IEEE journal of microwaves最新文献

{"title":"A ZYNQ-Based Data Acquisition System for Microwave Detection With a High-Speed Switching Matrix","authors":"Huaying Sun;Xingang Ren;Yuan Yao;Chengbiao Ding;Haiqing Liu","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3705002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3705002","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the design and implementation of a novel data acquisition system based on the ZYNQ platform for microwave detection. The system operates in the 0.5–6 GHz frequency band and supports flexible 16-channel switching and transmission with a high level of integration, while enabling real-time calibration of the sampled data. Evaluation results demonstrate that the transceiver component exhibits low insertion loss and high isolation across the operating band, the data calibration algorithm maintains high computational efficiency while ensuring calibration accuracy, and the overall system runtime significantly outperforms comparable solutions. Automated touchscreen-based control further enhances operational stability, while the ZYNQ-based embedded storage architecture provides efficient support for subsequent data processing. These comprehensive performance advantages make the system a compact, cost-effective, and practical solution for microwave detection.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 4","pages":"1021-1031"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11594871","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148451856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconfigurable Magnetic Field Shaping via Current-Controlled Relay Coils for Wirelessly Powering Capsule Endoscopy","authors":"Chen Gao;Shiyang Luo;Haotian Shi;Hao Zhang;Yongxin Guo","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3691805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3691805","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless power transfer (WPT) for wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) extends the operation time by replacing the capacity-limited on-board batteries with a receiver for a continuous power supply. However, the magnetic field pattern is usually fixed once the transmitting (Tx) coil is determined. Due to the uneven dwelling time of the capsule along the gastrointestinal tract, the desired charging region may vary in different practical scenarios. Under existing Tx configurations, such variation is mainly accommodated by adjusting the overall field intensity rather than the spatial field distribution, which may cause unnecessary magnetic exposure outside the target region. To address this limitation, a relay-based reconfigurable magnetic-field-shaping method is proposed to enable switching between the axial-dominant mode and the radial-dominant mode without rewinding the coil. Specifically, an analytical relay-based current-control method is formulated by parametrizing the Tx coil array, and the desired field pattern is realized through joint optimization of the array variables. In addition, field uniformity and electromagnetic exposure are compared with representative existing designs under unified conditions. Experimental results show that the proposed design achieves measured current ratios of 0.705 and 0.509 for the axial-dominant and radial-dominant modes, corresponding to measured field uniformities of 88% and 75.3%, respectively.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 4","pages":"922-934"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11534539","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148451956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward Autonomous Navigation of UAVs in 3-D Space: An 8×8 FMCW MIMO Radar With 90$^{circ }$ Biaxial FOV at 120 GHz","authors":"Tobias Welling;David Starke;Christian Bredendiek;Valentina Palazzi;Tobias T. Braun;Luca Roselli;Nils Pohl","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3702751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3702751","url":null,"abstract":"As drones and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) continue to proliferate across diverse application domains, the demand for higher levels of onboard automation steadily increases. Autonomous operation requires sensing technologies capable of handling fast-changing three-dimensional airspace while meeting strict size, weight, and power (SWaP) constraints. This paper presents a novel UAV-intended 8×8 MIMO radar frontend operating from 115–125 GHz, developed to maximize environmental coverage while minimizing the number of sensing modules needed. The system architecture is derived from use case driven design considerations that balance wide field-of-view (FOV) requirements with range performance and SWaP limitations. A scalable hardware demonstrator is realized featuring a compact frontend comprising signal generation, a specialized SiGe chipset, and a PCB-based patch-antenna array integrated on an RF board, paired with a laboratory-intended backend for characterization. SISO measurements confirm horizontal and vertical FOVs of approximately 90<inline-formula><tex-math>$^circ$</tex-math></inline-formula> and detection ranges beyond 80 m. MIMO operation yields increased signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), enabling extended range and demonstrating the capability to localize obstacles in three-dimensional space. The results indicate that four such frontends could provide full 360<inline-formula><tex-math>$^circ$</tex-math></inline-formula> environmental coverage for UAV-intended applications, supporting reliable autonomous navigation in complex three-dimensional airspace.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 4","pages":"964-978"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11611639","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148451895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EMF Exposure Application Using Both Cavity Filter and Mode-Matching Component at the 2.45 GHz ISM Band","authors":"Jeong-Hun Park;Hae-Been Han;Seon-Hwa Yun;Moon-Que Lee","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3691712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3691712","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a new electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure system adopting a cavity bandpass filter and a mode-matching component for in vitro experiments at the 2.45 GHz ISM band. