Building and Environment最新文献

{"title":"A city-scale mapping tool for assessing effects of urban greenery and morphologies on thermal comfort: A case study in Singapore","authors":"Taihan Chen ,&nbsp;Vivek Kumar Singh ,&nbsp;Shuyang Zhang ,&nbsp;Liqing Zhang ,&nbsp;Chao Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113760","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113760","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Given increasing urban heat risks, city-scale thermal comfort mapping is significant for identifying hotspots and assessing residents' thermal responses. However, many existing thermal comfort studies remain limited to microscale analyses, short-term durations, or limited scenarios. To address these gaps, we developed a city-scale mapping tool by integrating a new GIS-based processing scheme of urban morphologies, an urban meteorological observation network, and a mechanistic urban canopy model, Urban Tethys-Chloris (UT&amp;C). The tool enables year-round, hourly calculations of the city-scale Universal Thermal Climate Index (<em>UTCI</em>) at 200 m resolution with high computational efficiency. The key findings are as follows: (1) Model validation using on-site measurements at three sites and comparison against meso‑scale modelling demonstrate strong performance, with RMSE for <em>UTCI</em> and air temperature (<em>T_a</em>) below 1.5 °C and 0.9 °C, respectively; (2) Temporal analysis reveals that May and early afternoon hours are periods of peak thermal burden, with over 90 % of grids exceeding the Strong Heat Stress threshold; (3) Morphological analysis identifies built-up fraction (<em>f_built</em>), wall surface fraction (<em>λ_wall</em>), and tree coverage (<em>f_tree</em>) as key drivers of thermal exposure. Interaction regressions reveal that high <em>λ_wall</em> suppresses trees’ cooling, with the cooling potential of <em>f_tree</em> declining from –10.98 °C to –1.20 °C when increasing <em>λ_wall</em>; (4) Spatial clustering identifies five hotspot zones, each shaped by distinct morphological and greening constraints. The findings support differentiated intervention strategies, where low-enclosure areas benefit from greening enhancement, and high-enclosure districts require morphological openness. This tool offers planners a diagnostic and efficient approach for designing targeted urban heat mitigation strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"287 ","pages":"Article 113760"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A rapid assessment method for airborne transmission risk distribution based on human behaviors","authors":"Yuqing Ding ,&nbsp;Caroline X. Gao ,&nbsp;Nan Zhang ,&nbsp;Dengyun Wang ,&nbsp;Hua Qian","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113752","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113752","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Close-contact behaviors can substantially amplify the airborne transmission risk of respiratory diseases. However, most existing rapid risk assessment methods overlook the complex interplay between real-world human interactions and the spatial dispersion of exhaled pathogens. This study developed a rapid risk assessment framework that integrates real-world human close-contact behaviors with environmental factors. The framework couples a jet integral model with the Wells-Riley equation through a decision tree, enabling the quantification of both direct (proximal) and indirect (background) exposure risks. Monte Carlo simulations are employed to account for variability in human behavior and parametric uncertainty.</div><div>Validation with real-world data from Beijing's subway system, a representative urban transit environment, revealed that infection risks remained below 1% in 95% of scenarios under high ventilation, though localized 'hotspots' persisted, driven by proximity, face-to-face orientation, elevated respiratory activity (e.g., talking), and inadequate masking. These findings highlight the necessity of adaptive behavioral guidelines in public spaces. The framework offers policymakers a practical tool for optimizing ventilation strategies, crowd management, and personal protective measures in real time. Furthermore, the method shows strong potential for the rapid assessment of airborne transmission risks across various buildings types and urban environments.</div></div><div><h3>Synopsis</h3><div>This study assesses airborne transmission risks by integrating human behaviors with environmental factors, offering insights for public health and safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"286 ","pages":"Article 113752"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decoding the seasonal variations in the synergistic effects of multidimensional urban morphology on carbon emissions and air temperature","authors":"Tianlu Jin ,&nbsp;Peixing Zhang ,&nbsp;Aijun Zhu ,&nbsp;Shuai Liu ,&nbsp;Na Zhou ,&nbsp;Honglei Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113750","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113750","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban morphology plays an important role in regulating the thermal environment of and carbon emissions in urbanized regions. However, previous studies on this topic focused only on the mechanisms by which urban morphology affected the carbon emissions or air temperature in urban regions. This fragmented and limited perspective may lead to inefficient analysis, leading to high temperature-low carbon or low