Building and Environment最新文献

{"title":"Novel full-size portable respiratory droplet sampler for quantification of virus release characteristics","authors":"Yuchen Shi ,&nbsp;Yanwan Shangguan ,&nbsp;Kaijin Xu ,&nbsp;Silan Gu ,&nbsp;Zhigang Wu ,&nbsp;Yanni Ma ,&nbsp;Xianghong Liu ,&nbsp;Jianjian Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114263","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114263","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Viral loads of different-sized droplets are fundamental for accurately assessing transmission risks of respiratory infectious diseases in indoor environments. However, current sampling techniques lack experimental data on exhaled droplets larger than 10 μm, posing a significant challenge in identifying the dominant transmission routes and preparing for the potential emergence of ‘Disease X’. This study developed a novel sampler based on the aerodynamic characteristics of respiratory droplets, including gravitational deposition and inertial impaction, to characterize viral loads in full-size-range respiratory droplets. The sampler components were designed and optimized through the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, and their performance was evaluated using inert particle aerosols, demonstrating effective collection of respiratory droplets across five size ranges: 1–2.5 μm, 2.5–5 μm, 5–10 μm, 10–50 μm, and &gt;50 μm. The sampler achieved over 84% collection efficiency for droplets larger than 50 μm, with minimal loss (&lt;15%) for droplets smaller than 10 μm, and consistent performance (fluctuations &lt;15%) across various respiratory conditions. In clinical validation, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in respiratory droplets from 4 out of 5 COVID-19 patients, ranging from nondetectable to 9.11 (&gt;50 μm), 8.17 (10–50 μm), 4.95 (5–10 μm) and 5.91 (1–5 μm) log₁₀ RNA copies per 15-min sampling, respectively. These findings offer a systematic quantification of SARS-CoV-2 viral distribution at the source, across the full-size-range of respiratory droplets, providing previously lacking data. This novel sampler enables comprehensive source characterization and supports effective non-pharmaceutical intervention strategies for infection control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114263"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing displacement ventilation in hospital wards during heating: Impact of local exhausts and airflow control elements","authors":"Shaoyu Sheng ,&nbsp;Toshio Yamanaka ,&nbsp;Tomohiro Kobayashi","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114253","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114253","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Achieving displacement ventilation (DV) during winter remains challenging, as buoyant supply air and cold drafts can disrupt the stratification essential for DV. Our previous work introduced an induction air-supply unit (IU) that premixes conditioned and indoor air, improving DV thermal comfort in summer and increasing fresh air delivery to the occupied zone in winter. Nevertheless, under heating conditions, the air supply to the occupied zone remained insufficient, and perimeter cold drafts continued to draw contaminants downward. Although a perimeter partition helped weaken pollutant transport and guide the air supply, overall ventilation efficiency remained constrained. This study investigates the combined use of local exhausts and passive airflow-control elements—including cubicle curtains, perimeter partitions, and ceiling hoods—to further improve winter DV performance. Full-scale experiments in a four-bed ward equipped with IUs and ceiling-mounted local exhausts were complemented by CFD simulations evaluating exhaust placement and flow-rate balance. Integrating local exhausts with cubicle curtains substantially enhanced ventilation effectiveness compared with a central exhaust, reducing normalized breathing-zone pollutant concentrations by more than 50 % (to ∼0.3) for perimeter patients, with the most favorable condition (below 0.1) observed for interior-bed emissions under ceiling-mounted curtains. Wall-adjacent exhausts provided more efficient capture, and overall performance depended on pollutant source location and exhaust flow distribution. As the culminating stage of our IU optimization research, this study demonstrates that practical passive airflow-control layouts, when combined with local exhausts, can achieve near-optimal winter ventilation without additional mechanical systems, effectively addressing the long-standing winter performance limitations of IUs and DV in hospital wards.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114253"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AI-driven morphological optimization for resilient retrofitting of mediterranean housing stock under compounded urban heat island and heatwave effects","authors":"Alireza Karimi,&nbsp;David Moreno-Rangel,&nbsp;Antonio García-Martínez","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114266","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114266","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The compounded effects of urban heatwaves (HW) and the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon threaten the thermal resilience of Mediterranean residential buildings; yet, few studies evaluate building performance under localized future climate conditions. This study addresses this gap by combining high-resolution climate projections (EURO<img>CORDEX) with UHI adjustments to generate localized weather files for Madrid across historical (2006–2020), mid-term (2040–2060), and long-term (2080–2100) periods under RCP8.5. Twenty residential building archetypes were simulated in EnergyPlus to evaluate energy use intensity (EUI) and operational carbon intensity (OCI) during peak thermal stress events.