Building and Environment最新文献

{"title":"The hygrothermal properties of stone used in traditional construction: A Western European case study","authors":"Anna Hofheinz,&nbsp;Rosanne Walker,&nbsp;Caroline Engel Purcell,&nbsp;Oliver Kinnane","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112855","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112855","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The importance of thermally upgrading the existing building stock to reduce environmental impact is widely recognised. It is imperative to ensure the adoption of correct approaches in upgrading traditional buildings, both to protect their unique character and to minimise potential decay in historic fabric. Hygrothermal modelling software, simulating the thermal and moisture behavior of walls before and after retrofitting, serves as a valuable tool for this purpose.</div><div>The full range of hygrothermal properties of low porosity building stones of Paleozoic origin, such as are typical in geological formations found in Ireland and Western Europe, have not been previously investigated. This knowledge is crucial for enhancing the accuracy of hygrothermal modelling of walls built of such stones. This research aims to bridge this knowledge gap by investigating material properties of a range of Irish stones, including bulk density, open porosity, sorption capacity, free saturation, vapour diffusion resistance factor, capillary absorption, drying and thermal conductivity.</div><div>Irish stones, particularly limestones, exhibit considerably higher densities than most reported by other international researchers and within the databases of the main hygrothermal simulation tools. The research identifies a trend of increased free saturation, vapour permeability, capillary absorption, and drying rates as the porosity of the stone increases. There is a substantial reduction in both vapour permeability and capillary absorption at low porosity levels (&lt; 5 %), which help establish non-linear trend patterns for the correlation with these properties and porosity that are not generally seen in other research. The results show generally higher thermal conductivities at that porosity range. This is particularly important as many Irish building stones fall within this range, and existing datasets are therefore not applicable for these materials.</div><div>The utilization of this complete dataset of measured material data of Irish stone in this study in hygrothermal modelling is expected to significantly influence the thermal retrofitting approach for traditional solid stone walls.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 112855"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143644774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of natural features and height-to-width ratios on psycho-physiological responses to urban street canyons","authors":"Nazmiye Gulenay Yilmaz ,&nbsp;Pyoung Jik Lee ,&nbsp;Anne Heimes ,&nbsp;Laurent Galbrun","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112851","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112851","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the impact of natural features on the perception of urban street canyons through laboratory experiments. Wide street canyons with three different height-to-width ratios (H/Ws: 0.5, 2, and 4) were simulated, both with and without natural features such as trees, flowers, water features, and birdsong. Sounds were presented through headphones, and visual scenes were presented via a head-mounted display in a virtual reality environment. Participants assessed perceived enclosure and pleasantness to various scenarios, while monitoring and physiological responses (facial electromyography in zygomatic major (ZM) and corrugator supercilia (CS)). Results showed that H/W played an important role, with higher H/Ws generally increasing perceived enclosure but decreasing perceived pleasantness. The influence of H/W was more significant in the combined audio-visual session. It was also found that natural features significantly influenced psychological and physiological responses. In both visual-only and combined audio-visual sessions, the addition of natural features, particularly trees and birdsong, increased perceived pleasantness and fEMG ZM activity, indicating positive emotional responses. The findings suggest that urban street canyon designs need to consider H/W and the integration of natural features, especially trees and birdsong, to enhance perceived pleasantness and evoke positive emotions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 112851"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing occupant-centric ventilation control in airport terminals: A predictive optimization framework integrating agent-based simulation","authors":"Hao Tang ,&nbsp;Juan Yu ,&nbsp;Yang Geng ,&nbsp;Xue Liu ,&nbsp;Zujian Huang ,&nbsp;Yuren Yang ,&nbsp;Zhe Wang ,&nbsp;Ying Chen ,&nbsp;Borong Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112829","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112829","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Enhancing ventilation efficiency is essential for the sustainable operation of large airport terminals, which typically consume significantly more energy than regular public buildings. However, fluctuating passenger distributions in space and time—driven by flight schedules and airport services—pose significant challenges to ventilation control, often resulting in unnecessary energy use and suboptimal indoor air quality (IAQ) management. To address this, our study proposes an innovative optimization framework to automate coordinated multi-zone ventilation control in large airport terminals using an agent-based passenger flow simulation model. Based on flight schedules, passenger flow within the terminal was simulated through pedestrian agents governed by the Social Force Model, enabling the accurate characterization of spatiotemporal passenger distribution and activities across different zones. This simulation was integrated with a physical ventilation model and a distributed evolutionary algorithm to achieve optimal IAQ management, energy efficiency, and flexibility in energy use. Over a two-month evaluation period, the optimized control framework demonstrated marked improvements over baseline fixed-schedule control, with the CO₂ compliance rate rising from 89.32 % to 99.6 %, total energy consumption reduced by 29.6 %, and daily peak power demand decreased by 27.2 %. This study showcases a practical, occupant-centric approach to improving operational sustainability in complex built environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 112829"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Letter