temperature-high carbon environments in urban morphology optimization. In this study, the synergistic relationship between carbon emissions and air temperature in different seasons and the influence mechanism of multidimensional urban morphology on the two were analyzed. The results revealed that the synergistic relationship between carbon emissions and air temperature showed seasonal variability, with the positive synergistic relationship being the strongest in summer and significantly negative in winter. Although the morphological parameters remained stable across seasons, the pathways and strengths of their effects on carbon emissions and air temperature differed significantly with the season. The same morphological parameters exhibited different environmental benefits in different seasons. In spring, summer, and autumn, with respect to the two-way feedback effect between carbon emissions and air temperature, the magnitude of the feedback strength showed the following order: summer &gt; spring &gt; autumn. In winter, only a weak unidirectional effect of carbon emissions on air temperature was noted. This study provides novel insights into the synergistic regulation of the “heat-carbon” dynamics in regions with high urbanization levels, serving as a framework for policymakers to develop effective strategies for urban heat island mitigation and urban planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"286 ","pages":"Article 113750"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal sensation affects peoples’ thermal sensitivity to local cold stimuli——a study based on step changes of metabolic rate","authors":"Haiying Wang,&nbsp;Junli Sun,&nbsp;Yongwang Hao,&nbsp;Rongfu Hou,&nbsp;Kefei Gong,&nbsp;Yongcheng Wang,&nbsp;Chenxi Dong,&nbsp;Songtao Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113755","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113755","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To explore the influencing factors on thermal sensitivity to cold stimuli and provide recommendations for design of cooling garments for factory workers, chamber experiments were conducted. The experiments involved two temperature (24 ℃ and 30 ℃) conditions and three activities corresponding to metabolic rate (MR) of 1 met, 2 met, and 3 met. Seven body parts were selected for local cold stimulating. Subjective questionnaires were collected, including cold stimuli sensation (CSS), cold stimuli acceptance (CSA), overall and local thermal sensation vote (TSV and LTSV), and overall/local thermal comfort vote (TCV and LTCV). Physiological parameters of mean skin temperature (MST) and the local skin temperature (Tlsk) of stimulated part were measured. Results showed that subjects became less sensitive and more acceptable to the cold stimuli as MR and air temperature increased. Local stimuli led to significant changes in TSV, LTSV, TCV and LTCV. The MST was not affected by cold stimuli, while the Tlsk declined during stimulating. Comprehensive analysis showed that the TSV before local cold stimuli influenced CSS. The higher the TSV before stimuli, the lower the CSS would be. Cold stimulus on the chest and abdomen led to lower CSS, while stimulus on the upper arm, back and forearm resulted in higher CSS. Stimulating the torso parts caused larger reduction in TSV and TCV than cooling the limbs. Based on the results, the body parts to be cooled were suggested for different TSV ranges, which spread from the torso parts to the limbs with the increase of TSV.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"286 ","pages":"Article 113755"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A hybrid framework for optimal design and control strategies of retractable roof stadium based on CNN-LSTM and NSGA-II","authors":"Ao Xu ,&nbsp;Hongyuan Mei ,&nbsp;Zhaoxiang Fan ,&nbsp;Chenrui Zhai","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113749","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113749","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study addresses the dual challenges of time-varying environmental responses and multi-objective optimization in retractable roof stadiums. We propose a hybrid framework integrating Convolutional Neural Network-Long Short-Term Memory (CNN-LSTM) and Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) to resolve competing environmental performance objectives, specifically addressing daylight and thermal comfort. Validated through a case study of a real retractable roof tennis court, the CNN-LSTM surrogate model achieved notable predictive accuracy with mean R² values of 0.948 for Period Spatial Useful Daylight Illuminance (psUDI) and 0.914 for Thermal Comfort Measure Points Percentage (TCMP). The retractable roof control strategy demonstrated significant performance enhancements, yielding an approximate 6.25-fold increase in the average psUDI and a 41.06 % improvement in the average TCMP compared to the fully open roof baseline. The framework and empirical findings provide theoretical foundation and a performance assessment tool for large-scale retractable roof stadiums, advancing the development of data-driven control strategies for dynamic building envelopes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"286 ","pages":"Article 113749"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance analysis of a decentralized DCV system for ventilation and energy use in Korean residential buildings","authors":"Joosang Lee,&nbsp;Bonghoon Jeong,&nbsp;Donghyun Kim,&nbsp;Dongjun Park,&nbsp;Sihyeon