</div><div>Key findings show that mean air temperature during HW events may increase by ∼3.5 °C by 2100, potentially doubling cooling energy demand. The results identify a significant \"resilience gap\": compact, well-oriented buildings achieved up to 27% lower EUI compared to less resilient typologies under identical code-compliant upgrades. Geometry-optimized designs identified via machine learning and genetic algorithms reduced EUI by up to 18% and OCI by up to 22% relative to baseline designs. Notably, up to 45% of today’s retrofitted buildings are projected to fail compliance with future CTE cooling limits, highlighting a critical need for regulatory reform.</div><div>This study demonstrates the combined value of localized climate data and generative AI to inform \"form-first\" resilience strategies. We propose a three-tier reform for building codes, incorporating morphological resilience coefficients and AI-assisted compliance probes to ensure Mediterranean housing remains habitable and sustainable under 21st-century climatic extremes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114266"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of urban block morphology on seasonal solar irradiation in high-density urban canyons","authors":"Jingjin Li,&nbsp;Zijun He,&nbsp;Jiajie Lu,&nbsp;Yuxiao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114221","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114221","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As essential public realms, street canyons play a critical role in shaping both pedestrian thermal comfort and the potential for solar energy utilization. In high-density urban settings, however, maintaining adequate solar access is increasingly constrained by intensive surrounding development. This study investigates the city of Wuxi, characterized by hot summers and cold winters, to explore how urban morphology influences seasonal solar radiation distribution. A ∼10 km² representative area was selected, encompassing three prototypical block typologies—setback towers, courtyard blocks, and linear blocks—each reflecting distinct development intensities. Parametric solar radiation simulations were performed using Grasshopper and Radiance to assess solar exposure on vehicular lanes and pedestrian sidewalks across different seasonal periods. Random Forest regression and SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) analysis were employed to identify key morphological determinants of street-level solar access. The findings reveal that streets within courtyard block typologies receive 25.3%–26.3% less cumulative solar radiation compared to the other forms under equivalent conditions. Sidewalks consistently receive 4.2%–7.5% less radiation than adjacent carriageways. A strong negative correlation (R² ≈ 0.63) was observed between overall building intensity and street-level solar exposure, while single-variable metrics (e.g., building coverage ratio, height) showed limited predictive value. These insights offer a quantitative foundation for early-stage urban design decisions, enabling planners to optimize block typologies for enhanced solar performance in dense urban contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114221"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145947994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-energy complementary optimization for low-carbon public buildings with thermal comfort and time-of-use electricity constraints: life-cycle cost-benefit and global sensitivity analysis","authors":"Ya Sun ,&nbsp;Yu-Jie Hu ,&nbsp;Yao Tao ,&nbsp;Bao-Jun Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114222","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114222","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In trying to solve the surge in carbon emissions (CO₂) caused by the growth in energy demand in Chinese public buildings (PB), scholars have focused on PB’s low-carbon development. However, existing research has mainly focused on the low-carbon benefits of buildings, with further investigation needed into user comfort and electricity pricing considerations. Therefore, this study develops a multi‑energy optimization framework to support low‑carbon transitions of Chinese PB while ensuring occupant thermal comfort and accounting for time‑of‑use (TOU) electricity pricing. Firstly, this study employs SketchUp and EnergyPlus to simulate the initial Energy Consumption (EC). Secondly, it develops four scenarios. Scenario 1 focuses solely on photovoltaic (PV) systems. Scenario 2 incorporates Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) as well as photovoltaics. Scenario 3 builds on Scenario 2 by improving the energy efficiency of the building envelope. Scenario 4 builds on Scenario 3 by incorporating TOU pricing. We then develop a multi-energy life-cycle cost-benefit (LCB) optimization model that includes carbon emission (ECO₂) reduction, which is solved using NSGA-II. Moreover, user behaviors are explicitly modelled and thermal comfort is quantified by Predicted Mean Vote and Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied indicators metrics to capture dynamic interactions among thermal comfort, EC and Electricity Price (EP). Results indicate Scenario 1 attains the lowest LCB, whereas Scenario 2 reduces ECO₂ by about 60.06% at a 53.25% higher LCB relative to Scenario 1, highlighting trade‑offs between cost and decarbonization. Scenario 4 is preferred by low‑carbon‑oriented stakeholders; cost‑sensitive users favor Scenario 1; balanced objectives point to Scenario 2. Under TOU, Scenario 4 moderates peak EC growth (7.83% at 10:00–12:00 vs. max 16.14% at 02:00–04:00). Global sensitivity analysis shows electricity price, peak sunlight hours and investment cost dominate system outcomes (sensitivity indices &gt; 0.98). The findings provide practical guidance for prioritizing PV and GSHP deployment, envelope retrofits and TOU design to achieve comfort‑compliant, cost‑effective decarbonization of PB.