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first attempt to apply the cavity filter to the EMF exposure apparatus, offering a wide impedance bandwidth and metallic shielding. The introduced EMF exposure setup consists of two resonators operating in the TM01 mode, six 60° sectional resonators operating in the TM31 mode, and the holders for 35 mm Petri dishes. Each 60° sectional resonator and holder top act as a heating chamber and a mode-matching component, respectively. Petri dishes are placed on the holder tops at the mid-height of the heating chamber. Upon insertion of Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) solutions, the HEM12δ mode is formed within each solution. From the perspective of field direction, the mode-matching element makes the field at the bottom of the Petri dish similar to that within the DMEM solution. This configuration effectively supports the formation of the HEM12δ mode in the solution, thereby enhancing the specific absorption rate (SAR) and efficiency (SAR per input power). The 1g-SAR for the DMEM solution with 2 mL per dish was demonstrated as 78.98 W/kg based on a 1 W RF input. The measured return loss was greater than 10 dB with the frequency ranges of 2.4 to 2.53 GHz, with a maximum return loss of 23.9 dB at 2.445 GHz. The proposed EMF exposure device provided a high level of efficiency considering SAR, RF input power, and cell culture conductivity compared with other structures. Furthermore, the radial EMF device helps ensure consistent SAR distribution across the six samples.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 4","pages":"909-921"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11540174","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148451932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Millimeter-Wave Wideband Sparse Array of Surface-Wave-Immune Laminated Resonant Elements for High-Resolution Radars","authors":"Zijian Shao;Zheng Liu;Emir Ali Karahan;Xiaolong Huang;Wenkai Fang;Kaushik Sengupta","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3694957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3694957","url":null,"abstract":"We first present a wideband millimeter-wave sparse array of novel wideband laminated resonant antennas (LRAs) tailored for high-resolution radars applications. The LRA is carefully designed and analyzed with emphasis on surface-wave immunity and pattern stability on a large ground plane. To achieve this, a magnetoelectric-dipole (ME-dipole) feeding structure is integrated into the LRA to excite its dominant modes, enabling stable broadside radiation with 59% bandwidth while suppressing surface-wave excitation, all realized through a low-cost printed circuit technology. As a proof of concept, a prototype antenna and its sparse arrays centered at 40 GHz were designed, fabricated, and measured. The resulting 60-element sparse array achieves highly directional beams with half-power beamwidths of 3.5°–6.9° and sidelobe levels below –10 dB across the wideband range of 30–55 GHz. Owing to its low-profile compact structure, wideband operation and excellent radiation performance, the proposed antennas and sparse arrays represent a promising candidate for next-generation millimeter-wave radar systems.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 4","pages":"830-842"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11573023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148452036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-Healing Passive UHF RFID Elastomeric Tags Based on Slot-Type Antennas With Verified Performance Recovery After Mechanical Damage","authors":"Nikta Pournoori;Ahmed Albeltagi;Toni Björninen;Neea Oinas;Jarkko Tolvanen;Jari Juuti;Leena Ukkonen","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3686861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3686861","url":null,"abstract":"Self-healing materials have emerged as key enablers for flexible and stretchable electronics, particularly in applications requiring resilience under repeated mechanical stress and autonomous recovery. In this work, we present the development and characterization of two fully self-healing passive UHF RFID elastomeric tag antennas, designed with diamond and elliptical slot geometries. Both antennas are fabricated on a soft self-healing elastomer substrate, and an electrically conductive liquid metal-based elastomer is employed as the conductive element. Compared to previous studies, a significant advancement in our work is the increase of the electrical conductivity of the self-healing radiator to ∼20 kS/m, which provides improved antenna impedance characteristics and proper radiation performance. Both antenna prototypes achieve read ranges between 5 to 6.7 m within the 860–960 MHz frequency band, aligning well with simulated results. Measurements after full antenna bisection show sub-minute recovery, with read range restored to 93–100% of the initial level within 60 seconds. The RFID chip is directly mounted onto the conductor without adhesives, preserving both electrical properties and mechanical recovery after physical damage. The attained results demonstrate the feasibility of constructing reliable and recoverable antenna systems entirely from self-healing materials and highlight their potential in the long-term deployment of soft and resilient wireless systems.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 4","pages":"874-885"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11512964","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148452058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compact Reflection-Mode Microwave Head Imaging for Hemorrhagic Stroke: Parametric Study and Experimental Validation","authors":"Raneem Alqahtani;Abdulrahman S. M. Alqadami;Ibraheem Al-Naib","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3701844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3701844","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a parametric framework for microwave imaging of hemorrhagic stroke, aimed at analyzing the effects of key system parameters, such as antenna count, bandwidth, and operating frequency range, on image reconstruction quality. Two customized compact microstrip patch antennas are designed to operate within the frequency bands of 0.75–1.0 GHz and 1.2–2.0 GHz. The proposed antennas are optimized for efficient performance in close proximity to a human head model and are subsequently validated through experimental testing. The microwave imaging system is constructed using eight elements of the proposed antennas, configured in an elliptical head-like shape. The system is numerically and experimentally validated using a 3D homogeneous head phantom, filled with tissue-mimicking