IEEE journal of microwaves最新文献

{"title":"Recent Advancements in Breast Cancer Detection: A Holistic Review of Microwaves, Ultrasound, and Photo-Acoustic Imaging Techniques","authors":"Rachida Boulerbah;Abdelhalim Chaabane;Ibraheem Al-Naib;Abdulrahman S. M. Alqadami;Djelloul Aissaoui;Hussein Attia","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3580503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3580503","url":null,"abstract":"Breast Cancer Detection (BCD) presents persistent challenges in clinical practice, with patients often experiencing quite high mortality risks due to diagnostic inaccuracies driven by imaging complexities and variable breast densities. High false positive and negative rates associated with traditional imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging and mammography highlight critical limitations, including radiation exposure, patient discomfort, high cost, and non-uniform feature extraction. These shortcomings necessitate the development of innovative, non-invasive, and cost-effective alternatives. This paper reviews recent advancements in emerging BCD modalities, including microwave imaging, ultrasound, and photo-acoustic imaging. It examines their principles, technological progress, and potential for clinical adoption. Furthermore, it evaluates the integration of artificial intelligence in BCD, focusing on lesion segmentation, which remains underexplored compared to classification tasks. This study critically examines over 68 research papers published since 2017 and emphasizes the benefits and drawbacks of the proposed designs. The findings aim to advance the design and implementation of reliable, patient-centered technologies, addressing key gaps in diagnostic precision and contributing to the biomedical engineering domain.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 4","pages":"776-792"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11075568","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Closed-Form Equations for Substrate Integrated Coaxial Lines and Its Application to Dual-Frequency Coupler With Wide Bandwidth and Out-of-Band Rejection","authors":"Idury Satya Krishna;Amar D. Chaudhari;Soumava Mukherjee","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3579426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3579426","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the design and fabrication of self-packaged, self-shielded substrate integrated coaxial lines (SICL). The study introduces a closed-form equation for the characteristic impedance of SICL, emphasizing the effect of the outer conductor width and substrate thickness on this parameter. The robustness of the proposed formula is confirmed through testing of four distinct SICL transmission lines, each with varying dielectric constants and substrate thicknesses. A novel dual-band SICL transmission line is developed using short-circuited planar coaxial stubs, which serves as an alternative to the conventional quarter-wavelength transmission line design. The performance of this dual-band line is analyzed across different characteristic impedances, and the range of achievable frequency ratios is determined analytically. The resulting SICL-based rat-race coupler, fabricated using standard PCB processes, demonstrates a measured fractional bandwidth of 26.69% at 10.83 GHz and 11.29% at 22.94 GHz. It achieves low amplitude and phase imbalances, with values of <inline-formula><tex-math>$pm$</tex-math></inline-formula>1 dB and less than <inline-formula><tex-math>$pm$</tex-math></inline-formula>4°, respectively. Owing to the filtering response provided by short circuited coaxial stubs, the third harmonic of proposed coupler is suppressed and spurious rejection better than 22 dB is achieved up to 40 GHz.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 4","pages":"1015-1025"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11075567","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to the July 2025 Issue","authors":"Peter H. Siegel","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3579674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3579674","url":null,"abstract":"This issue we bring you twenty new papers covering our usual wide range of microwave use and applications topics. We are pleased to see that half of these – ten papers – are from IEEE Fellows. Some important highlights include a non-contact heartbeat monitoring radar that captures the sonic signatures from multiple patients simultaneously and can uniquely match to a particular subject, a review article covering breast cancer detection including multiple microwave techniques, pedestrian exposure thresholds for automotive radars, audio reconstruction and monitoring through barriers with microwave backscatter signals from voice coils, accurate wireless temperature sensing with Johnson noise sources located in inaccessible and non-contact environments, helical wave transceivers with high immunity to interference, some new radar processing techniques to enhance target thresholds and help with calibration, a novel radar polled harmonic RFID tag sensor system to track human hand motions, stitched together millimeter-wave FMCW radar bands that provide superior axial resolution without violating FCC blackout frequency bands, a nice review of wireless power transfer techniques and energy harvesting using beam forming networks, wideband graphene absorbers and characterization of graphene transistor mobility, a unique stand-alone 3D positioning and navigation system based on software defined radio that is immune to jamming, a new fast optimization technique for designing arbitrary shaped continuously varying transmission line matching circuits, a useful and important paper which brings global access to more accurate component models for mixed mode RF and electro-optic circuit simulators, an improved image rejecting subharmonic mixer in the microwave region, a new low loss stacked quartz and copper substrate that can be scaled to very high frequencies, and an all planar shielded rectangular coax structure with good performance in the microwave bands. Finally, we would like to announce our 2024 Scopus CiteScore which is up 38% from 2023 and now sits at 14.8, putting us in the 95th percentile of all indexed electrical and electronic engineering journals and 45th in the CiteScore rankings.