IEEE journal of microwaves最新文献_第3页

MM-2FSK: Multimodal Frequency Shift Keying for Ultra-Efficient and Robust High-Resolution MIMO Radar Imaging MM-2FSK：用于超高效和鲁棒高分辨率MIMO雷达成像的多模态频移键控

IF 4.5

IEEE journal of microwaves Pub Date : 2026-09-01 Epub Date: 2026-08-03 DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2026.3713325

Vanessa Wirth;Johanna Bräunig;Martin Vossiek;Tim Weyrich;Marc Stamminger

{"title":"MM-2FSK: Multimodal Frequency Shift Keying for Ultra-Efficient and Robust High-Resolution MIMO Radar Imaging","authors":"Vanessa Wirth;Johanna Bräunig;Martin Vossiek;Tim Weyrich;Marc Stamminger","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3713325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3713325","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate reconstruction of dynamic targets demands three-dimensional imaging at high temporal resolution. Radar is a particularly attractive sensing modality for this purpose due to its fast capture capabilities and robustness under varying lighting and weather conditions. Consequently, it has been successfully employed in a variety of dynamic applications, such as automotive and robotic perception. Nevertheless, dynamic sensing remains comparatively unexplored in operating regimes requiring near-field, high-fidelity surface reconstruction, as commonly targeted by large-aperture mmWave MIMO radars. Here, achieving high frame rates is challenged by the substantial computational cost of reconstruction, imposing stringent constraints on bandwidth, compute resources, and ultimately sensor capture rate. To enable fast captures at reduced computation cost, prior work explored few-tone imaging, reducing the number of transmitted frequencies at the expense of increased range-phase ambiguity; however, this requires coarse knowledge of the target position and is primarily designed to reconstruct flat surface geometries. We present MM-2FSK, which extends two-tone stepped frequency imaging with an external modality-agnostic per-point depth prior for precise near-field 3D imaging of geometrically complex surfaces. To address range-phase ambiguities, the prior is processed to mitigate inter-modality data mismatch, transformed into a radar-compatible representation, and integrated into signal processing as a phase constraint. In experiments with a mmWave FSCW MIMO radar and with representative priors obtained from a co-located optical sensor, we demonstrate superior depth accuracy of our method over comparable near-field few-tone radar imaging approaches in static and dynamic scenes, competitive with time- and resource-intensive measurements of many-tone backprojection.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 5","pages":"1195-1206"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11640838","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149011276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Corrections to “Retrieval of the Effective Refractive Index and Impedance Under Oblique Incidence Using the Multimodal Transfer-Matrix Method” 修正“用多模态传递矩阵法反演斜入射下的有效折射率和阻抗”

IF 4.5

IEEE journal of microwaves Pub Date : 2026-09-01 Epub Date: 2026-09-21 DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2026.3718607

Moises Tercero;Francisco Mesa;Thi Quynh Van Hoang;Matthieu Bertrand;Oscar Quevedo-Teruel

引用次数: 0

Theory and Experiments on Nonlinear Dynamics and IM3 in YIG Frequency Selective Limiters YIG选频限幅器非线性动力学及IM3理论与实验

IF 4.5

IEEE journal of microwaves Pub Date : 2026-09-01 Epub Date: 2026-09-02 DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2026.3725200

Xinan Fan;Qinghui Yang;Lingtong Liu;Shanshan Du;Ming Wang;Feng Wang;Huaiwu Zhang

引用次数: 0

High-Fidelity Near-Field mmWave MIMO Radar Simulation via Polarized Path Tracing 基于极化路径跟踪的高保真近场毫米波MIMO雷达仿真

IF 4.5

IEEE journal of microwaves Pub Date : 2026-09-01 Epub Date: 2026-08-19 DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2026.3719794

Nikolai Hofmann;Vanessa Wirth;Florian Gutsche;Ingrid Ullmann;Tim Weyrich;Martin Vossiek;Marc Stamminger

{"title":"High-Fidelity Near-Field mmWave MIMO Radar Simulation via Polarized Path Tracing","authors":"Nikolai Hofmann;Vanessa Wirth;Florian Gutsche;Ingrid Ullmann;Tim Weyrich;Martin Vossiek;Marc Stamminger","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3719794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3719794","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate simulation of near-field millimeter-wave (mmWave) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radars is essential for developing and validating high-resolution imaging systems, yet remains challenging due to large virtual apertures, multi-path propagation, and polarization effects that invalidate conventional far-field assumptions. We present a Shooting and Bouncing Rays (SBR) simulation framework that formulates radar signal transport analogously to physically based rendering, replacing far-field radar cross section approximations with spatially varying bidirectional reflectance distribution functions (BRDFs) to accurately model near-field scattering. Path tracing enables tractable multi-bounce simulation, while importance sampling over antenna gain patterns and BRDFs, combined with next-event estimation for TX–RX connections, significantly improves convergence. Polarization is incorporated via a three-dimensional Jones vector formulation, enabling correct modeling of polarization-dependent scattering across multi-bounce ray paths. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation against real measurements from a 72–82 GHz high-resolution MIMO imaging radar demonstrates faithful reproduction of real radar returns, including challenging corner reflector scenes dominated by multi-bounce returns. Ablation studies confirm that multi-path modeling, polarization, and BRDF importance sampling are each essential for high-fidelity radar simulation.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 5","pages":"1222-1237"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11659821","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149011313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Methodology and Analysis of Broadband On-Wafer Liquid Measurements 宽带片上液体测量方法与分析