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114222"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal and architectural drivers of microbial and potential pathogen communities in dormitories","authors":"Junming Ye ,&nbsp;Hafiz Adeel Ahmad ,&nbsp;Zhengyu Chen ,&nbsp;Dehong Chen ,&nbsp;Yiqi Tao ,&nbsp;Jiang Wu ,&nbsp;Lei Su ,&nbsp;Bo Yang ,&nbsp;Tang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114257","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114257","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The indoor microbiome significantly influences resident health, particularly in densely populated environments like student dormitories. These settings are influenced by both architectural design and seasonal variations, both of which subsequently affect the dynamics of microbial communities and the occurrence of potential pathogens. However, little is known about how architectural features influence dormitory microorganisms across different seasons in hot-humid climates. In this study, 96 samples were collected from dormitories in Shenzhen with varying architectural characteristics across both dry and wet seasons. 16S rRNA sequencing identified 14,156 high-quality amplicon sequence variants. Dormitories, incorporating commercial shops on the first floor, enhanced human activity and external microbial input, exhibited higher Shannon diversity and richness. Conversely, reduced openness and living spaces were correlated with a higher abundance of potential pathogens. Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling indicated microbial dynamics were jointly driven by seasons and architecture, with Procrustes analysis showing strong congruence between pathogenic and total microbial communities. Structural equation modeling indicated that design factors and seasonal changes jointly regulated potential pathogenic abundance. During the dry season, dormitory openness (DO) and sunshade construction length mainly affected the pathogen via illuminance. In the wet season, DO and per capita living area significantly impacted pathogens by affecting relative humidity. Null and neutral models showed stochastic processes dominated microbial assembly, especially among pathogens. Modularity analyses revealed stronger clustering within pathogenic bacteria promoting persistence and spread. Pathogen variation was greater across architectural features than between seasons. Overall, architectural design critically shaped indoor microbiomes and potential health risks, underscoring its role in developing healthier building strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114257"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CFD investigation of indoor airflow and heat removal during night cooling with ceiling and attic ventilation in a residential building","authors":"Mutmainnah Sudirman ,&nbsp;Twan van Hooff ,&nbsp;Stefanie Gillmeier ,&nbsp;Bert Blocken","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.114159","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.114159","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the cooling potential of a perforated ceiling as part of a night-time ventilation technique for residential buildings in tropical climates. 3D steady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes computational fluid dynamics simulations were carried out under non-isothermal conditions (wind and buoyancy-driven ventilation) for an isolated realistic single-story residential building with internal partitions and a pitched roof. Three different building ventilation configurations were assessed, i.e. cross-ventilation through window openings on the windward and leeward walls (C1), configuration C1 but with a perforated ceiling and attic ventilation (C2), single-sided ventilation through the windward window opening combined with a perforated ceiling and attic ventilation (C3). The results show that C2 performs better than C1 and C3, as it allows the most efficient heat removal from the occupied zone, resulting in a reduction of the volume-average mean air temperature within the rooms. Configuration C2 resulted in a 98% higher heat removal effectiveness (HRE) and a 20% higher air exchange rate (ACH) than the reference case (C1). Decreasing the porosity of the perforated ceiling for C2, from <em>φ</em> = 40% to <em>φ</em> = 33%, resulted in a reduction of HRE and ACH of 32% and 7%, respectively. Furthermore, different approach-flow angles (i.e. α = -60°; α = -30°; α = 0°; α = 30°; α = 60°) did not significantly affect HRE and ACH within the unpartitioned side of the building (Room 1 (R1)), while a substantial effect was found for the partitioned side (R2/R3). Overall, C2 outperforms C1 and C3 with respect to heat removal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114159"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145947964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitigating near-wall contaminant exposure in industrial plants via local swirling-flow ventilation system","authors":"Yifan An,&nbsp;Yonggang Lei,&nbsp;Baocun Du,&nbsp;Chongfang Song,&nbsp;Wuxuan Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114261","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114261","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vortex-flow ventilation systems have demonstrated substantial potential for contaminant control and energy efficiency in industrial environments. However, their performance deteriorates when addressing near-wall contaminant sources, which restricts