IEEE journal of microwaves最新文献

{"title":"IEEE Journal of Microwaves Table of Contents","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3727796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3727796","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 5","pages":"C4-C4"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11700406","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149011407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrical and Morphological Properties of Tollens-Deposited Silver on Photopolymer Resin Relevant to 3D-Printed Microwave Components","authors":"Dominik Langer;Malin Schnepper;Bartosz Tegowski;Alexander Koelpin","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3723138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3723138","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents the first systematic investigation of the fundamental electrical and morphological properties of Tollens-deposited silver on stereolithography (SLA) 3D-printed polymers. Instead of examining specific waveguides or components, the goal is to establish reliable superordinate process-property relationships for the Tollens-based metallization. Therefore, planar specimens were fabricated to allow quantitative characterization of the metallization. Fundamental process parameters: immersion time, temperature, surface cleaning, and surface pretreatment were systematically varied, and additional influencing factors including ultrasonic assistance, water purity, surface contamination, and repeated metallization were assessed. The characterization included measurements of layer thickness, electrical conductivity, sheet resistance, surface roughness, as well as morphological analysis by scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy. Depending on the combination of process parameters, the conductivity and layer thickness show significant variations from 27.9 to 6.6 MS/m and 164 to 77 nm, respectively. The best result for a single metallization, 27.9 MS/m and 164 nm, was achieved using deionized water and ultrasonic assistance. The deposited silver thickness is markedly smaller than the surface roughness, and the silver layer is overlain by an island-like layer of irregular silver agglomerates, resulting in an atypical multilayer structure. The findings of this work establish a quantitative basis for the future assessment and optimization of loss and propagation characteristics in microwave components based on 3D-printed, Tollens-metallized photopolymers.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 5","pages":"1380-1395"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11667271","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149011320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Hybrid Analog–Digital Reflective–Type Phase Shifter Integrating BST Varactors and GeTe Switches With Continuous Phase Control","authors":"Mehran Golcheshmeh;Raafat R. Mansour","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3722154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3722154","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a hybrid analog–digital reflective–type phase shifter (RTPS) achieving continuous <inline-formula><tex-math>$360^circ$</tex-math></inline-formula> phase coverage over the 37–40 GHz frequency range. The proposed architecture addresses the fundamental limitations of purely analog and purely digital RTPS implementations by combining one analog stage with two digital stages. The two digital stages utilize GeTe phase-change material switches to realize coarse phase shifts of <inline-formula><tex-math>$180^circ$</tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><tex-math>$90^circ /45^circ$</tex-math></inline-formula>, while the analog stage employs a BST varactor-based reflective load to provide continuous fine phase tuning between the states. The phase shifter is implemented using a compact tandem-coupler-based RTPS topology and fabricated using a monolithic fabrication process integrating BST varactors and GeTe switches. Measurement results show continuous <inline-formula><tex-math>$360^circ$</tex-math></inline-formula> phase tuning with an insertion loss ranging from 6.1 to 9.8 dB. The proposed design demonstrates an effective trade-off between phase coverage, resolution, and insertion loss, making it well suited for millimeter-wave phased-array applications.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 5","pages":"1370-1379"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11664906","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149011245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microwave Magnetic Field Heating Offers a Highly Selective and Intensive Method of Heating for Catalytic Decomposition of Plastic Waste","authors":"Matthew Nelson;Samuel Hefford;Michael Barter;Xiangyu Jie;Daniel R. Slocombe","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3727716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3727716","url":null,"abstract":"Plastic waste poses an escalating global environmental challenge. One promising mitigation strategy demonstrated in the literature is the catalytic microwave-assisted decomposition of waste plastics to yield hydrogen gas and carbon-rich solids. This work investigates iron oxide catalysts for use in magnetically driven microwave heating, a technique with potential for more selective and rapid thermal decomposition than electromagnetic microwave approaches. Magnetite powder was characterized using microwave cavity perturbation from room temperature to 200 °C, revealing real permeability values of 0.8–1.5 with strong negative frequency dependence and limited temperature sensitivity. Imaginary permeability ranged from 0.48 to 0.68 and exhibited moderate temperature dependence. The substantial magnetic loss of magnetite enabled efficient microwave heating: a 0.4 g sample repeatedly reached >620 °C with <100 W of microwave input power in an inert atmosphere without performance degradation. When mixed with post-consumer HDPE powder, magnetite induced rapid partial decomposition of the plastic, generating primarily light alkane gases ethane and propane (42.9 and 14.9 %vol.) within a mixture of other olefins, hydrogen, CO and CO2 (0.2, 9.7 and 4.0 %vol. respectively). The advantageous effects of microwave heating in catalysis are rooted in the selective and rapid generation of heating at local sites. Magnetically driven heating is significant in this regard as a potential mechanism for more targeted catalytic heating, for example in mixed waste streams. A carefully chosen magnetically lossy catalyst material can enhance heating rates leading to faster reactions, improved yields and different product distributions. These findings demonstrate the potential of magnetically driven microwave heating to further leverage these advantages and as a route for catalytic plastic-to-hydrogen conversion.