IEEE journal of microwaves最新文献

{"title":"Leveraging Modularity of Chiplets to Form a 4×4 Automotive FMCW-Radar in an eWLB-Package","authors":"Pascal Stadler;Jan Schoepfel;Lars Kleditsch;Christian Geissler;Reinhold Herschel;Ram K. Arumugam;Patrick Wallrath;Klaus Aufinger;Steffen Paul;Nils Pohl;Tobias T. Braun","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3595647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3595647","url":null,"abstract":"Dividing a System on Chip (SoC) into multiple smaller chiplets and embedding them into a single package has gained significant traction in recent years through more widespread adoption in digital circuitry. Despite benefits of reduced interference, protection against environmental influences and overcoming the “Interconnection Gap”, its usage in integrated analog circuits fails to match pace with digital designs. Adoption is likely impeded by an over-reliance on single-chip packages as they prioritize high-frequency performance over integration densities. We therefore demonstrate the first modular system approach with an embedded Wafer-Level Ball grid array (eWLB) package that does not compromise on either integration density nor performance. Restricted only by the maximum package dimensions, the number of channels can be adjusted application-specifically. This allows the system to scale down for low-cost, low-power applications while conversely facilitating massive MIMO. Exemplarily, a 4 × 4 radar System in Package (SiP) with five 130 nm B11HFC SiGe chiplets in a small form factor of 7.8 mm × 8.8 mm was manufactured for this work. It contains a central VCO that feeds four transceivers of identical design that can be configured as receivers or transceivers through the package’s layout. The configuration is solely package-based, enabling chip designs to be reused and thus drastically reducing development time. It also permits homogeneous or heterogeneous substitution of the chiplets based on available fabrication facilities and economic considerations. With its 15.6 dBi comb-line antennas, target detection within 76–77 GHz has been verified up to 36 m in range and <inline-formula><tex-math>$pm$</tex-math></inline-formula>30° in azimuth. Adverse to single-chip solutions, this novel chiplet approach splits up temperature hotspots into smaller, localized areas of elevated temperature. While advantageous for the dissipation of heat, it imposes additional challenges thermomechanically as well as electromagnetically. The compromise between performance and reliability is therefore addressed with a detailed examination of the solderball placement and package-to-PCB interfaces.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 5","pages":"1071-1081"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11154102","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145021240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IEEE Journal of Microwaves Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3600802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3600802","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 5","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11154096","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145021345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IEEE Microwave Theory and Technology Society Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3600798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3600798","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 5","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11153967","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145021346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to the September 2025 Issue","authors":"Peter H. Siegel","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3603114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3603114","url":null,"abstract":"Our September issue is a bit thinner than usual, mostly due to difficulties in getting back reviews over the summer months. We will make up the shortage in our November release. Our papers this month are also a bit more focused on analysis tools and computer learning algorithms than applications – luck of the draw. We hope you can find something interesting to look over and we promise a more balanced and applications-oriented content next issue.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 5","pages":"1028-1040"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11154104","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145021183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automated Cardiff Model Complexity Identification and Parameters Extraction From Measured Tailored A-Pull Data","authors":"Azam Al-Rawachy;Alexander Baddeley;Abdalla Eblabla;Dragan Gecan;Aamir Sheikh;Aleksander Bogusz;Roberto Quaglia;Paul J. Tasker","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3600995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3600995","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a novel experimental technique for automatically identifying the complexity and coefficients of a Cardiff behavioral model of a microwave transistor using a conventional, narrowband active load-pull system. The method ensures the accuracy of the extracted model while eliminating the need for expert human judgment/intervention. The paper details the solutions adopted to overcome the technical challenges of implementing A-pull using a narrowband vector network analyzer-based load-pull system. Specifically, to ensure that the A-pull grid is achieved quickly and accurately, and that it covers a meaningful and safe operating space for the device under test. A gallium nitride (GaN) microwave transistor is characterized and modeled to demonstrate the technique at 2.45 GHz. Results clearly show how the model complexity is automatically identified and accurate coefficients extracted. In addition, the paper demonstrates how to use this approach to allow for a systematic reduction in the number of measured load points without compromising model accuracy, further improving the process’s speed.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 5","pages":"1150-1161"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11154107","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145021369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IEEE Journal of Microwaves Table of Contents","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3600804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3600804","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 5","pages":"C4-C4"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11153966","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145021399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distributed Beamforming Using Decentralized Time Synchronization in a Six-Element Array","authors":"Naim Shandi;Jason M. Merlo;Jeffrey A. Nanzer","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3601036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3601036","url":null,"abstract":"We demonstrate distributed beamforming and beamsteering from a six-node distributed phased array using fully wireless coordination with decentralized time synchronization. In wireless applications such as distributed beamforming, high-accuracy time synchronization across the array is crucial for high coherent gain. The decentralized time synchronization method employed is based on the average consensus algorithm and the two-way time transfer method presented in our previous work, which achieved picosecond-level time synchronization with a cabled frequency reference. The system presented in this paper utilizes a centralized wireless frequency transfer method to achieve wireless frequency syntonization in a fully wireless coordination and a distributed computing system architecture. We experimentally evaluate system performance through beamforming and beamsteering to a receiver 16.3 m away from the six-node non-uniformly distributed antenna array, achieving an average coherent gain of 98% of the ideal gain at a carrier frequency of 1.05 GHz. The average time synchronization accuracy achieved was less than 36 ps.