Z Lin, Y Ma, H Wu, Z Lu, X Zhuang, M Zhao, S Peng, F Lin, K Zheng, Z Li
{"title":"Effects of lemongrass (<i>Cymbopogon citratus</i>) on slaughter performance, meat quality, and intestinal health in Muscovy ducks.","authors":"Z Lin, Y Ma, H Wu, Z Lu, X Zhuang, M Zhao, S Peng, F Lin, K Zheng, Z Li","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2026.2670474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2026.2670474","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. This study tested the effects of dietary lemongrass (LG) supplementation on production performance, meat quality and intestinal health of Muscovy ducks. A 42 d feeding trial used four treatment diets (0%, 2%, 4% or 6% LG) fed as part of a commercial diet after 20 d rearing from day old on a basal diet.2. The results revealed that 6% LG supplementation significantly improved slaughter performance, notably increasing full eviscerated weight (<i>p</i> < 0.05).3. Meat nutritional quality was enhanced by higher amino acids (cysteine and methionine in breast muscle; tyrosine in leg muscle) and beneficial polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) including C22:6n3 (DHA) and C20:5n3 (EPA; <i>p</i> < 0.05).4. Intestinal health was improved, with LG which enhanced duodenal morphology manifested as increased villus length and villus-to-crypt ratio. There was up-regulated gene expression for intestinal barrier proteins (ZO-1, Claudin-1), immune factors (sIgA, IFN-γ) and antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH-Px; <i>p</i> < 0.05).5. Metagenomic and metabolomic analyses revealed a restructured caecal microbiota, characterised by increased commensal <i>Ligilactobacillus</i> spp. inhibited pathogenic <i>Burkholderia</i> spp. and increased production of beneficial metabolites, including butyric acid (<i>p</i> < 0.05), which acts as an energy source for enterocytes.6. This trial demonstrated that LG can enhance both growth performance outcomes and meat quality in Muscovy ducks through gut health modulation, supporting its application in sustainable poultry farming.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148403656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Functional characterisation of pigeon egg proteins based on data-independent acquisition quantitative proteomics.","authors":"R Liu, Z Bu, D Cheng, R Zhang, Q Tang, L Chang","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2026.2685079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2026.2685079","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. This study characterised proteomic differences among pigeon, chicken and quail eggs and explored the functional properties of pigeon egg proteins.2. Nine eggs each from White King pigeons (WKP), nine Hy-Line Brown chickens (HLC) and nine Shendan No.1 quail (S1Q) were selected and pooled into three replicates for each species. Data-independent acquisition (DIA)-based quantitative proteomics was employed to identify differentially expressed proteins, followed by bioinformatics analyses.3. A total of 8,835 peptides corresponding to 937 proteins were identified and quantified across nine samples. In the WKP<i>vs</i>.HLC comparison, 423 proteins were differentially expressed, including 178 upregulated and 245 downregulated proteins. In the WKP<i>vs</i>.S1Q comparison, 479 proteins showed significant expression changes, with 190 upregulated and 289 downregulated proteins. Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analyses revealed that WKP egg proteins were significantly enriched. This was related to lipid transport and metabolism, immune regulation and antioxidant activity, transparent albumen gel formation and wound healing.4. These results demonstrate distinct proteomic profiles between pigeon eggs and other poultry eggs. Overall, pigeon eggs possess unique functional protein characteristics, providing a molecular basis for their further development and utilisation as a potential functional protein source.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148403637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Transcriptome and co-expression network analysis identified candidate genes for intramuscular fat deposition in chickens.","authors":"H Wang, C Wang, W Zhao, B Yu, J Hu, J Zhang, Y Gu","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2026.2686310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2026.2686310","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. The following study investigated the regulation of Intramuscular fat (IMF) deposition at different developmental stages in Jingyuan chickens. Pectoral muscles from hens at 42, 126 and 180 days of age were analysed using transcriptome sequencing and weighted gene co‑expression network analysis (WGCNA).2. A total of 1187, 1377 and 617 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the three pairwise comparisons, respectively. Among these, <i>MAPK8</i>, <i>ACSL4</i> and <i>ACACB</i> are known to be involved in IMF synthesis and metabolism through energy and amino acid metabolic pathways.3. The WGCNA data identified three modules (MEyellow, MEbrown, MEdarkred) that were significantly correlated with IMF content and age (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Functional analysis indicated that <i>FOXO6</i>, <i>PTEN</i> and <i>EGFR</i> were enriched in both FoxO and GnRH signalling pathways. This suggested potential roles in IMF deposition. Further investigation of DEG and the three modules revealed <i>AGXT2</i> and <i>LAMB1</i> as candidate genes that could influence IMF deposition in muscle.4. The data represents a transcriptomic resource for IMF deposition in Jingyuan chicken breast muscle. The results identified candidate genes for future molecular breeding aimed at improving meat quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148374611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Long-term selection responses in economic traits of three purebred layer lines.","authors":"A Ö Şen, N Akman","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2026.2680673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2026.2680673","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. Using phenotypic and pedigree data, genetic parameters were estimated for 12 357 Rhode Island Red-I (RIRI), 13 674 Barred Rock-I (BARI) and 8 481 Colombian Rock (COL) pure line hens. The study focused on age at first egg (AFE), body weight at first egg (BWFE), total egg number by 36 weeks (EN) and average egg weight at 36 weeks (EW).2. The heritability estimates for RIRI, BARI and COL lines were 0.41 ± 0.030, 0.47 ± 0.025 and 0.40 ± 0.025 for AFE, 0.33 ± 0.025, 0.49 ± 0.025 and 0.58 ± 0.030 for BWFE, 0.44 ± 0.025, 0.33 ± 0.025 and 0.44 ± 0.025 for EN and 0.41 ± 0.021, 0.40 ± 0.025 and 0.32 ± 0.025 for EW, respectively.3. The genetic correlations ranged from -0.81 ± 0.013 to 0.86 ± 0.034, while phenotypic correlations ranged from -0.64 ± 0.025 to 0.80 ± 0.013 for the emphasised traits. The strongest genetic and phenotypic correlations were observed between AFE and BWFE in the COL line.4. The selection programme aimed to reduce AFE, optimise BWFE and improve EN and EW, with varying degrees of response observed across breeds. Genetic trends showed significant decreases in AFE and BWFE and positive gains in EN and EW across all breeds. Phenotypic trends were generally consistent with genetic trends for AFE and BWFE, while greater divergence was observed for EN and EW, especially in the COL breed.5. The results suggested that successful layer breeding requires balancing genetic selection with environmental management and implementing breed-specific strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148350850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Features of the epizootic process and ways to improve measures to combat avian flu.","authors":"K Kelina, T Savina, V Krasilnikova, Y Lazareva","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2026.2680680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2026.2680680","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. This study examined the dynamics of the 2019-2023 avian influenza (AI) outbreak on large-scale poultry farms in Russia and explored the management factors associated with morbidity levels.2. Six industrial poultry farms were included in the study, with repeated observations taken annually. Data on AI morbidity and mortality, biosecurity practices, vaccination coverage and virus sub-type distribution were collected from veterinary surveillance reports and farm health records. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise morbidity and mortality levels across intervention periods. Welch's t-tests and non-parametric tests were used to compare morbidity and mortality rates before and after the introduction of enhanced control measures in 2021.3. Correlation analysis evaluated the relationship between morbidity and mortality. Linear regression models examined the associations between management factors and morbidity levels. Temporal changes in virus sub-type distribution were analysed using chi-squared tests.4. Morbidity rate fell from 11.6% prior to the intervention period (2019-2020) to 8.9% following the implementation of enhanced control measures (2022-2023), while the mean mortality rate decreased from 5.8% to 4.2%. Regression analysis revealed a significant association between higher vaccination coverage and lower morbidity levels.5. Biosecurity indicators were significantly related to morbidity variation across farms. Temporal analysis revealed significant changes in the distribution of sub-types, with H5N1, H5N8 and H9N2 detected throughout the observation period.6. These results suggested that integrated disease control strategies are associated with improved management of AI in large-scale poultry production systems. The observed reductions likely reflected a combination of farm-level interventions and broader national and ecological trends.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148350838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E Getachew, Y Tadesse, S Meseret, W Esatu, T Dessie
