Building and Environment最新文献

{"title":"Quantifying the effects of luminous properties on human visual and non-visual responses in indoor environments: An integrative lighting network","authors":"Dandan Hou ,&nbsp;Ming Ronnier Luo ,&nbsp;Yandan Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112302","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112302","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Artificial lighting is a critical element in indoor environments such as offices, educational facilities, and healthcare settings. However, the dose-response relationships between luminous properties and human responses remain unclear, hindering the scientific determination of lighting parameters in indoor design. This study aims to quantify the impact of luminous properties on human visual and non-visual responses through psychophysical experiments, exploring the correlations and causal relationships between these responses and environmental factors, ultimately establishing a quantitative integrative lighting network. Within the neuroscientific framework of visual and non-visual pathways, this study hypothesizes that 18 luminous properties positively influence five typical human responses: visual preference, visual performance, fatigue, alertness, and emotion. Data were collected from 65 participants (30 males and 35 females) under 28 common indoor lighting conditions by Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS), preference scale, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), d2 Test of Attention, and fatigue scale. Correlation and multiple linear regression analyses identified significant luminous properties associated with human responses and developed optimal regression models that explained 58.7 % of the variance in visual preference, 75.5 % in visual performance, 57.0 % in fatigue, 70.2 % in alertness, and 59.0 % in positive emotion. Further mediation regression analysis revealed the influence of color quality (V1) on alertness was fully mediated by the impact of spectrum on non-visual components (NV), as was the influence of light distribution and illuminance (V2) on emotion. Based on these findings, an integrative lighting network was constructed, providing essential quantitative evidence and guidelines for designing indoor lighting environments to meet diverse functional needs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 112302"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survival time analysis of the relationship between the residential environment and residents’ health status","authors":"Tomomitsu Kamata ,&nbsp;Junta Nakano ,&nbsp;Ryota Fujii ,&nbsp;Shuzo Murakami ,&nbsp;Toshiharu Ikaga ,&nbsp;Shun Kawakubo","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112305","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112305","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Based on numerous cross-sectional analyses, the residential environment has been identified to have an impact on residents’ health status. However, there has been little study of whether these impacts persist in the long term or diminish over time. Accordingly, the present study used data tracking of more than 15,000 residents for nearly 10 years to examine the long-term relationships between the residential environment and residents’ health status using the Kaplan–Meier method and discrete time logit models. The results revealed that higher comprehensive assessment of the thermal, acoustic, light, hygiene, safety, and security environment in the residence is likely to extend the period until health deteriorates. Specifically, the period until low subjective health perception was about 2 years longer for residents in the top 16% of assessments of the residential environment compared with the national average assessment. This trend was also supported by supplementary analyses using the incidence of 10 types of non-communicable diseases: diabetes mellitus, cerebrovascular diseases, disorders of conjunctiva, hypertensive diseases, heart diseases, upper respiratory tract disorders, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, dermatitis and eczema, and inflammatory arthropathies. These findings are relevant for a wide range of stakeholders, from individual residents to policymakers, and highlight that a good residential environment effectively promotes healthy longevity. This study will serve as a starting point for further long-term studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 112305"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142657884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictive models of tranquility in urban public open spaces based on audiovisual indicators analysis","authors":"Wei Yan ,&nbsp;Qi Meng ,&nbsp;Yuxin Yin ,&nbsp;Da Yang ,&nbsp;Mengmeng Li ,&nbsp;Jian Kang","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112260","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112260","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tranquil areas significantly enhance residential environmental quality and social well-being. However, a structured predictive assessment mechanism has yet to be established. This study develops prediction models for diverse places by conducting