IEEE journal of microwaves最新文献

{"title":"IEEE Journal of Microwaves Table of Contents","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3707667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3707667","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 4","pages":"C4-C4"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11611665","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148451923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coupled-Lines Modeling and Design in (Bi)CMOS Technologies","authors":"João E. Gentil Lé;Jean-Daniel Arnould;Ariana L. C. Serrano;Gustavo P. Rehder;Cédric Durand;Loïc Vincent;Philippe Ferrari","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3705984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3705984","url":null,"abstract":"This article establishes a systematic modeling and design methodology for incorporating coupled-lines (Clines) structures into standard CMOS/BiCMOS design flows. Addressing the perspective of technology providers, a compact schematic-level modeling technique is first proposed. By utilizing single-frequency, single-length pre-characterized devices, this approach drastically reduces parameter extraction complexity and yields a highly manageable database suitable for Process Design Kit (PDK) integration. To visually document and communicate this design space, \"Clines Charts\" are introduced. These charts encapsulate the entire parameter set, serving as a robust interface between the foundry and the user. For the circuit designer, the charts function as a design-oriented tool linking physical dimensions to electrical parameters. This visualization not only makes characteristic impedance constraints immediately apparent but also reveals critical performance trends, including quality factors and the phase velocity difference between propagation modes. To evidence this, the present study applies the framework to analyze and compare various microstrip and stripline architectures in a commercial 55-nm BiCMOS technology. Finally, as a practical proof of concept, the complete design flow is validated through the design of directional couplers, demonstrating accurate agreement between the proposed models and measurements up to 220 GHz.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 4","pages":"979-994"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11611641","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148451955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ku-Band Monolithic Magic-T Using a Hexagonal Waveguide Fabricated by Metal Additive Manufacturing","authors":"Changil Choi;Sungmin Noh;Sangpil Lee;Kiseung Kim;Jinho Jeong","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3694869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3694869","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the design and development of a Ku-band magic-T based on a hexagonal waveguide (HWG) fabricated using metal additive manufacturing. Instead of a conventional rectangular waveguide (RWG), an HWG that is well suited for metal additive manufacturing was introduced, and analytical formulations were derived to predict multiple electromagnetic characteristics of the proposed HWG. To enhance the single-mode operating bandwidth, a double-ridged hexagonal waveguide (DR-HWG) was proposed. HWG-based shunt inductive and capacitive iris structures were also designed, analyzed, and subsequently incorporated into the magic-T design. Finally, a Ku-band monolithic HWG-based magic-T was designed and fabricated, including HWG-to-RWG transitions for measurement compatibility. The fabricated back-to-back inline transition exhibited a return loss better than 18 dB and an insertion loss below 0.1 dB across the entire Ku-band. The fabricated HWG-based Ku-band magic-T achieved a return loss better than 15 dB over 14.1–16.0 GHz, an insertion loss below 0.3 dB, and isolation levels exceeding 43 dB at the output ports and 20 dB at the input ports. The fabricated HWG-based Ku-band magic-T achieves low insertion loss, high port-to-port isolation, and a wide operational bandwidth. These experimental results confirm that the proposed HWG architecture is well suited for realizing high-performance monolithic waveguide components fabricated by metal additive manufacturing.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 4","pages":"1064-1074"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11554536","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148452001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Microfabricated PCM-Switched Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface for Wideband Millimeter-Wave Beam Steering","authors":"Afsaneh Hojjati-Firoozabadi;Raafat R. Mansour","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3706709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3706709","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the design, fabrication, and experimental validation of a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) employing electrically actuated vanadium dioxide (VO<inline-formula><tex-math>$_{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula>) switches for millimeter-wave beam steering. The proposed RIS is realized using a multilayer microfabrication process on an alumina substrate, enabling monolithic integration of hundreds of sub-4 <inline-formula><tex-math>$mu$</tex-math></inline-formula>m VO<inline-formula><tex-math>$_{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula> switching elements within deeply subwavelength unit cells (<inline-formula><tex-math>${sim} lambda /5.2$</tex-math></inline-formula>). The switching-induced modulation of surface impedance is analyzed through full-wave simulations, and the resulting phase and amplitude responses are experimentally characterized using a custom WR-28 waveguide measurement setup. Based on the validated unit-cell design, a <inline-formula><tex-math>$10 times 20$</tex-math></inline-formula> RIS array integrating 200 VO<inline-formula><tex-math>$_{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula> switches is fabricated. The switches within each column are serially biased using integrated routing lines, allowing programmable control of the spatial phase distribution across the surface. Synthesized phase profiles enable dynamic beam steering, resulting in measured far-field gain enhancement of 10–20 dB over an 18% fractional bandwidth centered at 33 GHz, with steering angles up to <inline-formula><tex-math>$60^circ$</tex-math></inline-formula>. The measured radiation patterns are in good agreement with semi-numerical channel modeling predictions. By combining thin-film PCM switching with an integration-aware unit-cell design, this work demonstrates a scalable RIS architecture that mitigates packaging parasitics and footprint limitations inherent to conventional semiconductor-based implementations, providing a practical pathway toward higher-frequency reconfigurable surfaces.