{"title":"Economic value analysis and development of economic weights for selection index construction in indigenous chicken genetic improvement.","authors":"E Getachew, Y Tadesse, S Meseret, W Esatu, T Dessie","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2026.2686308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2026.2686308","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. The primary aim of this study was to conduct a cost-benefit analysis of Ethiopian indigenous chickens and to estimate the economic weights of key performance traits. Data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to smallholder poultry farmers and subsequently analysed using R statistical software.2. Data were analysed using a bio-economic model integrating biological performance parameters with economic parameters to assess the profitability and efficiency of production systems. It was applied to a standardised flock of 100 indigenous chickens (IC) to evaluate economic performance across systems for egg number (EN), body weight (BW), age at first egg (AFE) and survival rate (SV).3. The study revealed that production in Shambu and Fincha districts was predominantly based on a free-range production system (FRS), whereas production in Shagar City was mainly a semi-intensive system (SIS). The FRS generated a total income of US$1,687.28, while the SIS produced a significantly higher return of US$9,082.85. In both production systems, feed costs accounted for the largest share of production expenses, 61.21% (US$2,709.41) in FRS and 62.94% (US$18,346.63) in SIS followed by fixed costs, which represented 24.04% (US$1,064.28) and 24.27% (US$1,632.88), respectively.4. The major sources of income in both systems were the sale of surplus grower females and cockerels. Specifically, revenues for FRS and SIS were US$46.15 and US$162.80 from eggs; US$2,254.63 and US$3,044.84 from surplus females; US$3,529.42 and US$5,348.27 from surplus cockerels; and US$226.54 and US$236.04 from culled breeding stock, respectively. Under SIS, a 1% improvement in performance through selection and management would increase profits by 6.35 from EN, 54.75 from BW, 20.67 from AFE and 145.42 US$.5. The results suggested that meat-oriented production from indigenous chickens generates higher economic returns than egg production under the two systems. However, economic weights derived from marginal profit and genetic variance, integrating both market values and biological performance indicators, assigned the highest priority to EN (36.46), followed by BW (34.37), AFE (23.91) and SV (5.26).</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148350815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Genetic analysis of Gompertz growth curve parameters in the Japanese quail.","authors":"A Üçtepe, M Goliomytis, A Kominakis","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2026.2680683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2026.2680683","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. This study evaluated the genetic variation of growth curve parameters in Japanese quail using nonlinear mixed-effects models based on the Gompertz model.2. Two three-parameter mixed-effects models were fitted to longitudinal body weight data to estimate biologically meaningful parameters: initial weight (W<sub>0</sub>), growth rate (k), upper asymptotic weight (A) and inflection point age (T<sub>i</sub>). These individual-specific parameter estimates were subjected to genetic analysis using a quadrivariate animal model with appropriate fixed and random effects.3. Results showed a satisfactory model fit (CV(RMSE) ≈6%). Females had greater mature size and later maturation, whereas males showed faster early growth. Heritability estimates were moderate, with the highest value observed for asymptotic weight (h<sup>2</sup> = 0.35). Genetic correlations indicated important trade-offs between growth rate and final size (r<sub>G</sub>(k,A) = -0.46) and a near-complete negative association between k and Ti (r<sub>G</sub> = -0.98).4. The k-means clustering analysis distinguished three growth profiles, corresponding to fast-maturing light quails, intermediate birds and slow-growing heavy individuals. These findings demonstrated the utility of growth curve modelling in genetic evaluations and offer pathways for targeted selection strategies in quail breeding programmes.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148350788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L C Bernardez-Orellana, J C Ribeiro, A M Viana Neto, L P da Silva
{"title":"Genetic parameters of welfare traits of quail in collective cages.","authors":"L C Bernardez-Orellana, J C Ribeiro, A M Viana Neto, L P da Silva","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2026.2680674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2026.2680674","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. The following research evaluated and compared estimates of genetic parameters of productive and welfare traits of quail in collective cages, testing for inclusion of indirect genetic effects (IGE).2. Data came from two trials, along two generations of pedigreed quail, housed in collective cages, with one male and three females in each cage. Each bird's body weight variation, survival time, aggressiveness, pecking wounds and any feather damage was recorded.3. Three mixed models were tested to obtain genetic parameters. The first was a classical model with no IGE, the second included IGE and the last modelling cage effect was random.4. Heritability estimates were of low magnitude ranging from 0.03 to 0.15, except for survival time, which reached 0.34. Including IGE results in variance redistribution for all traits and heritable variance increases exceeding the value of unity and IGE accounted for most of the heritable variance. Therefore, including these effects is recommended in genetic analysis under collective housing.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148337933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