Kim,&nbsp;Taeyeon Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113739","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113739","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the applicability and performance of a decentralized demand-controlled ventilation (DCV) system in airtight South Korean residential buildings. In Korea, new residential buildings must install an energy recovery ventilator (ERV) to address both energy and indoor air quality, but pose from their conventional centralized ventilation. Unlike conventional centralized ventilation systems, which supply a uniform airflow regardless of occupancy, the decentralized DCV dynamically adjusts ventilation rates based on real-time occupancy status. A field experiment in a 59 m² apartment, using identical occupancy schedules, compared a baseline system with a decentralized DCV system. The DCV system maintained lower CO₂ concentrations, reducing time above 1000 ppm by up to 79 %, while increasing average fan energy consumption by only 9.2 %. EnergyPlus simulations were then performed for three representative apartment layouts (59 m², 84 m², and 135 m²) by applying three control scenarios under an identical occupancy schedule: (1) fixed-rate ventilation at 0.5 ACH, (2) schedule based DCV, and (3) schedule- and CO₂-threshold-based DCV. Scenario 3 achieved the most favorable balance between indoor air quality (IAQ) and energy efficiency, particularly in the 135 m² unit, where annual ventilation hours were reduced by over 94 % without exceeding the CO₂ threshold of 1000 ppm. These findings validate the effectiveness of decentralized DCV systems in mitigating unbalanced ventilation distribution and reducing energy waste in Korean residential buildings. The results provide empirical and simulation-based evidence for the feasibility of decentralized ventilation strategies in achieving both IAQ enhancement and energy conservation under realistic multi-zone occupancy conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"286 ","pages":"Article 113739"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New index and model of transient CO2 diffusion for personal air quality and demand-controlled ventilation in heating and cooling systems","authors":"Yuting Huang ,&nbsp;Guangcai Gong ,&nbsp;Shuisheng Li ,&nbsp;Naoki Ikegaya","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113746","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113746","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Evaluation metrics and prediction methods for carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration play a critical role in Demand–Controlled Ventilation (DCV) optimization. However, the non–uniform impact of pollution sources on transient CO₂ distribution in personal air quality (PAQ) is frequently overlooked. This study aims to propose a new equivalent CO₂ index (<em>E</em>_CO₂) and a computational CO₂ concentration (<em>C</em>_CO₂) model to investigate transient CO₂ diffusion. This method defines uniformly mixed reference concentration per unit time, background index for pinpointing the most disadvantaged breathing-zone with excessive CO₂ accumulation, and the correction factor for exhaled CO₂ at different heights; the model consists of air changes per hour (<em>ACH</em>), characteristics of occupant, temperature, pressure gradients, CO₂ exhaled rates, pollutant diffusion duration, and correction factor for varying breathing–zone heights. Transient CO₂ diffusion patterns for various ceiling and sidewall terminals of heating and cooling systems were investigated through analyzing experimental and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation results. Transient CFD simulation and the computation model were validated for effective prediction of CO₂ concentrations at varying breathing–zone heights. Under the unstable dynamic airflow system, CO₂ distribution was primarily governed by vertical convection/thermal plumes. The ceiling cooling has the smallest CO₂ concentration difference at different heights, which has a higher average <em>E</em>_CO₂ value. Under the stable thermally stratified system, the ceiling heating promoted horizontal pollutant diffusion. Moreover, the average positive <em>E</em>_CO₂ had increased by 4.9 % by optimizing the design scheme based on individual demand. This investigation quantifies non-uniform CO₂ distributions from pollution sources, enabling PAQ-based prediction and ventilation optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"286 ","pages":"Article 113746"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pervious surface fraction threshold and quantile-based optimization: A novel framework for heat mitigation in high-density urban areas","authors":"Zhifeng Wu ,&nbsp;Yue Qiu ,&nbsp;Yin Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113745","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113745","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban heat islands significantly exacerbate thermal discomfort, energy consumption, and public health risks in dense urban cores with limited green space. While landscape optimization is a recognized mitigation strategy, practical and quantifiable approaches for highly urbanized areas remain scarce. This study reconceptualizes the city as a continuous mosaic of intertwined grey (built) and green (vegetated) spaces. We apply a “downscale–classify–attribute” framework to analyze Urban Functional Zones along a grey-to-green continuum. Focusing on Beijing’s Fifth Ring Road area, we