IEEE journal of microwaves最新文献

{"title":"Modulation Recognition of Radar Signals Based on Multimodal Contrastive Learning","authors":"Mengting Jiang;Daying Quan;Fang Zhou;Kaiyin Yu;Yi Chen;Ning Jin","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3595622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3595622","url":null,"abstract":"Deep learning has been extensively used in radar signal modulation recognition, leading to significant improvements in accuracy. For supervised methods, the recognition performance mainly depends on the quality of large-scale labeled data. However, data annotation is usually expensive and time-consuming. The acquisition of high-quality labeled data poses a significant challenge. To address this issue, this paper proposes a radar signal modulation recognition method based on multimodal contrastive learning (RS-MCL). First, we obtain the feature of radar signal by performing pre-training based on contrastive learning with unlabeled multimodal radar signals. Then, the pre-trained encoder is fine-tuned along with a randomly initialized classifier to finish the recognition task, where only a small number of labeled samples are fed. Given the characteristics of multimodal inputs, two distinct attention mechanisms are incorporated in the encoder to effectively extract features from both the time-domain signal and time-frequency image. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority and stability of the proposed method across most of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions, even when utilizing only 1% of the labeled samples.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 5","pages":"1082-1093"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11130720","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145021280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Q-Band LNA-Antenna Co-Design: Exploiting Antenna Matching for System Noise Figure Optimization","authors":"Kirill Alekseev;Martin Johansson;Klas Eriksson;Bart Smolders;Roger Lozar;Remco Heijs;Ulf Johannsen","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3588491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3588491","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a novel approach to low noise amplifier (LNA)-antenna co-design in the Q-band frequency range, leveraging the antenna as an integral part of the LNA matching network to achieve broadband noise figure improvement.Unlike conventional designs, the proposed LNA does not include a 50<inline-formula><tex-math>$,Omega$</tex-math></inline-formula> input matching network, allowing direct access to the complex frequency-dependent impedance (<inline-formula><tex-math>${Gamma _{opt}}$</tex-math></inline-formula>) associated with the LNA’s minimal noise figure (<inline-formula><tex-math>${NF_{min}}$</tex-math></inline-formula>). The antenna input impedance is optimized to match the LNA for minimal noise contribution, effectively enhancing system performance. Noise figure measurements of the active antenna prototype confirm the achievement of <inline-formula><tex-math>${NF_{min}}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, ranging from 1.9 to 1.4 dB within the 35 to 40 GHz frequency band. Additionally, the receiver system demonstrates a gain of 14.5 dB and a noise figure below 3.6 dB across the operating frequency range. These results validate the effectiveness of the proposed co-design approach in reducing noise while maintaining high gain, making it a promising solution for next-generation millimeter-wave communication and sensing applications.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 5","pages":"1107-1119"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11119346","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145021279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiation Diversity Enabled Self-Isolated Compact Dual-Band Cubic MIMO Antenna for Wireless Biomedical Implants in Variable and Dynamic Environment","authors":"Tahir Bashir;Wei Li;Tian Xia","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3583891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3583891","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a compact dual-band cubic multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) antenna specifically designed for gastrointestinal (GI) tract capsule endoscopy and cardiac leadless pacemaker systems. The proposed cubic MIMO antenna operates across two frequency bands: 1.395 to 1.4 GHz and 2.4 to 2.4835 GHz. Comprising four individual antennas, it has overall dimensions of 5.12 × 5.12 × 4.6 <inline-formula><tex-math>${text{mm}}^{text{3}}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, which makes it a compact cubic design, achieved by employing symmetrically embedded radiating patch slots. The strategic relocation of port, pin, and ground slot not only resulted in reduced coupling due to opposite current flow but also contributed to achieving excellent frequency tuning for all antenna elements in cubic configuration. Encapsulated within wireless implants with batteries, sensors, and device circuitry, the proposed MIMO antenna was simulated in both homogeneous and heterogeneous body phantoms, including the small intestine, large intestine, stomach, and heart. Experimental validation also conducted using minced pork yielded results that agree with simulations, demonstrating the MIMO antenna effective performance, including measured reflection coefficient (−22 dB, −19 dB), gain (<inline-formula><tex-math>$-$</tex-math></inline-formula>28.17 dBi, <inline-formula><tex-math>$-$</tex-math></inline-formula>18.15 dBi), −10 dB bandwidth (390 MHz, 670 MHz), minimal coupling (−23 dB, −24 dB), and fractional bandwidth (27%, 26%) at 1.3975 and 2.45 GHz, respectively. Each cubic element radiates in four opposite directions, enabling radiation diversity in all four directions, crucial for various body postures during movement. The specific absorption rate (SAR) is also calculated and confirmed to remain within very safe limits for human implantation. Furthermore, a communication link analysis established the reliability of the antenna in maintaining stable communication with an external device over an 10 m and 15 m radius at the respective resonant frequencies, achieving a high data transmission rate of 100 Mbps. Further evaluation, including envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain (DG), channel capacity loss (CCL), and total active reflection coefficient (TARC), confirms the usefulness of the proposed MIMO. Consequently, this MIMO antenna emerges as a highly promising candidate with radiation diversity, high compactness, and self-isolation ability for several wireless biomedical implants.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 5","pages":"1053-1070"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11091378","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145021182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting Antenna Radiation Patterns and Types From Voxlated Measurements Using Neuro-Memristive 3D Crossbars","authors":"Anitha Gopi;Sruthi Pallathuvalappil;Elizabeth George;Alex James","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3581235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3581235","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a non-invasive way to detect the antenna type from its radiation patterns to cross-validate its proper functioning. Here, the radiation pattern of three types of antennas namely: a) Dipole Antenna, b) Monopole Antenna, and c) Patch Antenna are used for the study. The feature formation from radiation patterns is performed using pixel sampling. Hardware implementation of a <inline-formula><tex-math>$128times 128$</tex-math></inline-formula> pixel array layout is performed using the SkyWater 130 PDK. The cross-validation of the antenna radiation pattern is performed using a 3D Memristive Convolutional Neural Network (3D-CNN). The simulations of the 3D-CNN are done based on Skywater 130 PDK, and the results are analysed. Here, due to the flexibility of concurrent reading and writing, the area, power and latency for the classification is getting reduced. The accuracy and robustness of AI/ML models are used for predicting the antenna type and are tested under various additive noise, such as a) Gaussian, b) White, c) Pink, d) Speckle and e) Salt and Pepper. The AI/ML models like a) Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) b) YOLOv8, c) VG-19 Net, d) Decision Tree, e) Naive Bayes, f) Random Forest and g) K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN) are used for the performance evaluation.