from the Editor-in-Chief","authors":"Xudong Yang Ph.D. (Editor-in-Chief)","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112838","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112838","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 112838"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143682652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic wind patterns and indoor/outdoor pollutant dispersion in the simplified building array: Statistical and spectral analyses from scaled outdoor experiments","authors":"Yuwei Dai,&nbsp;Wanli Tu,&nbsp;Xiaoyan Zhang,&nbsp;Jingze Li,&nbsp;Xiupeng Yue,&nbsp;Haidong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112861","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112861","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In real urban environments, dynamic changes in wind significantly influence the pollutant dispersion within building complexes. To investigate the impact of urban-like wind conditions on the pollutant transmission, this study conducted a scaled outdoor experiment using a three-dimensional (3D) 3×3 building array model in a sub-urban area of Guangzhou, with a humid subtropical climate. Tracer gas (CO₂) was continuously released to simulate the pollutant dispersion in the indoor and outdoor environment within the array. Wind speed, wind direction, and tracer gas concentrations were monitored simultaneously. Both statistical and spectral analyses were employed to evaluate the dynamic variation characteristics of the wind, while the air change rate (ACH) and reentry ratio <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>R</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> were used to assess ventilation performance and pollutant dispersion. Based on the real-time wind conditions, the results indicated that the standard deviation (SD) of wind direction within the building arrays were higher than those in open areas, while the velocity power spectrum exponent (<span><math><msub><mi>β</mi><mi>v</mi></msub></math></span>) was lower, below 1.1, suggesting intense high-frequency fluctuations. Wavelet coherence (WTC) analysis indicates significant correlations between the variations in airflow and pollutant concentration, particularly in the vertical direction. The results of tracer gas concentrations demonstrated that the dynamic airflow influenced the dispersion pathways over time. Airflow within the building arrays exhibited a strong capacity for dispersing pollutants, with the average <span><math><msub><mi>R</mi><mi>k</mi></msub></math></span> for all units being below 4 %. This study provides realistic, transient insights into winds effects on pollutant dispersion within the building arrays, and the generated dataset offers a validation benchmark for future numerical simulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 112861"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of air temperature and background CO2 concentration on human metabolic CO2 emissions","authors":"Kazuki Kuga ,&nbsp;Jiayi Zhu ,&nbsp;Pawel Wargocki ,&nbsp;Kazuhide Ito","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112857","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112857","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The impact of temperature and air quality on human CO₂ emissions was studied in two experiments. In the first experiment, seven females and seven males were exposed to temperatures of 17, 20, 25, and 28 °C controlled using an air conditioner; the subjects were engaged in three activities: sitting, standing, and walking at 2 km/h, each taking 15 min. Their CO₂ emissions and respiratory physiological parameters were measured together with skin temperature and heart rate. They also rated their thermal sensation and comfort. CO₂ emissions did not change when sitting or standing but increased significantly for females walking at higher temperatures. Lower temperatures were rated as less comfortable. In the second experiment, five females and eleven males sat in a chamber at CO₂ levels of 800, 1400, and 3000 ppm with and without bio-effluents; the levels were adjusted by ventilation or adding pure CO₂. Higher CO₂ levels obtained either way caused CO₂ emissions and respiratory quotient to reduce significantly. CO₂ emission rates estimated from measurements of CO₂ in the chamber were about 10 % higher than those obtained from the respiratory monitors. Present experiments documented that CO₂ emission rates are affected by air quality levels and temperature, although in the latter case, the effect can be expected only at high activity. These observations imply that besides metabolic activity, environmental factors must be considered when estimating ventilation rates based on the measured (or estimated) levels of metabolic CO₂ in buildings. It would be useful to explore the physiological mechanisms behind these effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 112857"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ambient lighting strategy of visual display terminals in micro-space luminous environment under low-light conditions","authors":"Wenqian Xu ,&nbsp;Zhiyuan Yan ,&nbsp;Peiyu Wu ,&nbsp;Shenfei Chen ,&nbsp;Qi Yao ,&nbsp;Dan Li ,&nbsp;Rongjun Zhang ,&nbsp;Ziyi Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112859","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112859","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Visual display terminals (VDTs) are integral to contemporary life, creating a unique micro-space luminous environment with self-luminous screens and lighting backgrounds which requires optimal lighting conditions. Especially in low-light conditions, improper luminance contrast between the VDT screen and its background may affect visual comfort and clarity. To alleviate this problem, this work proposes adding ambient lighting around the VDT screen background to form a more comfortable and healthy lighting pattern, and improve the comfort zone. Through ergonomic experiments, we find the new visual comfort threshold and zone by adjusting ambient lighting in terms of luminance and size. Results show that the VDT screen optimal luminance range extended from 32–66 cd/m² to about 68–110 cd/m², and the visual central zone luminance ratio improved from 1:3 to 1:6. The luminance of ambient lighting preferred by participants decreases with the increase of size, and remains stable when the luminance ratio with VDT screen is close to 1:2, with an ideal size of 30-40 % of the VDT screen's width and length. These findings provide a strategy to enhance visual comfort and optical health, offering valuable insights for designing a comfortable and healthy low-light conditions, such