IF 4.5

IEEE journal of microwaves Pub Date : 2026-09-01 Epub Date: 2026-09-04 DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2026.3726089

Marie Mertens;Yasaman Kazemipour;Raphaël Trouillon;Nathan D. Orloff;James C. Booth;Ke Wu;Tomislav Markovic;Angela C. Stelson;Dominique Schreurs

{"title":"Methodology and Analysis of Broadband On-Wafer Liquid Measurements","authors":"Marie Mertens;Yasaman Kazemipour;Raphaël Trouillon;Nathan D. Orloff;James C. Booth;Ke Wu;Tomislav Markovic;Angela C. Stelson;Dominique Schreurs","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3726089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3726089","url":null,"abstract":"On-wafer material characterization measurements are one of the most accurate ways to determine the broadband permittivity of liquid samples. However, there is a large amount of effort required up front for design, fabrication, execution, and calibration of the measurements. Commercial software for post-processing is not available, and the algorithms to support calibrations and modeling of these measurements are not straightforward to implement. This work aims to eliminate a part of the learning curve for researchers to perform on-wafer material characterization measurements and serves as a primer for those who want to start in the field. It describes methodological guidelines and provides tips and references for the design and fabrication of the sensors and postprocessing methods. Specific attention is also given to the measurements of biological and chemical liquids that are flowed on top of the microwave structures through microfluidic channels. The work focuses on vector network analyzer measurements between 40 kHz and 110 GHz with on-wafer coplanar waveguide transmission line sensors under standard temperature and pressure (STP) conditions. With this guide in hand, new researchers in this field will be able to avoid several key pitfalls in making microwave microfluidic measurements and achieve accurate measurements with minimal design iterations.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 5","pages":"1266-1284"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11678102","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149011121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Compact Three-Way LMBA With Arbitrary Power Back-Off Level in 28 nm CMOS 具有任意功率退关水平的28纳米CMOS紧凑型三路LMBA

IF 4.5

IEEE journal of microwaves Pub Date : 2026-09-01 Epub Date: 2026-07-20 DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2026.3710480

Hyungjun Kim;Geuntae Kim;Kyutaek Oh;Sangjin Yoo;Ilku Nam;Ockgoo Lee

{"title":"Compact Three-Way LMBA With Arbitrary Power Back-Off Level in 28 nm CMOS","authors":"Hyungjun Kim;Geuntae Kim;Kyutaek Oh;Sangjin Yoo;Ilku Nam;Ockgoo Lee","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3710480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3710480","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a three-way load-modulated balanced amplifier (TW-LMBA) employing a hybrid coupler and a quarter-wavelength transmission line (QTL). The proposed architecture achieves high efficiency at deep power back-off (PBO) levels while maintaining a compact footprint. Closed-form expressions are derived to analyze the operation of the TW-LMBA, enabling flexible selection of the desired PBO level through appropriate adjustment of the QTL coefficient. A systematic design procedure is also provided. The TW-LMBA is fabricated using a 28-nm CMOS technology. Measurement results demonstrate a small-signal gain of 22.3 dB, a saturated output power (<italic>Psat) of 24.6 dBm, and a peak power-added efficiency (PAE) of 24.2%. At 6 dB and 12 dB PBO relative to <italic>Psat, the measured PAE reaches 22% and 11%, respectively. The implemented power amplifier occupies a core area of 0.85 mm2 and achieves a power density of 339.3 mW/mm2, which, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, represents the highest reported power density realized in silicon-based technologies.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 5","pages":"1343-1349"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11615001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149011204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Laser-Induced-Plasma-Filament Antenna Transmitting 30 MHz VHF 发射30 MHz甚高频的激光诱导等离子体灯丝天线

IF 4.5

IEEE journal of microwaves Pub Date : 2026-09-01 DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2026.3722433