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 5","pages":"1120-1136"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11080314","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145021292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conformity Assessment of Human Exposed to Radiation From Millimeter-Wave Vehicles Radars","authors":"Ryota Morimoto;Sachiko Kodera;Yuma Kobayashi;Keishi Miwa;Akimasa Hirata","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3580722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3580722","url":null,"abstract":"The widespread adoption of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) has increased the use of millimeter-wave (mmWave) radars in vehicles, raising concerns about potential electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure for pedestrians. International guidelines for human exposure have introduced absorbed power density (APD) and incident power density (IPD) as physical quantities for evaluating local exposure above 6 GHz. However, pedestrian exposure to automotive radars has been insufficiently investigated, particularly in vehicle–pedestrian interactions with radar operating while stationary. This study employed computational simulations and experimental measurements to evaluate the exposure from a 12 × 1 patch antenna array operating at 79 GHz. Exposure scenarios were analyzed using simplified geometric models and anatomically realistic human models at varying distances and equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) levels. The results demonstrate a good agreement between the simulated and measured electric field distributions in both the near- and far-field regions. For continuous exposure, APD values obtained from anatomical models were consistently lower than those obtained from simplified geometries. At EIRPs of 26.7 dBm and 35.4 dBm, both APD and IPD remain within permissible limits across all distances. In contrast, the exposure at higher power levels (e.g., 55 dBm EIRP) exceeded the APD threshold. Nevertheless, evaluation using absorbed energy density, a metric for brief exposures, indicated compliance even when the human model was positioned directly adjacent to the vehicle surface. These findings provide critical insights into ensuring the conformity and design of next-generation automotive radar development.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 4","pages":"793-803"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11075574","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144598074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Subject Remote Heart Sound Monitoring Using mmWave MIMO RADAR","authors":"Isabella Lenz;Yu Rong;Adarsh A. Venkataramani;Daniel W. Bliss","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3579668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3579668","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents a novel non-contact heart sound monitoring approach using millimeter-wave RADAR technology. The proposed system enables simultaneous heart sound acquisition from multiple subjects, offering a contactless and efficient alternative to traditional stethoscopes, which are limited by the need for direct contact and the inability to monitor multiple subjects concurrently. The RADAR-based heart sound system detects surface skin vibrations induced by the heart's mechanical motions through the chest cavity. It translates these mechanical displacements into time-frequency signals for heart sound analysis. The system employs a Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave RADAR with optimized parameters for heart sound recording. A complete RADAR signal processing chain is developed, incorporating automatic subject detection and localization using temporal features, spatial beamforming to separate signals from multiple subjects, and heart sound signal extraction. Experimental results demonstrate the system's capability to capture distinct heart sound signatures from up to three subjects simultaneously, with heart rates matching those obtained from reference digital stethoscopes. These findings highlight the potential of millimeter-wave RADAR technology for advanced biomedical sensing applications, enabling remote and simultaneous monitoring of multiple individuals in clinical and non-clinical environments.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 4","pages":"767-775"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11075562","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144598096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IEEE Microwave Theory and Technology Society Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3579905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3579905","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 4","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11075572","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Motion Classification Based on Harmonic Micro-Doppler Signatures Using a Convolutional Neural Network","authors":"Cory Hilton;Sheng Huang;Steve Bush;Faiz Sherman;Matt Barker;Aditya Deshpande;Steve Willeke;Jeffrey A. Nanzer","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3575723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3575723","url":null,"abstract":"We present the design of narrowband radio-frequency harmonic tags and demonstrate their use in the classification of common motions of held objects using harmonic micro-Doppler signatures. Harmonic tags capture incident signals and retransmit at harmonic frequencies, making them easier to distinguish from clutter. We characterize the motion of tagged, held objects via the time-varying frequency shift of the harmonic signals (harmonic Doppler). With complex micromotions of held objects, the time-frequency response manifests complex micro-Doppler signatures that can be used to classify the motions. We describe the design of narrow-band harmonic tags at 2.4/4.8 GHz, supporting frequency scalability for multi-tag operation, and a harmonic radar system to transmit a 2.4 GHz continuous-wave signal and receive the scattered 4.8 GHz harmonic signal. Experiments were conducted to mimic four common motions of held objects from 35 subjects in a cluttered indoor environment. A 7-layer convolutional neural network (CNN) multi-class classifier was developed that obtained a real time classification accuracy of 94.24<inline-formula><tex-math>$%$</tex-math></inline-formula>, with a response time of 2 seconds per sample, and with a data processing latency of less than 0.5 seconds.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 4","pages":"882-891"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11075563","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144598093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IEEE Journal of Microwaves Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3579909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3579909","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 4","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11075570","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IEEE Journal of Microwaves Table of Contents","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3579911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3579911","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 4","pages":"C4-C4"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11075571","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144598071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}