tranquility analyses based on 91 sample sites, integrating 10 objective and 31 subjective audiovisual indicators. The results indicate: (1) For auditory aspects, objective indicators such as sound level and psychoacoustic parameters demonstrate higher explanatory power compared to subjective indicators. By contrast, for visual aspects, subjective indicators such as perceived intensity and evaluation demonstrate higher explanatory power than objective indicators. (2) Sensitivity to sound is higher than to visual stimuli when perceiving tranquility. Negative elements (e.g., artificial sounds (AS): <em>r</em> = -0.69, <em>p</em> ≤ 0.05, other artificial elements (OAE): <em>r</em> = -0.41, <em>p</em> ≤ 0.05) have a stronger impact than positive elements (e.g., natural sounds (NS): <em>r</em> = 0.62, <em>p</em> ≤ 0.05, natural elements (NE): <em>r</em> = 0.29, <em>p</em> ≤ 0.05). (3) Key predictive variables for potential tranquil areas include the number of noises (NN), natural sounds/artificial sounds (NS/AS), civilization level (CL), Loudness, and natural contextual elements/other artificial elements (NCE/OAE). For natural places, AS and the number of people (NP) are key predictive variables. Similarly, for historical and cultural places, L_A90, NN, and OAE are key predictive variables. These findings can be applied to the prediction, identification, and evaluation of different types of urban tranquil areas, thereby guiding their creation and optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 112260"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CFD simulation of the stratified atmospheric boundary layer: Consistency between Monin-Obukhov similarity theory and the standard k-ε model","authors":"Hao (Simone) Wang ,&nbsp;Bert Blocken ,&nbsp;Zhang Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112284","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112284","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Including thermal stratification in CFD simulations of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) flow is important for a wide range of applications, from pollutant dispersion over wind energy farm performance to urban thermal microclimate. One of the most important prerequisites for accurate CFD simulations of thermally stratified ABL flow is horizontal homogeneity. Horizontal homogeneity refers to the absence of unintended streamwise gradients in the approach-flow profiles of mean velocity, turbulence quantities and temperature when flowing from the inlet of the domain to the location of interest in the domain, over uniformly rough level terrain. This paper proposes a generic and consistent solution to maintain horizontal homogeneity in CFD simulations of Monin-Obukhov similarity theory (MOST) based stratified ABL flow. A new description is proposed for the coefficient <span><math><msub><mi>C</mi><mrow><mrow><mi>ε</mi></mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>, which appears in the buoyancy term in the transport equation of the turbulence dissipation rate. This proposed solution is successfully demonstrated by simulations in an empty domain for four stability conditions (<em>1/L</em> = 1/152.4 m⁻¹, 1/1071.7 m⁻¹, 0 m⁻¹ and -1/296.3 m⁻¹), where the standard <em>k-ε</em> turbulence model with the new <span><math><msub><mi>C</mi><mrow><mrow><mi>ε</mi></mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> is shown to well maintain the profiles of <em>U, ε</em> and <em>T</em> with only minor deviations for the <em>k</em> profiles. The performance of the turbulence model with the new <span><math><msub><mi>C</mi><mrow><mrow><mi>ε</mi></mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> is also illustrated by the flow around a rectangular building under thermal stratification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 112284"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the effect of clothing moisture content on heat and moisture transfer from the human body using a sweating thermal manikin","authors":"Cheng Zhao ,&nbsp;Yichen Yu ,&nbsp;Jianlei Niu ,&nbsp;Yiying Zhou ,&nbsp;Jintu Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112299","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112299","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Evaporative heat loss is an important component of the human body's energy balance and several developed thermal comfort models are available to assess heat and mass transfer during human sweating. However, the impact of sweat-soaked clothing due to human perspiration on heat and moisture transfer from the body remains understudied. In this study, the thermal and moisture properties of typical summer clothing were evaluated and moisture adsorption and desorption curves were obtained. The heat losses of the human body in different sweating states were compared using a sweating thermal manikin. It was found that the clothing moisture content and the clothing coverage ratio had a significant effect on the human body heat loss. As the sweating rate increases, additional resistances of the sweat moisture transfer will be added in the sweat-soaked clothing, which would adversely affect the skin temperature. The results show that the total thermal resistance of fully