Building and Environment最新文献

{"title":"A systematic review framework for environmental security indicators in neuro-urbanism and neuro-landscape contexts","authors":"Reyhaneh Raisi,&nbsp;Mohsen Faizi,&nbsp;Mehdi Khakzand","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113428","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113428","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Security as a key element in public space design has great importance in the interaction between environment and humans. Various theories under the title of environmental security have emerged, which assess this index in the environment through different field and questionnaire methods. Nowadays, with the emergence of the new approach called neuro-architecture and neuro-landscape, which evaluates human cognitive, perceptual, and emotional performance using neuroscience tools in response to build environments, the sense of security can also be assessed. This review article aims to identify environmental security indicators in this approach by evaluating environmental security through the lens of neuro-architecture. As a result, using the PRISMA systematic method, it has identified 11 articles that assess environmental security through neuro-architecture and neuro-landscape. The analysis of the obtained articles, in addition to providing suitable methods for evaluating environmental security using neuroscience tools and control factors and research gaps, shows that environmental security through neuro-architecture encompasses two aspects: emotion and health, offering a different definition compared to previous theories that predominantly view safe environments through a criminology perspective.</div><div>Accordingly, the proposed framework identifies key indicators across two main domains: health-related dimensions (e.g., physical, mental, and physiological comfort) and emotional-cognitive states (e.g., stress, safety, Arousal, Excitement, engagement, frustration, Focus, interest, and relaxation), thereby offering a neuroscience-based perspective on environmental security.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"284 ","pages":"Article 113428"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144680712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing lighting layouts in enclosed cabins: Multimodal impacts on operators and EEG-based emotion modeling","authors":"Yao Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaojiao Xie ,&nbsp;Xian Zhang ,&nbsp;XinWei Guan ,&nbsp;Zhiming Gou ,&nbsp;Dengkai Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113444","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113444","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Enclosed cabins play a vital role in aerospace, maritime navigation, and deep-sea exploration, where lighting critically impacts operator performance. This study explores the multimodal effects of lighting layouts on operators and develops an emotion prediction model based on electroencephalogram (EEG) features. Three lighting layouts (JL, XL, HL) and two illuminance levels (300 lux, 700 lux) were tested, recording operators' physiological signals, psychological states, and behavioral responses during cognitive tasks. The results show that the JL layout performs best in enhancing task performance and optimizing emotional states, especially under 700 lux conditions. The XL layout performs better under 300 lux but may increase physiological stress in high-illuminance environments. The HL layout enhances alertness but may increase cognitive load and induce negative emotions. Further analysis of EEG features and their combinations for emotion prediction revealed that event-related potential (ERP) features play a key role in emotion recognition, with either solo use or combined with other features improving classification performance. The k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) classifier showed the most stable performance in cross-validation and test accuracy, achieving the highest test accuracy of 87.5% with ERP features. This research provides theoretical and experimental support for optimizing lighting environments in enclosed cabins, improving personnel efficiency, and regulating emotions, offering valuable insights for task design and human-computer interaction optimization in confined environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"284 ","pages":"Article 113444"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144662481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on the thermal performance of thermally activated internal louvers","authors":"Ro-Sa Seo ,&nbsp;Kyu-Nam Rhee","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113440","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113440","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shading devices are commonly used to regulate building energy consumption, with internal shading devices being particularly effective in enabling occupants to control indoor thermal conditions and enhance comfort. This study proposes a thermally activated internal louver (TAIL) that integrates water pipes with Venetian louvers as an internal shading device. The effects of the TAIL on indoor thermal conditions and cooling energy consumption were experimentally analyzed during the cooling season in Busan, South Korea, which is characterized by hot and humid summers. Six experimental cases were established based on TAIL activation and louver angles. A solar simulator was used to represent indoor summer solar radiation. The results demonstrated that TAIL activation reduced the air and operative temperatures in the perimeter zone and minimized the temperature differences between the perimeter and interior zones as the louver angle increased. The predicted mean vote (PMV) decreased by up to 0.72, indicating improved thermal