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 5","pages":"1184-1194"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11700408","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149011279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"100 μm Resolution Terahertz Imaging via Inverse Spherical Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging by Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy","authors":"Tobias Kubiczek;Jan C. Balzer","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3712778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3712778","url":null,"abstract":"Terahertz (THz) synthetic aperture imaging enables high-resolution imaging beyond the geometric and optical constraints of conventional focused THz setups. While traditional raster-scanning methods require planar objects and precise alignment, synthetic aperture techniques synthesize a large effective aperture from spatially distributed measurements, allowing flexible imaging of complex-shaped objects. In this work, an inverse spherical synthetic aperture is investigated. The setup employs a 3D printed motorized stage for azimuth and elevation scanning in combination with a THz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) system. Theoretical analysis are performed by modeling the pulse shape by a double Gaussian function to simulate the imaging response for the spherical aperture, with the circular aperture model revisited as a preliminary theoretical foundation. Key imaging parameters such as spatial resolution and peak sidelobe ratio (PSLR) are evaluated as functions of the aperture sampling. Experimental results demonstrate a spatial resolution of <inline-formula><tex-math>$55 ,mathrm{mu }mathrm{m}$</tex-math></inline-formula> for the circular aperture and 110<inline-formula><tex-math>$mathrm{mu }$</tex-math></inline-formula><inline-formula><tex-math>$mathrm{m}$</tex-math></inline-formula> for the spherical aperture obtained with a bandwidth of around <inline-formula><tex-math>$2.7 ,mathrm{T}mathrm{Hz}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, centered at <inline-formula><tex-math>$1.4 ,mathrm{T}mathrm{Hz}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, confirming the potential of fine resolution imaging of complex-shaped objects by the synthetic aperture approach.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 5","pages":"1238-1251"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11661593","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149011122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accurate, Robust, and Convenient On-Wafer Measurements of GaAs Devices From 1 to 220 GHz by Single-Tier Calibration","authors":"Tianze Li;Lei Li;James C. M. Hwang","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3725680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3725680","url":null,"abstract":"We present a calibration substrate fabricated on 50-μm-thick semi-insulating GaAs for on-wafer ultra-wideband calibration from 1 to 220 GHz. Currently, due to substrate mismatch between a conventional alumina-based calibration substrate and the device under test, two-tier calibration is required for on-wafer measurement of GaAs devices and circuits. By contrast, our calibration substrate enables single-tier calibration using a matched substrate material, which is more convenient yet agrees with conventional two-tier calibration within 5%. To further reduce statistical uncertainty, our calibration substrate includes multiline through-reflect-line standards, resulting in robust calibration under different wafer chucks, probe configurations, and pad groundings. The calibration substrate includes not only microstrip and coplanar standards, but also standards in substrate-integrated waveguides for which no commercial calibration standards are available. Although demonstrated on GaAs, the same single-tier calibration based on a matched substrate can be extended to other semiconductor substrates such as Si, SiC, and InP.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 5","pages":"1252-1265"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11676830","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149011367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IEEE Journal of Microwaves: Special Issue Celebrating the 75th Anniversary of the Microwave Theory and Technology Society: Microwaves are Everywhere","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3729332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3729332","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 5","pages":"1441-1441"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11700403","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149011405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to the September 2026 Issue","authors":"Peter H. Siegel","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3730725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3730725","url":null,"abstract":"We again bring you 23 articles this issue with contributors that include more than ten IEEE Fellows. They span topics from corneal dosimetry to plasma antennas and THz SAR techniques. We also include our usual News & Views and an updated <italic>Call for Papers</i> for our special issue celebrating the 75^th anniversary of the Microwave Theory and Technology Society.