analyzed 11 landscape metrics across socioeconomic functional zones with Pervious Surface Fraction (PSF) segments (0–1 at 0.05 intervals). Results identified PSF = 0.5 as a critical threshold distinguishing two thermal regulation regimes. Below this value, building patterns (e.g., coverage ratio, height, sky view factor) dominate temperature regulation. In these low-PSF zones (&lt;0.5), a quantile-based optimization framework showed that stringent adjustments (90th/10th percentiles) yielded optimal cooling (up to 2.3 °C reduction) with broader spatial coverage, outperforming moderate and neutral approaches. Above PSF = 0.5, vegetation health (NDVI) becomes the primary regulator. For these areas, maintaining healthy vegetation is the priority. This study provides scientifically-grounded, fine-grained solutions tailored to mixed urban landscapes. Our dual-focused framework—architectural optimization for dense zones and vegetation standards for greener areas—offers a transferable strategy to resolve the urban density–thermal comfort paradox.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"286 ","pages":"Article 113745"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How residential green space exposure reshapes nonlinear relationships between physical activity and sleep quality in aging population:A case study in Nanjing, China","authors":"Tianyu Xia ,&nbsp;Xinyu Wang ,&nbsp;Bing Zhao ,&nbsp;Yuheng Mao ,&nbsp;LS Zhang ,&nbsp;Rhea Zhang ,&nbsp;Jinguang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113747","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113747","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Prior studies have identified associations between physical activity (PA) and sleep quality, yet the role of green space exposure in moderating this relationship among older adults remains underexplored. This study investigates the relationships between residential green space, PA, and sleep quality among older adults in Nanjing, China. Residential green space exposure was characterized using four metrics: 2D satellite-derived NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), 2.5D street view-based green view index, 3D point cloud-based vegetation ratio, and distance-based proximity to parks. PA levels were assessed using the Godin–Shephard Leisure-Time Physical Activity Questionnaire (GSLTPAQ). Sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), where lower scores indicate better sleep quality. Polynomial regression, two-stage least squares regression, and multivariate logistic regression were employed to evaluate nonlinear associations, with interaction analyses testing the moderating effects of green space metrics. The results revealed a nonlinear (inverse U-shaped) association between PA score and sleep quality. Specifically, moderate PA was associated with improved sleep outcomes, whereas high-intensity PA correlated with diminished sleep quality. Residential greenness (i.e., NDVI) moderated this relationship, with higher NDVI values corresponding to attenuated negative correlations between high-intensity PA and sleep quality. These findings underscore the potential role of residential green spaces in reshaping sleep-related outcomes for older adults, offering insights to inform urban planning and public health strategies aimed at fostering supportive environments for aging populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"286 ","pages":"Article 113747"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the effects of peppermint and dry ginger odor environments on human thermal sensation","authors":"Yulong Song ,&nbsp;Zhen Tong ,&nbsp;Xinran Wen ,&nbsp;Mengwei Li ,&nbsp;Hongyu Guan ,&nbsp;Songtao Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113731","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113731","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the continuous advancement of multisensory interaction research, the relationship between scent and thermal sensation has gradually become a topic of increasing interest. This study selected 24 participants who wore U- inhalers and were exposed to peppermint scent (with a cooling effect) and dry ginger scent (with a warming effect) in a randomized order under three environmental temperatures: 18 °C, 24 °C, and 30 °C. Psychological and physiological data were collected to analyze the impact of strong olfactory stimuli on thermal sensation. The results indicate that peppermint scent is most effective in high-temperature environments, significantly reducing thermal sensation votes (TSV), increasing thermal comfort votes (TCV), and raising diastolic blood pressure. Conversely, dry ginger scent is most effective in low-temperature environments, significantly increasing both TSV and TCV, while also elevating diastolic blood pressure. However, these effects on TSV were not reflected in skin temperature, respiratory rate, or heart rate. Correlation analysis showed that total EEG power is negatively correlated with comfort levels under neutral and cool conditions. Additionally, in low-temperature environments, TCV was negatively correlated with the LF/HF ratio. Furthermore, the PMV model was modified to incorporate odor effects, resulting in improved fit (R² = 0.76) with TSV compared to the original model (R² = 0.69), indicating a better fitting performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"286 ","pages":"Article 113731"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145120080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}