comfort. The vertical air temperature differences increased with the TAIL activation and decreased as the louver angle increased. In terms of the cooling performance, the TAIL increased the total cooling capacity while reducing the on-time ratio, facilitating faster heat removal. In addition, TAIL operation enhanced chiller efficiency by increasing system ΔT by 0.94–1.15 °C, reducing energy consumption by up to 14.5 %. These findings confirm that the TAIL improves the perimeter-zone thermal environment, promotes uniform indoor temperatures, and enhances energy efficiency. This study provides insights into the operational feasibility of thermally activated internal louvers for the thermal regulation of indoor spaces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"284 ","pages":"Article 113440"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144686870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive filtering AHU: A novel approach for balancing the efficient filtering performance and energy conservation","authors":"Shibo Wang ,&nbsp;Bo Xiang ,&nbsp;Chaoyan Sun ,&nbsp;Pengfei Si ,&nbsp;Lijun Shi ,&nbsp;Jikang Jia ,&nbsp;Yingjun Guo ,&nbsp;Ping Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113374","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113374","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The efficient retention of PM2.5 represents a key measure for enhancing indoor air quality. However, the dynamic nature of PM2.5 concentrations complicates the synergistic optimization of filtration efficiency and operational energy consumption. Current research primarily concentrates on two approaches: (1) developing intelligent dynamic control systems, and (2) enhancing filter material performance. Nevertheless, owing to limitations in system stability and adaptability, these methods exhibit constrained effectiveness in practical engineering applications. Based on these considerations, this study proposes an adaptive air filtration system incorporating dynamic dual air duct regulation. The proposed system employs a parallel architecture comprising a high-efficiency filtration duct and a bypass duct. Through dynamic adjustment of the inter-duct air flow ratio in response to real-time PM2.5 concentration, this configuration enables on-demand filtration while minimizing energy losses attributable to filtration resistance. Testing reveals that modulating the bypass ratios (20–80 %) achieve a 30 % reduction in fan power consumption. During heavy pollution episodes, the system demonstrates: (1) a 90.1 % improvement in PM2.5 standard attainment duration versus two-stage filtration, and (2) 26 % energy reduction compared to three-stage systems. Computational analyses across varying spatiotemporal conditions reveals that the adaptive system demonstrates superior performance under dynamic high-pollution scenarios, where its responsive control mechanism optimizes energy efficiency. These findings not only empirically validate the technical superiority of the dual air duct dynamic regulation system in resolving the inherent trade-off between filtration efficiency and energy conservation, but also present an innovative approach for advancing intelligent, health-conscious, and low-carbon indoor environmental control systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"284 ","pages":"Article 113374"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144680715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate-adaptive windcatcher natural ventilation integrated with passive and low-energy technologies: A review of current and future developments","authors":"Jiaxiang Li ,&nbsp;John Calautit ,&nbsp;Carlos Jimenez-Bescos ,&nbsp;Wenjie Song ,&nbsp;Saffa Riffat ,&nbsp;Qun Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113436","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113436","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The integration of natural ventilation systems, such as windcatchers, in modern buildings has garnered interest due to rising energy costs and the need for sustainable practices. Windcatchers have been adapted in many regions to enhance indoor air quality and comfort while reducing reliance on mechanical systems and air conditioners. However, extreme climates, such as hot, humid, and cold conditions, pose challenges to effective windcatcher ventilation. Consequently, passive or low-energy cooling, heating and dehumidification technologies have been developed and integrated into windcatchers to improve thermal performance. Despite extensive research, a comprehensive review synthesizing windcatcher integration with passive and low-energy technologies across diverse climates is lacking. Existing studies often focus on specific elements or singular climatic conditions, leaving a gap in understanding the holistic application and optimization of these systems in various environments. This review addresses this gap by analyzing 147 studies on windcatchers and integrating windcatchers with technologies such as evaporative cooling, earth-air heat exchangers, heat pipes, and phase change materials. It evaluates the performance of these systems in hot and arid, temperate, tropical, continental, and polar climates, offering insights into their effectiveness and challenges. Key findings indicate that windcatchers with evaporative cooling effectively reduce indoor temperatures in hot, arid climates, though water scarcity remains a limitation. Earth-air heat exchangers and passive heat recovery technologies enhance efficiency in temperate regions, while indirect evaporative cooling is promising for humidity management in tropical climates. For continental and polar climates, integrating windcatchers with stoves, heat recovery, and solar thermal technologies is proposed, as traditional designs are inadequate in extreme cold. The review