X Wang, Y Ren, Q Hu, Q Wu, G Sun, H Chen, J Lin, S Liu, W Wang, J Qin, Y Zhu
{"title":"The developmental pattern of calcium mobilisation during embryogenesis in Muscovy ducks.","authors":"X Wang, Y Ren, Q Hu, Q Wu, G Sun, H Chen, J Lin, S Liu, W Wang, J Qin, Y Zhu","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2026.2667999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2026.2667999","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. Calcium (Ca) is essential for avian embryonic bone mineralisation, yet its metabolic dynamics during duck embryogenesis remain unclear. This study investigated Ca mobilisation in Muscovy duck embryos.2. Eggshell (ES) and yolk samples were collected from embryonic day (ED) 16 to ED31 for analysis of ES physical properties (thickness, strength, mass ratio) and Ca levels. Serum, yolk sac membrane (YSM) and liver tissues were collected from ED16 to the day of hatch (DOH) to assess serum biochemical parameters and relative mRNA expression of genes associated with Ca transport (<i>PLCG1</i>, <i>PRKCA</i>, <i>CALM1</i>) and absorption (<i>CALB1</i>, <i>ARNT</i>, <i>EP300</i>).3. Results showed ES quality and Ca levels decreased (<i>p</i> < 0.01) linearly with increasing incubation days. Yolk Ca levels decreased (<i>p</i> < 0.01) linearly and quadratically, reaching a minimum on ED25. Serum Ca levels and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity increased (<i>p</i> < 0.01) linearly and quadratically during ED16-DOH and achieved a plateau during ED28-DOH. Expression of Ca-related genes in YSM and liver increased quadratically (<i>p</i> < 0.01), peaking during ED25-28.4. In conclusion, ES quality declined with reduced Ca levels during embryogenesis. Concurrently, yolk Ca levels, along with serum Ca and ALP levels, increased significantly during ED25-28, indicating peak embryonic Ca mobilisation during this period. Additionally, relative mRNA expression of Ca mobilisation-related genes in the YSM and liver exhibited a similar increasing trend. This suggested enhanced Ca mobilisation during this phase to support bone mineralisation and growth in duck embryos.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148307088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"<i>Aronia melanocarpa</i> extract modulates gut microbiota and induces dose-dependent metabolic shifts in broiler chickens.","authors":"M B Can, A Kara, M C Adigüzel, H İmik","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2026.2673525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2026.2673525","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. Following the ban on prophylactic antibiotic use in feed for poultry, interest in natural alternatives has increased, particularly plant-derived extracts. In this study, the effects of <i>Aronia melanocarpa</i> fruit extract (AMF) on growth performance, serum biochemistry and caecal microbiota in broilers were evaluated.2. A total of 360 male Ross-308 broiler chicks were randomly allocated to one of the four treatment groups for 35 days. These included a control group (CON) receiving the basal diet and three treatment groups supplemented with 50 mg/kg (AMF1), 100 mg/kg (AMF2) or 200 mg/kg (AMF3) of AMF extract.3. Antioxidant capacity and phenolic profile were determined by DPPH and UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS analyses. Because the ethanol extract had the highest antioxidant activity (94.5%), it was used in the experiment. Chlorogenic acid, quercetin, hesperidin and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside were the major phenolic compounds identified.4. The AMF supplementation had no significant effect on growth performance (<i>p</i> > 0.05). In contrast, serum triglyceride (TG), phosphorus, sodium and iron concentrations exhibited statistically significant quadratic dose - response relationships (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Serum TG levels were significantly reduced in the AMF3 group, whereas serum iron levels were significantly increased in the AMF1 and AMF2 groups (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Phosphorus and sodium levels were found to be lower in the control group compared to the other groups (<i>p</i> < 0.091 and <i>p</i> < 0.063, respectively).5. The 16S rRNA sequencing showed that low and medium dose AMF applications supported caecal microbial diversity by increasing the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria such as <i>Bacillus</i> spp. and <i>Lactobacillus jensenii</i>. The high supplementation dose led to the dominance of the <i>Morganella morganii</i> population.6. In conclusion, AMF can modulate the gut microbiota in broiler chickens in a dose-dependent manner without negatively affecting growth performance. Moderate inclusion rates have the potential to positively impact gut health and metabolic balance by increasing beneficial bacteria populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148307003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}