wetted clothing decreased by an average of almost 30% compared to dry clothing ensembles. To account for such differences, the clothing thermal and evaporative resistance, along with the temperature and vapor pressure at varying moisture contents were evaluated and predicted with empirical equations. This enables integrating a dynamic heat and moisture transfer model for the sweat-soaked clothing into a prevailing thermo-physiological model. Accounting for real clothing physical parameters is vital when evaluating thermal comfort in hot and humid weather conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 112299"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142657885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the performance of local skin temperatures in evaluating overall thermal comfort at normal room temperatures","authors":"Siyi Li ,&nbsp;Jun Xu ,&nbsp;Weiwei Liu ,&nbsp;Zhiliang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112296","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112296","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Local skin temperature is considered to be a potential physiological parameter for thermal comfort evaluation. However, which parts are more suitable for thermal comfort evaluation still needs further investigation. In this study, 20 seated subjects were recruited for thermal comfort and skin temperature monitoring experiments conducted in a climate chamber during winter and summer. The experimental temperatures in winter and summer were 12 °C–24 °C and 24 °C–32 °C, respectively. Thermal comfort evaluation models were developed for the local skin temperature of eight parts via the Fisher discriminant analysis. The performance of the developed models was evaluated using precision and false negative rate (FNR). The results indicated that the skin temperatures of the back of the left hand, left wrist, and left forearm had higher precision for thermal comfort evaluation than those of other parts, whereas the FNR was lower than in the other parts, which were suitable for thermal comfort evaluation. The skin temperature of the left chest had the lowest precision and the highest FNR, making it unsuitable for thermal comfort evaluation. By reasonably selecting body parts, the use of single-point skin temperature to evaluate thermal comfort was better than the use of the mean skin temperature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 112296"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mathematical modeling of gas-phase mass transfer in hydrous materials for a total heat exchange ventilator","authors":"Xin Wang ,&nbsp;Hajime Sotokawa ,&nbsp;Taisaku Gomyo ,&nbsp;Sung-Jun Yoo ,&nbsp;Juyeon Chung ,&nbsp;Kazuhide Ito","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112291","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112291","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Total heat exchange ventilation systems are effective in achieving energy savings by reducing the ventilation load in buildings, while maintaining a certain amount of fresh outdoor air intake. As the system's elemental materials exchange both latent and sensible heat, hydrophilic chemical compounds may be exchanged simultaneously. Proper control of the exchange of hazardous chemicals and pollutants via these heat exchange elements is an important issue in the development of total heat exchange ventilation systems. In this respect, the development of a numerical model that facilitates repeated sensitivity analysis is important in the development of a new total heat exchanger that has high heat exchange efficiency and suppresses the exchange of polluting chemicals. This study proposes new hygrothermal and chemical compound transfer models for paper-based hydrous materials, which are the main components of total heat exchangers in indoor ventilation systems. Through a series of numerical analyses and experimental measurements, the prediction accuracy of the mathematical model was compared with experimental results for the gas transfer rate in hydrous materials and a building-sized total heat exchanger. The results demonstrated that an increase in water content in hydrous material has a significant impact on the permeability of water-soluble gases, with NH₃ and HCHO permeability coefficients increasing by factors of 250 and 20 respectively. Conversely, for low-solubility gases such as CO₂, the permeability coefficient only slightly increased at low humidity and remained largely unaffected thereafter. These findings contribute to the advancement of more efficient and safer total heat exchange ventilation systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 112291"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142657883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Nearly Zero-Carbon Office Buildings in Taiwan","authors":"Chia-Ju Yen ,&nbsp;Hsien-Te Lin ,&nbsp;Kuei-Peng Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112270","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112270","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The formulation of an affordable and economically-feasible policy for nearly zero-carbon building design is a challenge that countries encounter in promoting net-zero building. In 2022, Taiwan promulgated Building Energy Rating System (BERS), the world's first building energy efficiency assessment system tailored for subtropical climates, as a basis for evaluating its goal of achieving nearly zero-carbon buildings by 2050. However, whether this nearly zero-carbon building policy is financially feasible has remained unknown to the government and the industry. To address the issue, the objective of the paper is to conduct a cost-benefit and payback period analysis of newly constructed nearly zero-carbon office buildings in accordance with the Building Energy-efficiency Rating System for New Buildings (BERSn) assessment framework, and thereby examines the financial affordability and feasibility of Taiwan's net-zero building policies.