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 4","pages":"753-766"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11075573","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144598095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stand-Alone, Low Probability of Detection Positioning for Small Airborne Vehicles Using Commercial SDRs","authors":"Arnaldo J. Sans;John M. Willis;Charles F. Barry;Marc Weiss;Satheesh Bojja Venkatakrishnan;John L. Volakis","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3577551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3577551","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the design, development, and prototyping of a stand-alone, low probability of detection (LPD) positioning network using commercially-available software-defined radios (SDRs). The network is intended for supplying positioning coordinates and is comprised of four receivers and a transmitter. For testing, a small drone was flown within a set range, carrying a payload with the transmitter and a high-precision microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) clock. The transmitter asynchronously sends timing data in a spread spectrum format, as frames, to the four receivers that despread and demodulate the encoded signals in real time. By using timestamps, the receivers calculate the time of arrival (TOA) and estimate both 2-D and 3-D positioning. Comparisons with the drone’s GPS flight paths is done to reveal average root mean square (RMS) positioning errors of 4.01, 4.27, and 9.57 in X, Y, and Z.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 4","pages":"961-971"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11075564","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization Methodology for Voltage-Dependent Mobility of Charge Carriers in Graphene FETs Using Single-Device Microwave Measurements","authors":"Xiomara Ribero-Figueroa;Anibal Pacheco-Sanchez;Aida Mansouri;Pankaj Kumar;Omid Habibpour;Herbert Zirath;Luca Anzi;Amaia Zurutuza;Roman Sordan;David Jiménez;Francisco Pasadas;Reydezel Torres-Torres","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3580142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3580142","url":null,"abstract":"This work proposes a methodology entirely based on processing <italic>S</i>-parameters to determine the gate-to-source voltage-dependent mobility of charge carriers in the graphene field-effect transistor channel, without requiring any information about the material properties. Furthermore, regressions from experimental data of transistor arrays with different geometries are not required, thus avoiding uncertainties related to process variations and device-to-device measurement conditions. Hence, one key advantage of this method is its applicability to analyze the performance of different devices under the same operating conditions, or the performance of a single device under varying conditions. As part of the methodology, the effects of the parasitic series resistances associated with the source and drain access paths are considered, thereby overcoming the well-known disadvantage of direct-current methods, where the corresponding de-embedding is cumbersome. This method has been used to determine the carrier mobility in graphene within a gate-to-source voltage range, starting from the Dirac voltage and extending to the region where electron conduction dominates. A small-signal model with the extracted parameter values shows an excellent agreement with the experimental <italic>S</i>-parameters up to 20 GHz for the dynamic response of different devices, including two devices that have not been used during parameter extraction. Throughout the development and application of the proposal, a mobility model accounting for the degradation caused by the transverse electric field has been considered.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 4","pages":"951-960"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11060876","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Broadband Frequency Selective Surface Absorber Based on Laser-Induced Graphene for Applications From Ku-Band to Q-Band","authors":"Sergio Ortiz-Ruiz;Mario Pérez-Escribano;Salvador Moreno-Rodríguez;Ángel Palomares-Caballero;Juan F. Valenzuela-Valdés;Francisco G. Ruiz;Carlos Molero","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3574461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3574461","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents the design of a broadband frequency-selective surface absorber (FSSA) using laser-induced graphene (LIG). This type of resistive material composed of porous graphene has been analyzed, and its performance has been modeled through different cases of FSS based on LIG patches. The results of this analysis, both simulated and experimental, show the existence of periodic frequency bands of absorption ranging from a few GHz to 50 GHz. Taking advantage of this absorbing behavior, a single-layer FSSA, including a circular LIG patch at the center of the unit cell, is proposed. A circuit model for this FSSA unit cell is introduced, which allows us to efficiently improve the absorption over a large bandwidth by including an ad-hoc dielectric layer. The FSSA is fabricated and measured: the experimental results show a good agreement with the simulated ones, providing absorption of more than 0.9 from 14 GHz to 48 GHz (109.7 % relative bandwidth). In addition, the proposed design exhibits robust behavior to both TE and TM oblique incidence up to 45°.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 4","pages":"939-950"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11052633","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interference-Resilient Communication With a 28 GHz Transceiver Utilizing OAM Waves","authors":"Atif H. Shah;Alireza Kiyaei;Subhan Zakir;Waleed Ahmad;Ebrahim M.Al Seragi;Ali Nikkhah;Mohammadreza F. Imani;Saeed Zeinolabedinzadeh","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3578946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3578946","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a custom-made SiGe-based transceiver at millimeter-wave frequencies capable of the generation anddetection of radio waves with helical phase distribution called orbital angular momentum (OAM). The proposed architecture isable to suppress the in-band interference at the front-end that otherwise cannot be filtered by front-end filters. The transmitter and receiver chip integrates a front-end power amplifier (PA), phase shifter, low-noise amplifier (LNA), and front-end switches to switch the amplifiers ON and OFF to generate OAM modes. A 4-element transceiver array was constructed using custom-designed chips, mounted on a PCB with a custom-designed circular antenna array. The design generates <inline-formula><tex-math>$l=0$</tex-math></inline-formula>, (+1) and (−1) OAM modes simultaneously, where the mode (<inline-formula><tex-math>$l=0$</tex-math></inline-formula>) is a plane wave mode. Since each mode carries the same information, it is shown that if an interfering signal disrupts the plane wave mode (<inline-formula><tex-math>$l$</tex-math></inline-formula> = 0), the information can still be recovered from the OAM mode (<inline-formula><tex-math>$l$</tex-math></inline-formula> = +1), where the interferer is suppressed due to a particular detection method of the OAM wave at the receiver. The experiments show 19 dB interference suppression near the operating frequency of the OAM mode.