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 5","pages":"1094-1106"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11154106","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145021397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct Least-Squares Rational-Polynomial Lumped-Circuit Model Extraction and Group Theory","authors":"James C. Rautio","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3598986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3598986","url":null,"abstract":"Given a measured frequency domain response, it is useful to determine the best fit rational polynomial transfer function and then synthesize a corresponding lumped network. Vector Fitting, an iterative algorithm, is often used for this purpose. Historically, certain avenues of vector fitting research have not been pursued due to numerical precision limitations. Here, we explore one such approach that is closed form, i.e., non-iterative, and is not limited by numerical precision. When a lumped model is desired, we synthesize the best fits of all networks possible that have up to five RLC elements. In the course of this work, a variety of previously unknown relationships between these networks was discovered, including 4651 transforms between these lumped networks. The entire library, closed-form model extraction, and all network-pair transforms have been implemented in MATLAB and is freely available. In conjunction with this work, RLC network transfer functions and networks are explored in terms of group theory.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 5","pages":"1162-1175"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11145767","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145021347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Highly Isolated Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Antenna System for Ingestible Implants","authors":"Amjad Iqbal;Abdul Basir;Muath Al-Hasan;Ismail Ben Mabrouk;Tayeb A. Denidni","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3598684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3598684","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a dual-antenna multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system is designed for deep-tissue indigestible capsules. The system operates at 915 MHz and 2450 MHz frequency bands, covering the desired ISM band. The 10-dB bandwidths are 210 MHz (840–1050 MHz) and 220 MHz (2350–2570 MHz). The antenna’s overall volume is 12.34 mm³, with a radius of 5.5 mm and a height of 0.13 mm. Compactness is achieved through the use of a high permittivity substrate, shorting pins, and multiple slots in the patch. A common ground plane with a rectangular slot in the middle is incorporated to reduce electromagnetic (EM) coupling between the antenna elements. Additionally, two inductors are placed between the antenna patches to further minimize the EM coupling. Inductor-I (8.5 nH) combined with a slot capacitance generates a transmission zero (TZ) at the lower frequency band, while Inductor-II (1 nH) combined with a slot capacitance generates a TZ at the higher frequency band. This design results in very low coupling values of <inline-formula><tex-math>$-$</tex-math></inline-formula>34.6 dB at 915 MHz and <inline-formula><tex-math>$-$</tex-math></inline-formula>38.92 dB at 2450 MHz. The antenna achieves peak realized gains of <inline-formula><tex-math>$-$</tex-math></inline-formula>31.5 dBi at 915 MHz and <inline-formula><tex-math>$-$</tex-math></inline-formula>22.3 dBi at 2450 MHz. With 1 W incident power, SAR values of 43.1 W/kg at 915 MHz and 46.3 W/kg at 2450 MHz are observed. The envelope correlation coefficient is less than 0.1 in both bands, making this antenna suitable for high-speed communication in ingestible implants.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 5","pages":"1041-1052"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11145107","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145021398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep Neural Network-Based Load-Pull Measurement for Linearity Prediction in Mobile Front-End Impedance Matching Application","authors":"Chun Yin Lai;Steve W. Y. Mung;Lok Ki Ho;Anding Zhu","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3596473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3596473","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a simple deep neural network (DNN) is proposed to predict the linearity of power amplifier modules (PAMs) in load-pull measurement for mobile front-end impedance matching, not for power amplifier design by transistors. PAM is a crucial and fully matched packaged product in the transmitter for amplification in mobile products, which contains digital control circuits, passive components, RF switches, and multiband power amplifiers (PAs). For the 3GPP standard with low current consumption to be met, load-pull measurement of the PAM is essential for the mobile front-end impedance matching application to optimize the final product. However, traditional measurement using all impedance points for plotting load-pull contours is time-consuming. Compared with the traditional measurement method, the proposed method can minimize the measurement time by more than half. The impedance points used for the load-pull measurement are randomly split into two datasets with different ratios for verification. A set of impedance points is used for DNN model training. Another set of impedance points is used for linearity prediction. Experiments have been conducted, and the results highlight that the proposed DNN approach has high accuracy in linearity prediction and significantly minimizes the load-pull data measurement time, almost by half compared with the traditional measurement method. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of DNN with simple MLP structure in load-pull contour exploration in mobile front-end impedance matching applications.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 5","pages":"1137-1149"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11142796","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145021405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}