability of the filter is also indicated by the change in magnitudes of its reflection and transmission coefficients. As a result, for the band-pass operation, the insertion loss of the flexible wearable filter, placed above the human arm, at the first frequency (1.39 GHz) is −1.95 dB with a tuning range of 590 MHz, and at the second frequency (2.68 GHz) −1.94 dB with a tuning range of 330 MHz. The change in the response of the presented system is proportional to the intensity of the muscle contraction. To capture this change, a custom-designed integrated flexible back-end circuit interrogates the sensor, collects the magnitudes of the reflection and transmission coefficients, and outputs corresponding voltages. As a result, monitoring the output voltage of the back-end circuit indicates the muscle contraction level, which is sensed from the stretching movement of the filter's structure. The back-end circuit and the sensor are fabricated and tested over multiple measurement cycles where the ability of the sensor to track muscle contraction is demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 2","pages":"193-203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10406186","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140345466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single and Multiple-Band Bandpass Filters Using Bandstop Resonator Sections","authors":"Jing-Yu Lin;Sai-Wai Wong;Lu Qian;Yi Wang;Yang Yang;Qing-Huo Liu","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2023.3346399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2023.3346399","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the design methodology and implementation of single-band and multiple-band elliptic function bandpass filters (BPFs) are presented, based on the concept of bandstop resonator (BSR) sections. One or more single-mode and multiple-mode BSRs can be dangled from a non-resonant node. Each BSR can generate one reflection zeroes (RZ) and one transmission zeroes (TZ). Multiple BSR sections are used to flexibly and independently control the location and bandwidth of the stop bands and therefore the same of the passbands. The method to design single- and multiple-band elliptic function BPFs has been detailed using a number of examples based on waveguide technology. For proof of concept, a 6th-order single-band BPF with six BSR = 2 sections and a 3\u0000^rd\u0000-order dual-band BPF using three BSR = 3 sections are designed and fabricated monolithically using a selective-laser-melting (SLM) 3-D printing technique. Excellent agreement between simulated and measured results verifies the proposed design methodology and its versatility as well as the additive-manufacture approach.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 2","pages":"293-302"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10391061","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140345470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Murine Skin Dosimetry Under Millimeter Wave Exposure","authors":"Serafeim Iakovidis;Simona Leonardi;Emiliano Fratini;Simonetta Pazzaglia;Mariateresa Mancuso;Theodoros Samaras","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2023.3345133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2023.3345133","url":null,"abstract":"The upper part of the frequency spectrum (millimeter waves, MMW) applied by modern communications technologies (5G and beyond), makes skin the dominantly exposed tissue to electromagnetic fields. In this work, a methodology for murine skin dosimetry evaluation is presented, intended to contribute to animal studies with mice exposed to MMW radiation, in particular 27.5 GHz. A stratified skin model is proposed and the variations of the skin layers’ thicknesses during a hair cycle are measured in mice. The variations of skin layers’ dielectric properties due to age, based on the changes of total body water, are also evaluated. The impact of these variations in dosimetric metrics (i.e., mean absorbed power density, APD, and power loss) within each layer is assessed and found to be significant. Changes in the skin layers’ thicknesses throughout a hair cycle considerably affect the APD, resulting in a two-fold increase, compared to changes in the dielectric properties due to aging or due to hair presence inside the skin.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 2","pages":"204-212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10381640","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140345467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IEEE Journal of Microwaves Table of Contents","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2023.3342953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2023.3342953","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 1","pages":"C4-C4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10381597","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139109339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}