solutions that represent average head dielectric properties. Additionally, numerical simulations using a multilayer heterogeneous head phantom confirmed that the homogeneous model exhibits consistent electromagnetic behavior, supporting its suitability for experimental adoption. Reflection coefficients are acquired in monostatic mode and processed using symmetry-based preprocessing, followed by the confocal Delay-and-Sum algorithm for image reconstruction. Within this framework, the combined effects of operating frequency band, bandwidth, and antenna count on detection and localization performance are systematically investigated. In particular, various stroke sizes and locations were tested based on medically relevant conditions to evaluate the system’s detection capability. The results demonstrate that reliable localization can be achieved using an eight-antenna array with 250 MHz bandwidth. A minimum localization error of approximately 2 cm was achieved when detecting deep strokes in the central region of the phantom, which is the most challenging scenario due to increased signal attenuation. For lobar strokes positioned near the phantom boundary, the localization error significantly decreased to approximately 2 mm, owing to stronger backscattered signals and improved field sensitivity. In addition to localization error, the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) was calculated to provide a quantitative assessment of target visibility in the reconstructed images. The reconstructed images successfully identified both medium and small hemorrhagic inclusions, with clearer responses for superficial targets.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 4","pages":"895-908"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11585676","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148452068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of the PAPR of PD-NOMA-OFDM Signals on the Performance of an RF Rectifier for Low-Power Energy Harvesting","authors":"Walter S. Oliveira;Renan Diniz;Gustavo L. Matiusse;Ivan R. S. Casella;Carlos E. Capovilla","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3705502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3705502","url":null,"abstract":"The combined use of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) techniques in Fifth-Generation (5G) wireless communication networks plays an important role in the connectivity of Internet of Things (IoT) devices. However, providing a sustainable energy supply for massive IoT deployments remains challenging. A promising solution to address this problem is Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting (RFEH). Despite its advantages, its efficiency can be significantly compromised if Radio Frequency (RF) signals exhibit a high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR). This work investigates the impact of the PAPR of NOMA-OFDM signals on the Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE) of an RF rectifier for RFEH applications. A Power Domain NOMA-OFDM (PD-NOMA-OFDM) system operating in the 3.5 GHz band is developed, based on the Software-Defined Radio (SDR) concept, and an RF rectifier optimized for an input power <inline-formula><tex-math>$P_{in}$</tex-math></inline-formula> of −20 dBm is manufactured. Experimental results show that, under the design operating condition, the RF rectifier achieves a PCE of 30% with a Continuous Wave (CW) signal, while PD-NOMA-OFDM and OFDM signals exhibit a PCE of 27%. At the point of maximum PCE (<inline-formula><tex-math>$P_{in}$</tex-math></inline-formula> of −6.7 dBm), the PD-NOMA-OFDM signal reaches a PCE of 51.9%, an 8% reduction compared to the CW, which achieved a PCE of 59.9%. From a communication standpoint, the PD-NOMA-OFDM system achieves a Bit Error Rate (BER) of <inline-formula><tex-math>$4.8 cdot 10^{-3}$</tex-math></inline-formula> at −20 dBm and <inline-formula><tex-math>$1.7cdot 10^{-6}$</tex-math></inline-formula> at the maximum PCE point, validating the crucial role of PAPR management in the joint optimization of RFEH and communication performance.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 4","pages":"886-894"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11594854","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148452076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IEEE Microwave Theory and Technology Society Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3707665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3707665","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 4","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11611666","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148451846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconfigurable Bandpass Filters Using Rotatable Split-Ring Resonators in Rectangular Waveguides","authors":"Antonio Oliva Aparicio;Antonio M. HuÉScar de la Cruz;Juan Hinojosa;Fernando D. Quesada Pereira;Alejandro ÁLvarez Melcón","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2026.3705985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2026.3705985","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a novel bandpass filter design that achieves tunability using U-shaped split-ring resonators (U-SRRs) embedded in rectangular waveguide technology. The proposed configuration employs a rotation-based mechanical tuning mechanism that enables independent control of the coupling strength without altering the resonant frequency or degrading the unloaded quality factor. To complement this coupling-control mechanism, a metallic disk is used to independently adjust the resonant frequency of each U-SRR. This tuning approach allows precise adjustment of bandwidth and return loss while maintaining low insertion loss across the entire tuning range. Additionally, an alternative synthesis method was developed to streamline the design of higher-order filters based on this U-SRR structure. A fifth-order prototype was designed, fabricated, and experimentally characterized, achieving an 11.3% tuning range with a constant 100 MHz absolute bandwidth, 20 dB return loss, and insertion loss ranging from 1.1 dB to 1.26 dB. Design refinements indicate that this tuning span can be further extended to 16.8%, highlighting the scalability and performance potential of the proposed filter type.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"6 4","pages":"1075-1086"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11599463","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148451894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}