as nighttime cockpit or indoor VDT tasks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 112859"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143644768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An experimental evaluation of novel nanoparticle-enhanced Viton-based coating for nighttime/daytime radiative cooling","authors":"Mohammadreza Nasri,&nbsp;Saeed Dinarvand,&nbsp;Mohammad Vahabi,&nbsp;Arash Mirabdolah Lavasani","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112849","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112849","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates experimentally the radiative cooling performance of novel nanoparticle-enhanced Viton-based coating under various environmental conditions. Here, a three-layer composite coating consisting of a Viton base, a lead chromate nanoparticle layer, and a barium sulfate nanoparticle topcoat is fabricated and tested for its cooling efficiency. Besides, an already tested three-layer coating, including silver, glass, and PDMS, has also been manufactured and experimented on the side of the proposed coating to create a complete comparison regarding radiative cooling. At a glance, the Viton base provides mechanical stability and high emissivity, while lead chromate nanoparticles enhance emission in wavelength regions where Viton is less effective. The barium sulfate topcoat exhibits high solar reflectivity and thermal emissivity, ensuring efficient cooling. The composite coatings are tested under clear and cloudy skies during the day and night. During clear nighttime and cloudy nighttime, the maximum temperature reduction relative to the ambient temperature reaches up to 4.4°C and 5.5°C, respectively, which represents a remarkable achievement. Besides, experimental results indicate that the proposed composite coating consistently outperforms the reference sample (Silver + Glass + PDMS) in terms of radiative cooling. Indeed, during daytime, the present composite coating generally exhibits a lower temperature compared to the reference sample, which reaches a maximum of 2.8°C during specific periods of the test, marking a significant outcome. These findings highlight the potential of the designed composite coating for practical applications in radiative cooling, especially in environments with high solar irradiance. The quantitative assessment and physical analysis are presented in the article body.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 112849"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on airflow characteristics of adaptive attachment ventilation with deflectors","authors":"Yicun Hou ,&nbsp;Yinan Wan ,&nbsp;Angui Li ,&nbsp;Changqing Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112852","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112852","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mechanical ventilation serves as an effective way to regulate the indoor microclimate due to its high ventilation efficiency and strong controllability. In certain scenarios, the spatial configuration of work areas needs to be adjusted to accommodate the requirements of production processes or personnel activities, posing challenges to the design of indoor mechanical ventilation systems. A novel mechanical ventilation mode, the adaptive attachment ventilation with deflectors (AAVD) mode, was proposed in this study. The theoretical model for the air supply mode was developed, and the flow path can be divided into five zones (Coanda effect zone, vertical wall-attached zone, jet impinging zone, free diffusion zone, and horizontal floor-attached zone). Experiments were performed to explore the ventilation mode, focusing on the airflow patterns and characteristics. Semi-empirical equations were derived for the maximum jet velocity decay, non-dimensional velocity profiles and jet spreading rate, providing essential support for the application of the novel ventilation mode. The findings indicate that the proposed ventilation mode effectively delivers fresh air directly to the target area. This approach not only enhances indoor ventilation efficiency but also contributes to energy savings. The current study advances the ventilation design for scenarios requiring variable workspace.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 112852"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143642067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Onsite assessment of airborne viral transmission risks in hospital: A computer vision-based approach considering multi-space occupant behavior","authors":"Ying Zhou ,&nbsp;Shuai Zhang ,&nbsp;Chenshuang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112854","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112854","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The spread of respiratory infectious viruses in hospitals is a significant concern, as it can lead to severe nosocomial infections. However, onsite infection risk assessment in hospitals presents significant challenges due to the complexity of these environments, characterized by multiple spaces and occupants, as well as the fine-grained behaviors of individuals. To address this, the present study proposes a computer vision-based occupant behavior tracking method for onsite assessment of spatio-temporal airborne viral transmission risks in multi-space hospital environments. First, four key indicators were identified to quantify fine-grained occupant behavior, with particular focus on the high occupant density, multi-space nature of hospital settings. Then, video data on occupant behavior were then collected through the hospital's surveillance system. A multi-object tracking model was developed to extract the relevant behavioral indicators. Next, an improved Wells-Riley model that integrates fine-grained occupant behavior and environmental factors is proposed to calculate the risk of individual infections across multiple spaces in the hospital and to assess the impact of occupant behavior on mitigating cross-infection. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied to two routes—indoor and outdoor—in the outpatient department of a tertiary hospital in Wuhan, China, to analyze the effects of fine-grained occupant behavior and environmental variables on infection risk. This study enables onsite assessment of spatio-temporal airborne viral transmission risks in multiple spaces within the real hospital scenario, which providing valuable insights for controlling the transmission of respiratory viruses and tracing infection sources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 112854"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143642068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}