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 4","pages":"841-855"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11052627","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Wideband Subharmonic Image-Reject Mixer With a Fixed IF Using Schottky Diodes","authors":"Rijubrata Pal;Mrinal Kanti Mandal","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3578411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3578411","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents a Schottky anti-parallel diode pair (APDP)-based wideband subharmonic image-rejecting mixer (SH-IRM) with high image rejection and port-to-port isolation. Although the RF can bevaried over a wide range, the intermediate frequency (IF) remains fixed. The RF and image frequencies overlap in a wideband SH-IRM. Therefore, a fixed bandstop filter (BSF) cannot be used for image suppression in the RF path. The novelty lies in a single-varactor-based tunable wideband BSF implemented in the RF path, capable of suppressing image frequencies according to requirements in the overlapping RF-Image band. A tunable BSF using a single varactor diode having a 77.45% tuning range is used in the RF path for the image rejection. A wideband band pass filter (BPF) with over 70% FBW is synthesized for sharp roll-off and at least 35 dB rejection over the LO bands. A wideband RF matching networks with 64.2% FBW is also implemented. The co-design approach is used to obtain the filtering and IF matching using a single block. The SH-IRM implemented in PCB technology operates over 4.76–9.26 GHz RF band with a fixed IF of 600 MHz when the LO varies over 2.08–4.33 GHz with an optimum power of 8.5 dBm. Measurement results show an average conversion loss of 12.2 dB, at least 25 dB image rejection, LO-to-RF isolation better than 30 dB, and 2LO-to-RF isolation better than 52 dB over the entire band.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 4","pages":"996-1002"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11045358","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electro-Optic Co-Simulation in High-Speed Silicon Photonics Transceiver Design Using Standard Electronic Circuit Simulator","authors":"Keisuke Kawahara;Toshihiko Baba","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3576358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3576358","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing demand for high-speed optical interconnects requires the integration of photonics and electronics, with electro-optic (EO) co-simulation being crucial. However, fragmented electronic/photonic simulators and incomplete models, which do not include the radio-frequency characteristics and noise, are still prevalent, and thus, an EO co-simulation environment for high-speed transceiver design has not yet been established. Here, we present a unified and experimentally validated EO co-simulation library that enables accurate transmission performance predictions at symbol rates exceeding 50 Gbaud. Specifically, we model passive photonic components, such as waveguides and couplers, as well as two types of Si Mach–Zehnder modulators, incorporating frequency-dependent lossy traveling-wave electrodes and slow-light enhancement. We also show models for test equipment with validated noise characteristics, including an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), a tunable filter, and a photodetector module, to construct a full optical link testbench. The S-parameter simulations agreed well with measurements up to 40 GHz, and the signal transmission simulations matched measurements up to 64 Gbps. All models and sample testbenches are available on GitHub.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 4","pages":"983-995"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11043156","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Considerations on Sensor Fusion of Multiple Ultrawideband Radar Sensors Operating in Non-Adjacent Frequency Bands","authors":"Jan Barowski;Nils Pohl;Ilona Rolfes","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3575844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3575844","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a novel sensor fusion approach to enhance radar measurement bandwidth and range resolution by integrating data from non-adjacent frequency bands. While ultrawideband (UWB) radar systems offer high resolution, they are often constrained by regulatory limitations and hardware bandwidth restrictions. To overcome these challenges, we investigate on merging intermediate frequency signals from multiple frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar sensors operating in separate bands. Though this effectively broadens the usable bandwidth, challenges arise from uncovered spectral regions in between the sensor bands. A frequency domain model is employed to address these systematic challenges in multi-band fusion and to quantify side-lobe-levels and pulse-widths. Furthermore, we discuss the establishment of a common phase reference by means of calibration. The investigations are validated through simulations and experimental measurements using W-band (68–93 GHz), D-band (122–170 GHz), and J-band (205–248 GHz) FMCW sensors. Finally, it is shown that model-based interpolation between the bands significantly removes undesired distortions. Results demonstrate a significant enhancement in range resolution, particularly benefiting applications such as non-destructive testing and high-precision material characterization. In these applications, the approach provides a viable alternative to photonic and optical measurement techniques, leveraging the advantages of compact, MMIC-based radar sensors while overcoming inherent bandwidth limitations.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 4","pages":"907-917"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11037636","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}