IEEE journal of microwaves最新文献

{"title":"Conformity Assessment of Human Exposed to Radiation From Millimeter-Wave Vehicles Radars","authors":"Ryota Morimoto;Sachiko Kodera;Yuma Kobayashi;Keishi Miwa;Akimasa Hirata","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3580722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3580722","url":null,"abstract":"The widespread adoption of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) has increased the use of millimeter-wave (mmWave) radars in vehicles, raising concerns about potential electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure for pedestrians. International guidelines for human exposure have introduced absorbed power density (APD) and incident power density (IPD) as physical quantities for evaluating local exposure above 6 GHz. However, pedestrian exposure to automotive radars has been insufficiently investigated, particularly in vehicle–pedestrian interactions with radar operating while stationary. This study employed computational simulations and experimental measurements to evaluate the exposure from a 12 × 1 patch antenna array operating at 79 GHz. Exposure scenarios were analyzed using simplified geometric models and anatomically realistic human models at varying distances and equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) levels. The results demonstrate a good agreement between the simulated and measured electric field distributions in both the near- and far-field regions. For continuous exposure, APD values obtained from anatomical models were consistently lower than those obtained from simplified geometries. At EIRPs of 26.7 dBm and 35.4 dBm, both APD and IPD remain within permissible limits across all distances. In contrast, the exposure at higher power levels (e.g., 55 dBm EIRP) exceeded the APD threshold. Nevertheless, evaluation using absorbed energy density, a metric for brief exposures, indicated compliance even when the human model was positioned directly adjacent to the vehicle surface. These findings provide critical insights into ensuring the conformity and design of next-generation automotive radar development.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 4","pages":"793-803"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11075574","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144598074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Subject Remote Heart Sound Monitoring Using mmWave MIMO RADAR","authors":"Isabella Lenz;Yu Rong;Adarsh A. Venkataramani;Daniel W. Bliss","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3579668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3579668","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents a novel non-contact heart sound monitoring approach using millimeter-wave RADAR technology. The proposed system enables simultaneous heart sound acquisition from multiple subjects, offering a contactless and efficient alternative to traditional stethoscopes, which are limited by the need for direct contact and the inability to monitor multiple subjects concurrently. The RADAR-based heart sound system detects surface skin vibrations induced by the heart's mechanical motions through the chest cavity. It translates these mechanical displacements into time-frequency signals for heart sound analysis. The system employs a Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave RADAR with optimized parameters for heart sound recording. A complete RADAR signal processing chain is developed, incorporating automatic subject detection and localization using temporal features, spatial beamforming to separate signals from multiple subjects, and heart sound signal extraction. Experimental results demonstrate the system's capability to capture distinct heart sound signatures from up to three subjects simultaneously, with heart rates matching those obtained from reference digital stethoscopes. These findings highlight the potential of millimeter-wave RADAR technology for advanced biomedical sensing applications, enabling remote and simultaneous monitoring of multiple individuals in clinical and non-clinical environments.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 4","pages":"767-775"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11075562","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144598096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IEEE Microwave Theory and Technology Society Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3579905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3579905","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 4","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11075572","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Motion Classification Based on Harmonic Micro-Doppler Signatures Using a Convolutional Neural Network","authors":"Cory Hilton;Sheng Huang;Steve Bush;Faiz Sherman;Matt Barker;Aditya Deshpande;Steve Willeke;Jeffrey A. Nanzer","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3575723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3575723","url":null,"abstract":"We present the design of narrowband radio-frequency harmonic tags and demonstrate their use in the classification of common motions of held objects using harmonic micro-Doppler signatures. Harmonic tags capture incident signals and retransmit at harmonic frequencies, making them easier to distinguish from clutter. We characterize the motion of tagged, held objects via the time-varying frequency shift of the harmonic signals (harmonic Doppler). With complex micromotions of held objects, the time-frequency response manifests complex micro-Doppler signatures that can be used to classify the motions. We describe the design of narrow-band harmonic tags at 2.4/4.8 GHz, supporting frequency scalability for multi-tag operation, and a harmonic radar system to transmit a 2.4 GHz continuous-wave signal and receive the scattered 4.8 GHz harmonic signal. Experiments were conducted to mimic four common motions of held objects from 35 subjects in a cluttered indoor environment. A 7-layer convolutional neural network (CNN) multi-class classifier was developed that obtained a real time classification accuracy of 94.24<inline-formula><tex-math>$%$</tex-math></inline-formula>, with a response time of 2 seconds per sample, and with a data processing latency of less than 0.5 seconds.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 4","pages":"882-891"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11075563","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144598093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IEEE Journal of Microwaves Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3579909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3579909","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 4","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11075570","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IEEE Journal of Microwaves Table of Contents","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3579911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3579911","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 4","pages":"C4-C4"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11075571","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144598071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Advancements in Breast Cancer Detection: A Holistic Review of Microwaves, Ultrasound, and Photo-Acoustic Imaging Techniques","authors":"Rachida Boulerbah;Abdelhalim Chaabane;Ibraheem Al-Naib;Abdulrahman S. M. Alqadami;Djelloul Aissaoui;Hussein Attia","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3580503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3580503","url":null,"abstract":"Breast