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 4","pages":"935-952"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11599462","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148452090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RF Co-Designed Filtering Vector-Sum Phase Shifter With Continuously Tunable Phase Shift and Variable Amplitude Functionalities","authors":"Steven Matthew Cheng;Dimitra Psychogiou","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3696483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3696483","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports on the RF design and practical implementation of a new type of a filtering vector-sum phase shifter (FVSPS) that exhibits three functionalities of an RF front-end (RFFE). These include filtering, tunable phase shift and tunable gain. The co-designed FVSPS is based on a variable gain amplifier that is directly attached to two filtering power dividers (FPDs) having complex terminations. This way, the need for additional filtering and matching networks in the RFFE is eliminated reducing its overall size. Phase and gain reconfiguration are achieved by tuning the transistors’ DC biasing. Moreover, full 360° phase tuning is demonstrated through the use of mixed coupling in the FPDs. The concept has been validated for the 5G n77 band through the design, manufacturing, and testing of two reconfigurable FVSPS prototypes (i.e., Prototype 1, 2). Prototype 1 exhibits the following characteristics: <italic>f_cen</i> of 3.75 GHz, BW of 210 MHz, and OIP3 of 9.6 dBm. Its reconfigurable states are: i) continuous gain variation from 24.1 dB to −21.7 dB while maintaining a constant phase of 27° and ii) tunable phase range of 74° with a constant gain of 19 dB. The phase shift range is extended to 360° in Prototype 2 exhibiting: <italic>f_cen</i> of 3.75 GHz, BW of 260 MHz, and OIP3 of 3.9 dBm. Its reconfigurable states are: i) continuous gain variation range of 51.1 dB while maintaining a constant phase and ii) tunable phase range of 360° with a constant gain of 18 dB.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 4","pages":"1055-1063"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11547159","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148452152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time-Reversal Radar Technique for Resonance Detection in Multipath Environments","authors":"Mohammad Abedi;Oameed Noakoasteen;Sameer Hemmady;Edl Schamiloglu;Christos Christodoulou","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3695379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3695379","url":null,"abstract":"This research investigates Time-Reversal (TR) methods for detecting the resonances of passive microwave structures contained in a multipath environment. The multipath environment is realized using a reverberant, 3D, microwave cavity with irregularly-shaped metal boundary walls. The experimental setup utilized MATLAB automation to link an arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) with a real-time oscilloscope for repeated signal transmission and acquisition and TR operations inside the reverberant cavity. To demonstrate the technique, two C-band microstrip patch antennas with distinct resonant frequencies were designed, fabricated, and considered as the Device Under Test (DUT). The developed method shows that time-domain TR processing can recover the resonant response of passive structures, including both amplitude and phase information, through adaptive processing. To date, there has been no experimental validation of resonance detection utilizing time-domain TR within a deliberately wave-chaotic electromagnetic enclosure—where multipath propagation, modal overlap, and environmental loading predominantly influence the system response. The results highlight the potential of time-domain TR as a practical tool for radar sensing, passive resonance measurement, and EMI/EMC testing in complex electromagnetic environments.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 4","pages":"843-851"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11543485","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148451968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retrieval of the Effective Refractive Index and Impedance Under Oblique Incidence Using the Multimodal Transfer-Matrix Method","authors":"Moises Tercero;Francisco Mesa;Thi Quynh Van Hoang;Matthieu Bertrand;Oscar Quevedo-Teruel","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3705515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3705515","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents an efficient simulation-assisted procedure to retrieve the effective constitutive parameters of anisotropic metamaterials using the multimodal transfer-matrix method (MMTMM). The validity of the effective parameters is limited to the non-diffractive regime where <inline-formula><tex-math>$pleq lambda _{0}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, with <inline-formula><tex-math>$p$</tex-math></inline-formula> being the periodicity of the constitutive unit cell. Particular emphasis is placed on finding the effective refractive index and impedance, since these quantities are essential to characterize the reflection and transmission of plane waves in lens-based and other microwave applications. Expanding on previous studies, the MMTMM is generalized to deal with oblique incidence when determining the effective permittivity, permeability, and impedance tensors. A novel effective strategy is also presented to compute the effective TM and TE refractive indices and impedances. For illustration purposes, we study three anisotropic metamaterial structures: a wire medium, a stack of L-shaped particles used for polarization control, and an artificial material composed of glide-symmetric patches that can act as a dielectric of high permittivity. The proposed method is validated by comparing the scattering response of a finite stack of the composite structure with that of an equivalent homogenized slab filled with the retrieved constitutive parameters. Finally, as a design application, a matching layer implemented with homogenized stacks of patches was synthesized to match the impedance of a slab illuminated by an oblique incident wave.