IEEE journal of microwaves最新文献

{"title":"Ultra-Wideband Silicon Plasma Switches","authors":"Alden Fisher;Thomas R. Jones;Dimitrios Peroulis","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3559499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3559499","url":null,"abstract":"The design, optimization, and characterization of an ultra-wideband solid-state plasma shunt switch with state-of-the-art performance is presented, achieving up to 5× reduction in dc power consumption, 4× faster switching speeds, and 2× smaller footprint compared to prior work. The switch is realized by patterning a coplanar waveguide transmission line on a high-resistivity silicon substrate and illuminating the gaps with up to three fibers, creating a highly efficient shunt switch. For efficient power consumption, multiple bias fibers are incorporated to distribute the light avoiding photoconductive saturation. Furthermore, to enhance agility, silicon micromachining is employed, achieving single-digit microsecond switching times under 2.75 µs, the fastest ever recorded for this technology. The result is an ultra-wideband dc-110+ GHz shunt switch with less than 0.81 dB insertion loss and up to 71 dB isolation. This is accomplished with a straightforward manufacturing process in a compact footprint of less than 0.057 mm<inline-formula><tex-math>$^{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, paving the way for seamless technology integration. Lastly, highly accurate wideband co-simulations for solid-state plasma modeling are discussed and validated against measurements, underscoring the superior performance and reliability of this disruptive technology.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 3","pages":"677-686"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10979296","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143925268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 28 GHz Phased-Array Transmitter Based on Doherty Spatial Combining Technique With a Local Sub-Sampling PLL","authors":"Itamar Melamed;Avraham Sayag;Emanuel Cohen","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3560226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3560226","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a 28 GHz integrated phased-array transmitter, utilizing an over-the-air (OTA) combining technique for power efficiency boosting and a local oscillator (LO) phase shifting. Efficiency boosting is achieved by decomposing the baseband signal into two streams, one with a reduced peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) and the other consisting of the low-occurrence peak residuals. Compared to uniformly excited linear phased array (UELA), the efficiency improvement is by 40<inline-formula><tex-math>$%$</tex-math></inline-formula>. The two streams are up-converted and transmitted through the radio-frequency (RF) chains, each optimized for the corresponding output power, and recombined OTA to reconstruct the original signal. Each chain contains a power-optimized sub-sampling phase-locked loop (SSPLL) that accounts for the phase shift and achieves a better than 1<inline-formula><tex-math>$^circ$</tex-math></inline-formula> phase resolution. We implemented the four TX chains on a standard 65 nm bulk-CMOS process, achieving a system efficiency of 7.6<inline-formula><tex-math>$%$</tex-math></inline-formula> at 21 dBm equivalent isotropic radiated power (EIRP), with an error vector magnitude (EVM) of −31 dB.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 3","pages":"687-701"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10979290","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143925265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Verification of a Massive MIMO Channel Emulator for 5G/6G System Performance Testing","authors":"Jianghong Xie;Zhengbo Jiang;Jingxin Liu;Jiacheng Yu;Siheng Luo;Chong Guo;Zhang-Cheng Hao;Wei Hong","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3557566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3557566","url":null,"abstract":"Channel emulator plays an essential role in 5G and 6G communication by enabling the reconstruction of wireless channels in a controlled laboratory environment. A novel massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channel emulator is presented in this paper for future communication. The proposed channel emulator operates at 0.4–6 GHz with 200 MHz bandwidth, consisting of an 80-channel transceiver, a local oscillator (LO) unit with forty independent and one common LO, a reference unit, a digital baseband unit, and a master control unit. The emulator demonstrates excellent RF performance, achieving a phase coherence of ±2° and an error vector magnitude (EVM) of 0.65% when utilizing the common LO configuration. The path loss, modeled as a large-scale channel model, is tested at the RF level and showed strong agreement with simulation results, validating the accuracy of the channel emulation. Additionally, the end-to-end system throughput rate performance is evaluated, further confirming the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed 80-channel MIMO channel emulator for future wireless communication applications.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 3","pages":"640-653"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10979297","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143925225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Channel Count and Array Sparsity on the Detection Performance of 4D Imaging Radars","authors":"Dominik Schwarz;Matthias Linder;Veronika Kienle;Nico Riese;Christian Waldschmidt","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3560661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3560661","url":null,"abstract":"Separability, detection capability, and height estimation performance are key measures of high performance 4D imaging radars. While many different sensors have been presented in recent years, no sensor-independent comparison of the performance achievable with differing array realizations was given. Therefore, in this work in total 113 sub-arrays of one large uniform rectangular array are analyzed. Measurements of real-world scenarios are performed with a high-resolution 4D imaging radar system with 1728 virtual channels on the static edge case to assess the performance in the angular domain. Regarding the above-mentioned performance criteria, three main conclusions can be derived from the performed analysis: Although the angular resolution depends on the array size, the separation capability of objects with small radar cross section from stronger ones depends on the channel count and not the aperture size. In scenarios with many targets located in the mid-range of the sensor, the detection capability increases at a constant channel count for smaller arrays with a lower sparsity in contrast to larger ones with less channels. Hereby, increasing the fill factor while keeping the aperture size constant is more beneficial to the performance than increasing the aperture size while keeping the fill factor constant.