Cancer Detection (BCD) presents persistent challenges in clinical practice, with patients often experiencing quite high mortality risks due to diagnostic inaccuracies driven by imaging complexities and variable breast densities. High false positive and negative rates associated with traditional imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging and mammography highlight critical limitations, including radiation exposure, patient discomfort, high cost, and non-uniform feature extraction. These shortcomings necessitate the development of innovative, non-invasive, and cost-effective alternatives. This paper reviews recent advancements in emerging BCD modalities, including microwave imaging, ultrasound, and photo-acoustic imaging. It examines their principles, technological progress, and potential for clinical adoption. Furthermore, it evaluates the integration of artificial intelligence in BCD, focusing on lesion segmentation, which remains underexplored compared to classification tasks. This study critically examines over 68 research papers published since 2017 and emphasizes the benefits and drawbacks of the proposed designs. The findings aim to advance the design and implementation of reliable, patient-centered technologies, addressing key gaps in diagnostic precision and contributing to the biomedical engineering domain.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 4","pages":"776-792"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11075568","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Closed-Form Equations for Substrate Integrated Coaxial Lines and Its Application to Dual-Frequency Coupler With Wide Bandwidth and Out-of-Band Rejection","authors":"Idury Satya Krishna;Amar D. Chaudhari;Soumava Mukherjee","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3579426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3579426","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the design and fabrication of self-packaged, self-shielded substrate integrated coaxial lines (SICL). The study introduces a closed-form equation for the characteristic impedance of SICL, emphasizing the effect of the outer conductor width and substrate thickness on this parameter. The robustness of the proposed formula is confirmed through testing of four distinct SICL transmission lines, each with varying dielectric constants and substrate thicknesses. A novel dual-band SICL transmission line is developed using short-circuited planar coaxial stubs, which serves as an alternative to the conventional quarter-wavelength transmission line design. The performance of this dual-band line is analyzed across different characteristic impedances, and the range of achievable frequency ratios is determined analytically. The resulting SICL-based rat-race coupler, fabricated using standard PCB processes, demonstrates a measured fractional bandwidth of 26.69% at 10.83 GHz and 11.29% at 22.94 GHz. It achieves low amplitude and phase imbalances, with values of <inline-formula><tex-math>$pm$</tex-math></inline-formula>1 dB and less than <inline-formula><tex-math>$pm$</tex-math></inline-formula>4°, respectively. Owing to the filtering response provided by short circuited coaxial stubs, the third harmonic of proposed coupler is suppressed and spurious rejection better than 22 dB is achieved up to 40 GHz.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 4","pages":"1015-1025"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11075567","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to the July 2025 Issue","authors":"Peter H. Siegel","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3579674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3579674","url":null,"abstract":"This issue we bring you twenty new papers covering our usual wide range of microwave use and applications topics. We are pleased to see that half of these – ten papers – are from IEEE Fellows. Some important highlights include a non-contact heartbeat monitoring radar that captures the sonic signatures from multiple patients simultaneously and can uniquely match to a particular subject, a review article covering breast cancer detection including multiple microwave techniques, pedestrian exposure thresholds for automotive radars, audio reconstruction and monitoring through barriers with microwave backscatter signals from voice coils, accurate wireless temperature sensing with Johnson noise sources located in inaccessible and non-contact environments, helical wave transceivers with high immunity to interference, some new radar processing techniques to enhance target thresholds and help with calibration, a novel radar polled harmonic RFID tag sensor system to track human hand motions, stitched together millimeter-wave FMCW radar bands that provide superior axial resolution without violating FCC blackout frequency bands, a nice review of wireless power transfer techniques and energy harvesting using beam forming networks, wideband graphene absorbers and characterization of graphene transistor mobility, a unique stand-alone 3D positioning and navigation system based on software defined radio that is immune to jamming, a new fast optimization technique for designing arbitrary shaped continuously varying transmission line matching circuits, a useful and important paper which brings global access to more accurate component models for mixed mode RF and electro-optic circuit simulators, an improved image rejecting subharmonic mixer in the microwave region, a new low loss stacked quartz and copper substrate that can be scaled to very high frequencies, and an all planar shielded rectangular coax structure with good performance in the microwave bands. Finally, we would like to announce our 2024 Scopus CiteScore which is up 38% from 2023 and now sits at 14.8, putting us in the 95th percentile of all indexed electrical and electronic engineering journals and 45th in the CiteScore rankings.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 4","pages":"753-766"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11075573","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144598095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stand-Alone, Low Probability of Detection Positioning for Small Airborne Vehicles Using Commercial SDRs","authors":"Arnaldo J. Sans;John M. Willis;Charles F. Barry;Marc Weiss;Satheesh Bojja Venkatakrishnan;John L. Volakis","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3577551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3577551","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the design, development, and prototyping of a stand-alone, low probability of detection (LPD) positioning network using commercially-available software-defined radios (SDRs). The network is intended for supplying positioning coordinates and is comprised of four receivers and a transmitter. For testing, a small drone was flown within a set range, carrying a payload with the transmitter and a high-precision microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) clock. The transmitter asynchronously sends timing data in a spread spectrum format, as frames, to the four receivers that despread and demodulate the encoded signals in real time. By using timestamps, the receivers calculate the time of arrival (TOA) and estimate both 2-D and 3-D positioning. Comparisons with the drone’s GPS flight paths is done to reveal average root mean square (RMS) positioning errors of 4.01, 4.27, and 9.57 in X, Y, and Z.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 4","pages":"961-971"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11075564","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}