IEEE journal of microwaves最新文献

{"title":"IEEE Microwave Theory and Technology Society Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3685029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3685029","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 3","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11513291","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147828855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-Mode Equilateral Triangular Resonator With Slit for Material Sensing","authors":"Hamidreza Laribi;Ali-Reza Moznebi;Kambiz Moez;Rashid Mirzavand","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3679637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3679637","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a dual-mode equilateral triangular resonator (DETR) sensor with a slit, which is theoretically analyzed and experimentally validated. In line with the theoretical analysis, the dual modes are the result of the rotation and superposition of the fundamental mode. A circuit model was developed tovalidate the theoretical analysis and good agreement was observed through a comprehensive comparison of results from full-wave simulations, theoretical calculations, and circuit model predictions. The proposed DETR operates in the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band (902-928 MHz) and offers a unique communication link (or calibration) capability, making it a promising candidate for various applications. As a proof-of-concept, a prototype was designed, fabricated, and experimentally measured that confirmed the reliability of the sensor for material characterization. The results show that the higher frequency remains unaffected by distance changes between the sensor and receiver, whereas the lower frequency exhibits robust responses to various materials.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 3","pages":"664-674"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11483093","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147828956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IEEE Journal of Microwaves Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3685033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3685033","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 3","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11513025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147829010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Compact CMOS W-Band Transmitter Front-End With 7-Bit Phase Shifter Resolution","authors":"Tal Elazar;Eran Socher","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3681969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3681969","url":null,"abstract":"Vector modulation circuits such as cartesian phase shifters and IQ modulators are integral components of mm-wave transceivers, relying on quadrature signal summation. This work analyzes conventional quadrature summation techniques and provides an in-depth study of the widely used current-summation method, identifying its limitations and the resulting distortion of the output constellation. Guided by these insights, we present a W-band 65 nm bulk CMOS transmitter front-end that integrates a voltage-summation vector modulator (VM) and a power amplifier. The VM features a transformer-based combiner with a single secondary inductor that performs a weighted summation of the quadrature fluxes generated by two primary inductors. Using a low-complexity predistortion algorithm, a linear and predictable 1024-point constellation is achieved with 9% Error Vector Magnitude (EVM). Additionally, phase shift keying (PSK) constellations were measured, demonstrating true 7-bit phase resolution across the 95–97.5 GHz range with minimum 1° phase RMSE.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 3","pages":"675-688"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11488732","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147828920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IEEE Journal of Microwaves Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3666602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3666602","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 2","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11455391","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147558050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine Learning-Driven Space Mapping for Microwave Filter Parameter Extraction With Small Datasets","authors":"Olufemi Oluyemi;Paul Laforge;Abdul Bais","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3681924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3681924","url":null,"abstract":"Space mapping is a powerful optimization technique that reduces computational effort by leveraging surrogate models. However, parameter extraction within a space-mapping framework can remain computationally demanding, especially for complex structures at the coarse-model level. This research introduces a convolutional neural network–based approach for parameter extraction that is seamlessly integrated into the space-mapping workflow. We employ sensitivity analysis to identify the parameters that most strongly influence the optimization outcome, enabling the construction of compact yet informative training datasets. The resulting model adapts well across frequency ranges represented in the generated data and is demonstrated on microstrip filter designs with and without cross-coupling. Compared with traditional circuit-level optimization, the proposed approach yields substantial time savings: reductions by factors of 2.0 to 2.7 for single designs and 8.0 to 10.7 for multiple designs. These results indicate that learning-driven parameter extraction can mitigate a key bottleneck in space mapping, paving the way for faster, more scalable microwave filter design while preserving accuracy at both coarse and fine model levels.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 3","pages":"774-785"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11501403","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147828948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Validation of Thermoregulatory Modeling for Human Back Exposure at 28 GHz","authors":"Shoma Kato;Akimasa Hirata;Hiroshi Masuda;Akiko Matsumoto;Sachiko Kodera","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3662329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3662329","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates skin temperature rise during dorsal exposure to 28 GHz quasi-millimeter waves using an electromagnetic–thermal computational modeling framework considering thermoregulation. Human exposure experiments were numerically reproduced using anatomically detailed models of Japanese adults augmented with age- and sex-related thermoregulatory functions. An exposure system with dielectric lens antennas provided controlled irradiation to the back, and the measured skin temperatures were compared with the computational predictions. The computational framework reproduced the experimental temperature rises well for both the 64-region of interest (ROI) and 1-ROI. Furthermore, the model reproduced the tendency that female participants exhibited higher temperature rises than males, which was mainly attributed to anatomical variations in muscle and fat composition. Age-related effects were modest, likely because the older adult group was approximately 65 years old. The predicted temperature rise was 2.48 °C, which is within the permissible limit of 2.5 °C (derived from the operational threshold of 5 °C with a reduction factor of 2) when evaluated at an absorbed power density of 100 W/m² for occupational exposure, as specified in international exposure guidelines. These findings demonstrate the applicability of the thermoregulatory model to superficial absorption for exposure to quasi- and millimeter waves and support its use for assessment across different populations, such as those differing in age, sex, and thermoregulatory capacity.