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 3","pages":"616-630"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10979294","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143925336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovations and Challenges in RF Antenna Technologies for Implantable Medical Devices Communication","authors":"Mohamed Benaissa;Abdelhalim Chaabane;Hussein Attia;Ibraheem Al-Naib","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3555480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3555480","url":null,"abstract":"Implantable medical devices (IMDs) are essential for life-saving healthcare advancements worldwide, enabling wireless remote monitoring capabilities. These capabilities include telemetry, wireless power transfer (WPT), and data communication. Modern active IMDs rely on robust wireless communication systems to transmit essential data, such as physiological information, diagnostic details, and parameters critical for optimizing therapies, both externally and among implantable subsystems. Fundamental communication techniques include optical, radiofrequency (RF), and ultrasonic. Achieving effective IMD communication through biological tissue requires careful consideration of the transmission modality to ensure safety and seamless integration with external systems. This paper examines the most widely adopted communication modalities, drawing insights from 56 research studies published over the past six years, with a particular emphasis on RF technology, which is favored for wireless IMDs due to recent progress in implantable antenna designs and WPT. These technological advancements have led to the development of compact, high-performance antennas that reduce interference, save power, and enable high-speed data transmission rates, establishing RF as the preferred modality for reliable and seamless communication in IMDs and opening up exciting possibilities for the future of healthcare technology.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 3","pages":"526-542"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10978852","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143925004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Efficiency and Wide-Dynamic-Range Rectifier Based on Power Reflection for Wireless Power Transfer in Sensor Networks","authors":"Zhen Yue;Xin Xu;Si Hui Wu;Xian Qi Lin","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3554213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3554213","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes an efficient and wide dynamic range rectifier based on power reflection structure. The rectifier consists of a branch-line coupler and two sub-rectifiers operating at different input power levels. The branch-line coupler is used as power reflection structure. Due to the electromagnetic symmetry of the branch-line coupler and the non-linear characteristics of the rectifier, the power reflection structure can reflect mismatched energy caused by load variations or input power fluctuations back into the sub-rectifier, which can improve the reflection coefficient of the rectifier. For validation in different application scenarios, two rectifiers operating at 5.8 GHz were designed, fabricated, and characterized. For the proposed rectifier I (with load resistances RL1 = 750Ω and RL2 = 300Ω), the measured PCE maintains exceeding 50% when the input power ranges from 8 to 29.2 dBm, and the peak PCE is 68.01% at 18 dBm input power. While for rectifier II (with load resistances RL3 = 800Ω and RL4 = 300Ω), the measured PCE remains over 50% with input power from −1.2 to 28.8 dBm, and the peak PCE is 68.51% at 15 dBm input power. Theoretical analysis and performance comparison are carried out that excellent performance of proposed rectifiers in extending the input power range, which can widely apply in WPT system.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 3","pages":"666-676"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10976594","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143925267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient Integral Equation Analysis of Arbitrarily Shaped Rectangular Waveguide Discontinuities Including Conducting Objects","authors":"Antonio Manuel Huéscar de la Cruz;Antonio Oliva Aparicio;Fernando D. Quesada Pereira;Alejandro Álvarez Melcón;Vicente E. Boria Esbert","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3559355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3559355","url":null,"abstract":"In this contribution, an Integral Equation (IE) formulation is proposed for the analysis of microwave circuits, based on the junction of two different rectangular waveguides coupled by an arbitrarily shaped zero thickness discontinuity. These rectangular waveguides could include an unlimited number of conducting elements with arbitrary shapes inside them. To solve the IE, the problem is split into two equivalent subproblems, each of which is related to a rectangular waveguide. Subsequently, an equivalent surface magnetic current density (<inline-formula><tex-math>$vec{mathrm{mathbf{M}}}_{text{ap}}$</tex-math></inline-formula>) defined at the discontinuity is used to connect the equivalent problems of each rectangular waveguide. In order to reduce the number of unknowns, the Lorenz gauge Green's functions of rectangular waveguides and their spatial derivatives are used to model the boundary conditions. In addition, the Ewald method has been employed to significantly speed up the evaluation of these rectangular waveguide Green's functions. Therefore, the use of this surface magnetic current density can reduce in some configurations the number of unknowns compared to an alternative Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE). In addition, it allows a simpler analysis of some kind of discontinuities with respect to an EFIE method. Finally, the proposed technique has been validated by comparison with the results provided by commercial full-wave software tools such as Ansys HFSS and CST Studio Suite, showing good agreement and a better numerical efficiency.