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 5","pages":"1121-1131"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11700407","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149011280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variability of In-Body Absorbed Power Density at mmWave Frequencies","authors":"M. Mafamane;M. Ziane;G. Sacco;A. Boriskin;M. Zhadobov","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3726770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3726770","url":null,"abstract":"In 5G and emerging 6G wireless networks, the operating frequencies are progressively expanding to the millimeter-wave (mmWave) range. At mmWave frequencies, the electromagnetic (EM) energy deposition is primarily confined to superficial skin layers. Dosimetric evaluation of human exposure requires accounting for anatomical variability and environmental conditions that influence the absorbed power density (&lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math&gt;$S_{text{ab}}$&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt;). This study investigates and quantifies the individual and combined effects of anatomical site, age, skin temperature, clothing, and hydration on &lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math&gt;$S_{text{ab}}$&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt; at &lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math&gt;$26 ,mathrm{GHz}$&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt; and &lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math&gt;$60 ,mathrm{GHz}$&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt;. Near-surface models of the head, ear, and palm are employed to evaluate the impact of site-specific structural and dielectric variations on &lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math&gt;$S_{text{ab}}$&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt;. The results demonstrate that the palm systematically exhibits the highest &lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math&gt;$S_{text{ab}}$&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt; due to the impedance-matching effect of its thick stratum corneum (SC), with multilayer models yielding increases up to &lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math&gt;$24 ,%$&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt; at &lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math&gt;$26 ,mathrm{GHz}$&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt; and &lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math&gt;$40 ,%$&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt; at &lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math&gt;$60 ,mathrm{GHz}$&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt; compared to homogeneous skin models. Age-related dielectric changes induce moderate &lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math&gt;$S_{text{ab}}$&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt; variations (up to &lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math&gt;$8 ,%$&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt; at &lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math&gt;$26 ,mathrm{GHz}$&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt; and &lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math&gt;$7 ,%$&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt; at &lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math&gt;$60 ,mathrm{GHz}$&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt;), while temperature variations lead to increases up to &lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math&gt;$7 ,%$&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt; at &lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math&gt;$26 ,mathrm{GHz}$&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt; and &lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math&gt;$10 ,%$&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt; at &lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math&gt;$60 ,mathrm{GHz}$&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt;, depending on the anatomical site. Clothing introduces the most pronounced effect. When the textile thickness satisfies a quarter-wavelength matching condition, &lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math&gt;$S_{text{ab}}$&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt; increases by up to &lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math&gt;$37 ,%$&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt; at &lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math&gt;$26 ,mathrm{GHz}$&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt; and &lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math&gt;$33 ,%$&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt; at &lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math&gt;$60 ,mathrm{GHz}$&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt; for the head and ear. When all parameters are jointly considered, the worst-case &lt;inline-formula&gt;","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 5","pages":"1160-1173"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11700401","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149011246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Ka-Band GaN Half-Duplex Transceiver Front-End MMIC Without SPDT Switches","authors":"Joel Johnson;Michael Roberg;Cody Scarborough;Zoya Popović","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3711520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3711520","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the design and measurements of a <inline-formula><tex-math>$26-30,$</tex-math></inline-formula>GHz time-division duplexed (TDD) front end with bias control of transmit (TX) and receive (RX) modes, eliminating the need for a T/R SPDT switch. This is achieved by designing the inactive TX and RX amplifiers to introduce minimal mismatch to the active amplification path. An analytical analysis is presented comparing the insertion loss of the presented architecture with that of a switched one. The TRX is implemented on a single 5 mm×3 mm die in a <inline-formula><tex-math>$120,$</tex-math></inline-formula>nm GaN-on-SiC process. The TX-path power amplifier (PA) produces a peak output power of 2.9 W with a gain of 15 dB and power-added efficiency of 21%, while the RX path low-noise amplifier (LNA) shows a 3.3 dB noise figure with 27 dB gain. The PA-LNA is duplicated in a balanced amplifier configuration for improved return loss. The results show that circuit performance, including gain, efficiency, and noise figure, is improved at Ka-band compared with a circuit using an SPDT switch. The PALNA has a return loss better than 10 dB in each operation mode and a 51 dB isolation between TX and RX.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 5","pages":"1329-1342"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11641248","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149011261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}