offers tailored recommendations for windcatcher designs across climates, guiding future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"284 ","pages":"Article 113436"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144723775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards predictive maintenance: A performance evaluation framework for cooling towers in HVAC systems","authors":"Si WU ,&nbsp;Pu YANG ,&nbsp;Dingqian LI ,&nbsp;Guanghao CHEN ,&nbsp;Zhe WANG","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113443","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113443","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cooling towers are essential for heat rejection in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, especially for large scale buildings, but have historically received less research attention compared with other HVAC equipment. However, with the increasing adoption of “multi-tower – multi-pump – multi-chiller” configurations and the widespread integration of variable frequency drives (VFDs) in cooling towers and condenser water pumps for the purpose of energy saving, the demand for the operational optimization and predictive maintenance of cooling towers has grown significantly. To address this need, this study proposes a performance evaluation framework toward predictive maintenance, integrating both physics-informed and data-driven approaches. The framework enables in situ thermal performance assessment and early detection of potential degradation using operational data, without requiring system shutdowns. Maintenance decisions are guided by two key components: (1) characteristic curves derived from Merkel theory, serving as a benchmark for performance evaluation, and (2) model predictive accuracy and prediction interval (PI) reliability metrics, which indicate performance degradation and potential maintenance benefits. The proposed framework was validated using real-world operational data from a data center cooling plant. Compared to existing evaluation methods, it eliminates the reliance on complex lookup tables, interpolation, or intrusive testing. By providing a scalable and practical solution, the framework supports energy-efficient and reliable cooling tower operation, and serves as a foundation for predictive maintenance deployment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"284 ","pages":"Article 113443"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144695027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NVAPF: An adaptive particle filter algorithm for CO2-based natural ventilation rate estimation with high temporal resolution and stability","authors":"Sen Miao,&nbsp;Marta Gangolells,&nbsp;Blanca Tejedor","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113432","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113432","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>CO₂-based ventilation rate estimation techniques have been widely used in relevant studies in naturally ventilated educational buildings. Such techniques are non-invasive, low-cost, simple, accurate, and do not interfere with the activities of indoor occupants. However, the estimation is significantly affected by the CO₂ measurement noise, the uncertainties associated with CO₂ generation rate, and complex natural ventilation dynamics. Existing techniques were found to have limited capabilities to deal with these aspects. Therefore, this research proposed an adaptive particle filter algorithm for CO₂-based natural ventilation rate estimation and validated it through a case study in an educational building. Compared with the existing transient mass balance model and the extended Kalman filter technique, the estimation stability has been improved by nearly 6 times and 3 times, respectively. More importantly, the proposed algorithm is significantly more robust to abrupt changes in indoor CO₂ and can effectively avoid large drifts in the estimated ventilation rate due to sudden window opening and sudden changes in room occupancy, demonstrating great practical applicability for real-time estimation with a high temporal resolution of 1 minute. To help relevant users with practical applications, the study also analyzed the algorithm parameter settings and the impact of simplification strategies commonly used in relevant studies, such as the use of a fixed outdoor CO₂ concentration, an averaged CO₂ generation rate, and an assumed constant room occupancy. Finally, considering that applying the proposed algorithm requires programming skills, an open, user-friendly software has been developed for relevant users for a convenient implementation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 113432"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144652968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics, sources and risk assessment of volatile organic compounds in a subway environment - A case study in Xi’an, China","authors":"Meng Xiu ,&nbsp;Yan Cheng ,&nbsp;Shuting Liu ,&nbsp;Yu Huang ,&nbsp;Yonggang Xue ,&nbsp;Yan Li ,&nbsp;Yanan Meng ,&nbsp;Rohan Jayaratne ,&nbsp;Xianyu Wang ,&nbsp;Phong K. Thai ,&nbsp;Alma Lorelei de Jesus ,&nbsp;Lidia Morawska","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113438","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113438","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are ubiquitous, with toxicity that pose risks to human health and the environment. The adverse effects of VOCs could be higher in the subway environment due to possible accumulation because of inadequate ventilation. However, systematic and comprehensive studies on VOCs pollution in subway environments are lacking. This paper investigated the types and pollution characteristics of VOCs in 4 different lines of the Xi'an Subways including carriages, platforms and concourses, aiming to identify the