wider applications. To overcome this limitation, a novel local swirling-flow (LSF) ventilation system was developed and evaluated. The system was evaluated through a 1:50 scale model experiment and three-dimensional numerical simulations. Key geometric and operational parameters—including the rectangular cylinder (bluff body) width and offset, exhaust outlet position, and airflow rate—were systematically investigated using dimensionless analysis and orthogonal testing. The swirl strength criterion was employed to accurately identify vortex regions, ensuring reliable assessment of vortex stability and contaminant capture. Results indicate that the rectangular cylinder width, lateral offset, and exhaust outlet location are the dominant factors controlling the effective contaminant capture area (<em>A</em>_eff). Optimal performance is achieved with a non-dimensional cylinder offset of 0.5 and the exhaust outlet adjacent to the narrow-side supply jet. Reduced cylinder thickness enhances vortex formation and stability, while airflow rate exhibits a non-monotonic effect: moderate increases improve <em>A</em>_eff, whereas excessive airflow rate can destabilize the columnar swirling-flow and facilitate contminant escape. These findings not only provide practical design guidelines for near-wall contaminant control but also demonstrate the methodological and application novelty of the LSF ventilation system, extending the applicability of vortex-based ventilation in industrial workshops.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114261"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncovering biases in standard occupancy assumptions using urban-scale mobile signaling data","authors":"Shuyi Chen ,&nbsp;Yihu Zhang ,&nbsp;Jun Xiao ,&nbsp;Ziliang Wei ,&nbsp;Yangyang Wang ,&nbsp;Yixing Chen ,&nbsp;Hao Zhou ,&nbsp;Yang Geng ,&nbsp;Borong Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.114161","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.114161","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate representation of building occupancy is essential for energy demand estimation and urban energy system planning. However, most studies still rely on standard reference occupancy patterns from design codes, which neither reflect recent societal shifts nor capture the complexity required for urban building energy modeling (UBEM). To address these challenges, this study conducts a comprehensive investigation of building occupancy using urban-scale mobile signaling data (MSD). By integrating MSD with building attributes and behavioral knowledge, we develop a downscaling framework that generates hourly building occupancy profiles (persons/m²) and quantifies the biases in standard reference patterns. Applied to more than 200,000 buildings in Beijing, the framework reveals the actual occupancy dynamics across nine building types. The MSD-based profiles achieve 50–86 % higher accuracy than standard references, with an RMSE of 0.003–0.005 when validated against on-site counts. Results reveal substantial discrepancies in widely used standard reference occupancy patterns particularly during weekday daytime: residential occupancy is underestimated by 46–93 %, whereas non-residential occupancy is overestimated by 158–277 %. These deviations propagate into energy simulations, leading to deviations ranging from -15.1 % to +21.8 % in annual end-use consumption and -71.7 % to +36.6 % in hourly electricity use under hot weather. The occupancy biases likely stem from evolving building use patterns and the limits of building-level standards in capturing urban-scale uncertainty. This study underscores the need for updated, scenario-specific reference values to improve occupancy assumptions in both building- and urban-scale energy modeling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114161"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145947954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decoding occupant behavior in shared spaces of open-plan offices: A multi-sensor data fusion and machine learning approach","authors":"Xinting Gao ,&nbsp;Mufeng Yuan ,&nbsp;Yuren Yang ,&nbsp;Shuyang Zhang ,&nbsp;Jiazhi Ni ,&nbsp;Weimin Zhuang ,&nbsp;Yang Geng","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114281","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114281","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Open-plan office shared spaces are essential to employee well-being, reflecting genuine behavioral responses to environmental quality. This study proposes a data-driven approach using multi-sensor spatiotemporal data fusion for automated spatial evaluation. In a representative open-plan technology office building, ubiquitous sensing collected approximately 210 thousand positioning records and 5.6 million light–thermal environment measurements, together with structured spatial design data, from 25 breakout areas over 21 days. The data revealed distinct spatial patterns of behavior and environment, allowing shared spaces to be classified into four stay-duration types. Based on a 10-min average stay interval, univariate regression identified key factors influencing occupancy. Random forest and interpretable models further confirmed that openness, distance to workstations, temperature, illumination, and area were the most influential variables affecting space utilization. Subjective comfort assessments validated the reliability of the sensor-based results, showing a consistency coefficient of 0.81. These findings establish a multi-dimensional framework for behavioral research in the built environment and provide practical guidance for architects, facility managers, employees, and corporate administrators.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114281"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}