Prya Darshni;Arthur Dogariu;Paul D. Franzon

{"title":"Laser-Induced-Plasma-Filament Antenna Transmitting 30 MHz VHF","authors":"Prya Darshni;Arthur Dogariu;Paul D. Franzon","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3722433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3722433","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the demonstration of a laser-induced-plasma-filament (LIPF) antenna transmitting 30 MHz HF (High-Frequency) - VHF (Very High Frequency). LIPF has electrons on its edges much like the skin-electrons of a conductor i.e. the filament has all the basic elements needed to act as an antenna. A contactless antenna-feed i.e. a capacitively-coupled antenna feed is used to feed Radio-Frequency(RF) at 30 MHz into the LIPF as any direct metallic contact will distort the LIPF. The received-signal-strength (from a nearby receiver-system) with just the capacitive-feed with a RF-input (without any antenna i.e. the laser was blocked) was noted. Thereafter, the LIPF was capacitively-fed with the same RF-signal. Both the transmitter (LIPF) and the receiver antenna were linearly polarized with the same orientation and placed <inline-formula><tex-math>$approx 5$</tex-math></inline-formula> cm apart within their unobstructed near-field. A significant increase of 2.5 times (i.e. <inline-formula><tex-math>$150 %$</tex-math></inline-formula>) in the received signal strength was noted when the LIPF was used as the antenna compared to the former case, i.e. without the LIPF (when the laser was blocked). Experimental results confirm the feasibility of the capacitively-fed LIPF to act as an antenna and radiate its own electromagnetic (EM) field. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this work represents the first demonstration of this concept. The article also explores the feasibility of using LIPF antennas for HF/VHF applications on small to large-scale satellites/aircraft.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 5","pages":"1174-1183"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11674160","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149011408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Portable and Rapid-Prototyping K-Band 4×4 MIMO DDMA SFCW Radar Platform for Short-Range Human Localization 一种便携式快速成型k波段4×4 MIMO DDMA SFCW近距离人体定位雷达平台

IF 4.5

IEEE journal of microwaves Pub Date : 2026-09-01 Epub Date: 2026-08-05 DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2026.3711524

Derek Thompson;Changzhi Li

{"title":"A Portable and Rapid-Prototyping K-Band 4×4 MIMO DDMA SFCW Radar Platform for Short-Range Human Localization","authors":"Derek Thompson;Changzhi Li","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3711524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3711524","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a <inline-formula><tex-math>${mathit{K}}$</tex-math></inline-formula>-band multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) Doppler-division multiple-access (DDMA) stepped-frequency continuous-wave (SFCW) radar on an economical and rapid-prototyping printed circuit board (PCB) platform. The platform incorporates custom <inline-formula><tex-math>${mathit{K}}$</tex-math></inline-formula>-band digital phase shifters to achieve quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK)-based DDMA slow-time phase encoding with an integrated driving circuit compatible with standard digital control interfaces such as a microcontroller (MCU). This architecture supports simultaneous operation of all transmitting channels and digital beamforming (DBF) with modest hardware complexity. An array calibration framework adapted for DDMA mitigates MIMO channel variation, improving reliability in cluttered and dynamic environments. DDMA is a promising technique to achieve MIMO waveform orthogonality with simultaneous transmission from all transmitting elements, providing improved effective signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) compared to time-division multiplexed systems under matched operating conditions. Prior DDMA work primarily focuses on waveform or algorithmic enhancements and automotive applications, but applications of DDMA radar for human sensing and human awareness have received limited attention. To address this, this work presents the design, integration, and experimental characterization of a 4×4 MIMO DDMA SFCW prototype demonstrating potential for human-aware localization, validated with a wide range of 2-D localization experiments. Experimental validation includes controlled corner reflector measurements, mixed pedestrian-vehicle scenarios, and indoor multi-human scenarios in a realistic room environment. The system demonstrates 30-cm range resolution and 7.2<inline-formula><tex-math>$^circ$</tex-math></inline-formula> azimuth angular resolution.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 5","pages":"1207-1221"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11643234","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149011366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

IEEE Journal of Microwaves Information for Authors IEEE微波信息作者杂志

IF 4.5

IEEE journal of microwaves Pub Date : 2026-09-01 Epub Date: 2026-09-21 DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2026.3727798

引用次数: 0

A Consolidated-Cell Attenuator (CCA) Replacing Three Cascaded Cells for Compact Broadband CMOS Variable Attenuators 集成单元衰减器（CCA）取代紧凑型宽带CMOS可变衰减器中的三个级联单元

IF 4.5

IEEE journal of microwaves Pub Date : 2026-07-01 Epub Date: 2026-07-02 DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2026.3705771

Yejin Kim;Changkun Park

{"title":"A Consolidated-Cell Attenuator (CCA) Replacing Three Cascaded Cells for Compact Broadband CMOS Variable Attenuators","authors":"Yejin Kim;Changkun Park","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3705771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3705771","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a consolidated-cell attenuator (CCA) that replaces three conventional cascaded attenuation cells with a single integrated cell for compact broadband CMOS variable attenuators. Unlike conventional designs where multiple cells are cascaded to achieve fine resolution, the proposed CCA incorporates 1-dB, 2-dB, and 4-dB attenuation functions within a single cell by independently controlling three transistors, thereby achieving 3-bit attenuation (0–7 dB in nominal 1-dB steps) without cascading. Combined with an additional 8-dB π-type cell, the complete attenuator provides 0–15 dB range with nominal 1-dB resolution. Fabricated in 65-nm RFCMOS technology, the proposed CCA achieves a core area of only 0.0039 mm2, which is significantly smaller than previously reported CMOS attenuators with comparable attenuation range. Measurements over DC–40 GHz demonstrate RMS gain and phase errors below 0.57 dB and 2.02°, respectively, with insertion loss of 1.1–2.9 dB—the lowest among comparable designs. These results confirm that the proposed CCA effectively addresses the area and loss penalties of conventional cascaded architectures.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 4","pages":"1032-1039"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11593937","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148451883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0