pollution sources, to assess the influencing factors for VOC concentrations, and to evaluate the health risks of VOC exposure. A total of 113 VOCs were detected with propionaldehyde having the highest concentration (39±17 µg/m³), followed by acetone (29±13 µg/m³), acetaldehyde (23±15 µg/m³), methylene chloride (17±24 µg/m³), and formaldehyde (12±40 µg/m³). Several factors, including the number of passengers, subway operation period, and the track position, have been identified to affect the VOC concentrations in carriages. VOC concentrations are decreasing from underground platform &gt; elevated platform &gt; underground concourse &gt; ground platform. Decorative materials, outdoor sources, human body emissions, and cleaning supplies were the main sources of VOCs in subway carriages with human body emissions as the largest contributor (35.42 %). The carcinogenic risk to passengers of formaldehyde (3.86 × 10^–5), methylene chloride (1.76 × 10^–5), acetaldehyde (1.23 × 10^–5), trichloromethane (8.17 × 10^–6), 1, 2-dichloroethane (4.82 × 10^–6), 1, 2-dichloropropane (3.05 × 10^–6) and 1, 3-butadiene (1.08 × 10^–6) were above the acceptable risk level (≤10^–6). These results provide scientific basis for planning the improvement of the air quality of in subway system now and in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 113438"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144652987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of temperature and heat transfer on formaldehyde emissions from the medium density fiberboard: An experimental investigation","authors":"Yingrui Zhu,&nbsp;Weihui Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113431","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113431","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Formaldehyde emissions from building materials pose serious health risks. Temperature influences these emissions, which can vary considerably within buildings. To verify the validity of the common-used instantaneous equilibrium assumption and to investigate the effects of heat transfer on formaldehyde emissions, experiments were conducted using medium-density fiberboard (MDF) in a dynamic environmental chamber under four thermal equilibrium conditions (15 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C, and 35 °C) and four heat transfer scenarios with initial material (environment) temperature and relative humidity controlled at 25 °C 50 % (35 °C 50 %), 35 °C 50 % (25 °C 50 %), 30 °C 76 % (25 °C 50 %) and 18 °C 37 % (25 °C 50 %). The initial conditions of materials were maintained by introducing an equilibrium stage. Under thermal equilibrium conditions, formaldehyde emissions increased with temperature rose. The initial emittable concentration (<em>C₀</em>) rose fourfold from 6.00 × 10⁸ μg/m³ at 15 °C to 2.40 × 10⁹ μg/m³ at 35 °C. Under heat transfer conditions, thermal gradients induced coupled heat-moisture transfer in the MDF. Heat transfer ended within 2–4 h, while moisture transfer persisted for 40–80 h which might be the main cause of emission variations, invalidating the instantaneous equilibrium assumption. Heat transfer conditions significantly altered emission profiles: environment-to-material transfer elevated formaldehyde concentrations by more than 10 % above equilibrium values, while material-to-environment transfer suppressed emissions. Regressed key emission parameters also exhibited heat transfer sensitivity, with <em>C₀</em> and diffusion coefficients (<em>D_m</em>) deviating by 10 % and 20 %. These findings challenge conventional equilibrium-based models, highlighting the necessity of incorporating transient thermal effects for accurate formaldehyde emission predictions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 113431"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144633107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring influences of rural morphology on building cluster energy consumption and retrofit performance: A case study of Nanjing, China","authors":"Jiang Liu ,&nbsp;Changhai Peng ,&nbsp;Junxue Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113427","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113427","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rural building retrofit plays a pivotal role in achieving national energy goals and enhancing residential well-being. However, due to the neglect of village morphology, its progress and effectiveness are impeded. To address this issue, this study examined 300 rural building groups, including traditional and non-traditional villages in Nanjing, China. Combining URBANopt SDK with a SHAP value-based machine learning model, we quantified the impact of rural morphology on building cluster energy use intensity (EUI) and retrofit performance for the first time. Furthermore, to account for rising energy demands in rural regions, a high-intensity energy use pattern was introduced to evaluate the long-term dynamics of morphological effects. The results show that average building footprint area (BFPA) is the most influential morphology. As BFPA increases from 50 to 100 m², cluster EUI declines linearly. Roof insulation proved the most effective retrofit measure, yielding EUI savings exceeding 6 % and 10 % in current and future scenarios, respectively. With rising energy demand, morphological influences intensify: the EUI gap between clusters with minimum and maximum BFPAs widened to 14.6 %, while energy-saving rates for all measures nearly doubled. These findings highlight the necessity to incorporate rural morphology into building energy retrofit, particularly in a future of growing energy demand.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"284 ","pages":"Article 113427"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144662480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}