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 4","pages":"1102-1117"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11603342","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148451830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Single Element Antenna With Continuous Beam Steering Capabilities Inspired by FPMS","authors":"Shahinshah Ali;Farhan A. Ghaffar","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3707763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3707763","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents a new patch antenna design integrated with a Field Programmable Microwave Substrate (FPMS) layer for gain enhancement and bi-planar beam steering. The FPMS layer has been designed to function as an Artificial Magnetic Conductor (AMC) that allows for highly directive radiation performance. The unit cells of the FPMS inspired AMC layer are meticulously engineered to modulate the phase of the incident RF wave that provides beam steering in both the principal planes of the antenna. To the best of authors’ knowledge, such a design has not been explored to achieve continuous beams steering in the two planes from a single radiator. The concept results in a ∼ 6 dB increase in the maximum gain of the antenna in addition to the radiation agility. A new theoretical model has been proposed to explain the antenna's beam steering capabilities, which is validated by simulated and measured results. The design consists of 5 × 5 array of FPMS unit cells sandwiched between the antenna and the ground plane. A separate layer is provided underneath the ground plane to strategize the DC biasing mechanism of the unit cells. The overall size of the antenna spans in an area of 5 cm × 5 cm, which is reasonably compact compared to the traditional phased array designs. The final measured results provide −25° to +25° of steering in the azimuthal plane alongside 15° to 60° of steering in the elevation plane. The antenna gain deteriorates by a maximum of 1 dB while steering the antenna beam. With the evidence of such measured results, the proposed FPMS-inspired antenna is deemed highly suitable for applications such as CubeSat, where compact size, high efficiency, and especially enhanced communication performance are of key interest.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 4","pages":"1007-1020"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11603345","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148451854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to the July 2026 Issue","authors":"Peter H. Siegel","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3706402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3706402","url":null,"abstract":"As we cross the mid-year mark we hope you are still following our progress and continue to view JMW as a source for your most influential research developments. This month we have packed in 23 very exciting and interesting articles for you. They consist of an opening invited paper on millimeter-to-THz large area arrays for communications from noted IEEE Fellow Ke Wu and colleagues at Montreal Polytechnic in Canada, and a novel broad-band millimeter-wave sparse array concept from Princeton University’s Kaushik Sengupta and colleagues. These are followed by twenty-one additional contributions spanning topics that include a time-reversal radar for identifying resonant elements in a cluttered environment, coherent radar techniques, some remarkable self-healing RFID tags, more efficient energy harvesting approaches, stroke evaluation through microwave arrays, a uniform RF exposure chamber for cell cultures, wirelessly powered capsule-based endoscopy, reconfigurable surfaces for beam steering, AI assisted radome analysis, UAV navigation radar, CMOS coupled line models at 200 GHz, miniaturized Butler matrices, antenna scanning with a field programmable microwave substrate, ultra-fast reflection coefficient measurements up to 6 GHz, variable attenuators in CMOS, active phase shifters, phase shifters with variable attenuation, a hexagonal waveguide magic tee, tunable split ring resonator filters, AI optimizing of RF transmitters, and a nice method for characterizing the optical properties of metamaterials at oblique incidence angles from Oscar Quevedo-Teruel at KTH and Francisco Mesa at University of Seville and colleagues. We also review our current stats: our five-year impact factor just came in at 6.3 from Clarivate’s JCR and 7.3 from Journal Metrics. Finally, we promote our upcoming 75^th anniversary of the Microwave Theory and Technology Society special issue entitled “Microwaves are Everywhere.”","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 4","pages":"789-802"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11611640","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148451967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Miniature Dual-Band Butler Matrix Design Based on Integrated Passive Device Technology","authors":"Yo-Shen Lin;You-Wei Fan;Meng-Yun Li","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3692356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3692356","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the design of a miniature dual-band 4 × 4 Butler matrix based on integrated passive device (IPD) technology is proposed. The dual-band design of bridged T-coil is employed such that the circuit size can be significantly reduced, which enables the on-chip implementation of the proposed dual-band Butler matrix. In addition, it is suitably designed such that, for a given input, it can achieve the same progressive phase difference and thus the same beam direction at both operating frequencies. Specifically, a highly integrated 1.8/5.8-GHz dual-band 4 × 4 Butler matrix is realized in IPD with a circuit area of only 10.3 mm × 5 mm. Four discrete beam angles of 12.3°/11.1°, -48.5°/-45.5°, 49.0°/48.2°, and -12.9°/-12.2° can be achieved at 1.8/5.8 GHz when feeding a 4 × 1 linear array. To the best of our knowledge, this is the smallest dual-band 4 × 4 Butler matrix ever reported.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 4","pages":"995-1006"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11543487","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148451831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}