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 2","pages":"519-530"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11410436","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147557565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Model Variability in Assessment of Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Fields","authors":"Akimasa Hirata;Ilkka Laakso;Francesca Apollonio;Sachiko Kodera;Yoshiki Kubota;Junqing Lan;Kun Li;Micaela Liberti;Dragan Poljak;Kensuke Sasaki;Maxim Zhadobov;Yinliang Diao","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3628902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3628902","url":null,"abstract":"The recent advances in computational dosimetry for electromagnetics and thermodynamics are reviewed to assess human exposure to electromagnetic fields in the MHz-to-terahertz range. This review emphasizes model variability in computational dosimetry. Apart from computational electromagnetic methods and their usage, the developments in anatomical phantoms and tissue dielectric properties characterization are also surveyed. In addition, the rationale for dosimetric quantities prescribed in international exposure guidelines, such as the specific absorption rate (SAR) and absorbed power density, is revisited in relation to their correlation with local and core temperature rises in various tissues and populations. A heating factor, which is defined as a steady-state temperature rise per SAR, for the brain, eye lens, skin, and body core is evaluated to estimate heating resulting from exposure to electromagnetic fields. The transition of a physical quantity in the guidelines at 6 GHz, from SAR to the absorbed power density, is discussed along with the optimal spatial averaging volume and areas. Computational evaluations of product compliance, 5G devices, and wireless power transfer systems are also reviewed. This review aims to synthesize the current knowledge, identify key sources of computational model variability and uncertainty, and outline further research needs for setting exposure guidelines and compliance assessment.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 2","pages":"502-518"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11269783","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147558053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sub-THz Signal Distribution Based on Additively Manufactured Dielectric Image Lines","authors":"Leonhard Hahn;Lukas Bürk;Tobias Bader;David Panusch;Christian Carlowitz;Gerald Gold;Martin Vossiek","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3682062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3682062","url":null,"abstract":"The realization of low-loss multi-channel power splitters at sub-THz frequencies is highly challenging, as conventional transmission-line-based approaches suffer from severe performance limitations, low scalability, or high fabrication costs. To illustrate an attractive solution to this problem, this work presents a broadband sub-THz signal distribution network based on additively manufactured dielectric image lines (DIL), enabling symmetric 1x6 power splitting across the 140–220 GHz range. For the first time, additive manufacturing (AM) is used to integrate various dielectric components like transmission lines, 1x2 and 1x4 splitters, a directional coupler with configurable power division ratio, and a dielectric termination into a large-scale, monolithic network. The concept is manufactured using up to four different AM techniques to investigate the impact of fabrication characteristics on network performance. Manufacturing artifacts are analyzed and modeled, revealing the impact of adhesion, surface quality, and process complexity onto key performance metrics like efficiency, bandwidth, port symmetry, and reproducibility.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 3","pages":"738-753"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11495100","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147828957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a Bespoke Hybrid Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectrometer for Simultaneous In Situ Neutron Diffraction Studies","authors":"Kai Silver;Heungjae Choi;Michael Barter;Steve C. Cripps;Ron I. Smith;Emma Richards;Damien M. Murphy;Martin O. Jones;Adrian Porch","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3686727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3686727","url":null,"abstract":"We present the design, construction, and commissioning of the first hybrid Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectrometer engineered to operate within a Neutron Powder Diffractometer (NPD), enabling simultaneous measurements of spin properties and crystal structure. Developed for the Polaris instrument at the ISIS Neutron and Muon Source (U.K.), the system was specifically designed to function within the constraints of a neutron beamline. Achieving in situ EPR capability within the diffractometer required several necessary compromises to the diffraction geometry. The finite gap between the two halves of the electromagnet body reduces detector visibility, limiting coverage for a proportion of scattering angles. The retained magnetic return-path introduce restricted regions in 2<inline-formula><tex-math>$theta$</tex-math></inline-formula> that require reorientation of the instrument to access. Furthermore, the change in sample geometry from a conventional vertical cylindrical configuration to a skewed horizontal cylinder had a detrimental effect on diffraction peak shape and width. The aluminium microwave cavity, although thinned to 0.1 mm to maximise neutron transparency, introduces additional background Bragg reflections. Despite these trade-offs, simultaneous EPR and neutron diffraction data were successfully acquired. Key innovations include a bespoke electromagnet compatible with beamline access, a thinwalled X-band quasi-elliptical microwave cavity, a remotely tuneable waveguide coupling scheme, and a modular support structure optimised to minimise parasitic scattering. The system was benchmarked using standard paramagnetic reference samples, demonstrating EPR sensitivity comparable to commercial laboratory instruments. This work establishes a new class of multimodal instrumentation, enabling operando investigations of materials in which coupled spinlattice phenomena govern functionality, including batteries, catalysts, and quantum materials.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 3","pages":"625-640"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11511456","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147828958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}