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 3","pages":"739-749"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10975046","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143925001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An 18–44 GHz Power Amplifier in 90-nm GaN Using Active Impedance Matching","authors":"Adam Der;Taylor Barton","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3555839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3555839","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents an active impedance matching technique to extend the bandwidth of a power amplifier (PA). The architecture is similar to that of the load-modulated balanced amplifier, but employs phase-only control to avoid the complexity and gain compression characteristics associated with millimeter-wave load-modulated PAs. To evaluate the effectiveness of the technique and fully explore the design space, four monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) PA variants are fabricated and compared through measurements. Specifically, load-pull characterization of the best-case performance of the single-ended PA used in the active match balanced amplifier is compared to the overall active match architecture to identify and understand the sources of losses in the system. The primary active match design demonstrates a wideband operation from 18 to 44 GHz, with an output power of 28-31 dBm and a power-added efficiency (PAE) of 12–31% in continuous-wave (CW) measurements.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 3","pages":"702-710"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10971220","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143925220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Way Towards Energy Autonomous Wireless Sensing for EV Battery Management System","authors":"Badar Muneer;Valentina Palazzi;Federico Alimenti;Paolo Mezzanotte;Luca Roselli","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3557211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3557211","url":null,"abstract":"Electric vehicles (EV) have the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve air quality, and lower mobility costs, thus promoting sustainable mobility. Battery management is crucial in electric vehicles to ensure safety, maximize battery lifespan, maintain optimal performance, and improve energy efficiency. However, the complex wiring harnesses required to transport sensor data make a Battery Management System (BMS) a complex and vulnerable block in EV design. This is due to weight and cost associated with extensive wiring harnesses, high connection failures probability, challenging maintenance, and limited flexibility in battery pack configuration. Researchers and manufacturers envisage a potential solution in Wireless BMS (wBMS) to improve EV safety, reduce weight, improve scalability, and enhance reliability by eliminating complex wiring. The state-of-the-art wBMS use wireless sensors, that themselves require a battery to operate, therefore, posing an additional liability and failure threat. Luckily, energy autonomous wireless sensors can be cutting-edge technology to irradicate this vulnerability and give the wBMS designers and manufacturers with the huge flexibility to further enhance reliability, reduce maintenance, lower weight, and improve environmental sustainability by eliminating the need for sensor battery replacements. This survey intends to summarize the recent contributions and developments made in providing the solutions for wBMS in automotive applications. A comprehensive review and analysis of power consumption of common communication standards used in wBMS is also provided. The potential of battery-free RFID (UHF/NFC) sensors in realizing energy autonomous wBMS for electric vehicles has been unearthed, several use cases, commercially available solutions and their practical application in automotive industry have been discussed. Moreover, this review serves as a useful guide for industry professionals and researchers developing battery-free passive wBMS, covering current advancements in battery-free passive wireless sensor technology, technology readiness, real-world operational challenges, and future trends.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 3","pages":"555-571"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10967547","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143925332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated Self-Contained Trajectory Estimation and Multistatic SAR Imaging in a Non-Static Uncoupled Bistatic Radar Network","authors":"Patrick Fenske;Tobias Koegel;Roghayeh Ghasemi;Danielle Gunders-Hunt;Martin Vossiek","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3554050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3554050","url":null,"abstract":"Radar imaging performance can be significantly improved by creating synthetic apertures along a radar sensor's trajectory compared to standard MIMO imaging radars. Additionally, observing the scenery from both monostatic and bistatic perspectives with large bistatic angles can further increase the information content of radar images, as different parts of complex targets can exhibit different scattering mechanisms. Both technologies, synthetic aperture radar and coherent multistatic radar networks, come with demanding system requirements regarding the localization and synchronization of the involved radars, which are addressed by the proposed approach. The unique aspect of our novel bi-/multistatic radar approach is that no auxiliary sensor technology is needed to determine the trajectory. The same radar signals are jointly used at the same time for trajectory determination, clock synchronization, and bistatic SAR imaging. The integrated self-contained trajectory estimation is based on a particle filter algorithm that processes the line-of-sight radar signals of the bistatic radar pairs, which are exchanged in a double-sided two-way ranging manner. This approach opens up new applications of bi-/multistatic radar for autonomous air and ground vehicles. However, the requirement of a line-of-sight connection between the radar pairs imposes a constraint on possible bistatic constellations and trajectories. Therefore, it is shown that suitable compromises regarding the geometry, localization accuracy, and resolution of SAR imaging must also be taken into account. We demonstrate the capabilities of this approach by generating monostatic and bistatic SAR images with 77 GHz SIMO FMCW radar sensors from indoor and outdoor measurement scenarios with synthetically generated apertures estimated by the integrated self-contained localization algorithm.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 3","pages":"600-615"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10965474","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143925042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}