</div><div>Firstly, this study introduces existing building energy performance evaluation methods in Europe, America, and Japan, and explains the methodology of Taiwan's Building Energy Rating System (BERS). The paper then reviews international Cost-Benefit Analyses of Nearly Zero Energy Office Buildings and parallelly conducts a Cost-Benefit Analysis of Nearly Zero-Carbon Office Buildings in Taiwan. Following the BERS methodology, this paper identifies the baseline efficiency level and the Nearly Zero-Carbon Building (NZCB) efficiency level, along with their associated solutions and investment costs, for air conditioning and lighting systems. In this study, a questionnaire survey of 28 experts identifies the air conditioning unit costs of Basic Mechanical Equipment Efficiency (BME) and energy-saving control technologies (R) for energy-efficient design of Fan Coil Unit (FCU), Air Handling Unit (AHU), and Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) system. Accordingly, 33 air conditioning design solutions and their corresponding construction costs complying with the BERSn requirements of EAC≦0.5 for nearly-zero carbon office buildings are identified. Regarding the nearly zero-carbon lighting design, the simulations reveal that the use of LED panel luminaires or T8 LED luminaires (including those with energy-saving labels) can achieve an average operational lighting illuminance of 500 LUX and the BERSn requirements of EL ≤ 0.5 for lighting. Finally, the study further analyzes the payback period and premium cost ratio of NZCB by employing the budget data of seven building projects. The analysis shows that the premium cost ratio and the payback period of NZCB range from 1.33%-1.50% and 6.4-7.7 years, respectively. The results demonstrate that while a higher budget is commonly associated with NZCB by the public, it is in fact economically and technologically feasible to realize NZCB with prevailing energy-efficient measures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 112270"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine Learning to speed up Computational Fluid Dynamics engineering simulations for built environments: A review","authors":"Clément Caron ,&nbsp;Philippe Lauret ,&nbsp;Alain Bastide","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112229","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112229","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a valuable tool in designing built environments, enhancing comfort, health, energy efficiency, and safety in both indoor and outdoor applications. Nevertheless, the time required for CFD computations still needs to be reduced for engineering studies. Recent advances in machine learning (ML) techniques offer a promising avenue for developing fast-running data-driven models for physics-related phenomena. As scientific machine learning (SciML) research increasingly focuses on efficiently coupling ML and CFD techniques, this literature review highlights the growing number of applications in the built environment field to accelerate CFD simulations. This work aims to identify emerging trends and challenges in incorporating ML techniques into built environment flow simulations to foster further advancements in this domain. The prevailing approaches are direct surrogate modeling and reduced-order models (ROMs). Both approaches increasingly rely on deep learning architectures based on neural networks. The reviewed studies reported computational time gains of several orders of magnitude in specific scenarios while maintaining reasonable accuracy. However, several challenges remain, such as improving models’ generalizability and interpretability, enhancing methodology scalability, and reducing the computational cost of developing the models. Efforts are underway to address more complex cases with advanced SciML techniques. Notably, incorporating physics into the learning process and hybridizing CFD solvers with data-driven models merit further investigation. The exploration of these approaches represents a crucial step toward the deployment of reliable models that enable fast design for built environment engineering studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 112229"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variability in thermal comfort and behavior of elderly individuals with different levels of frailty in residential buildings during winter","authors":"Haixia Zhou ,&nbsp;Wei Yu ,&nbsp;Shen Wei ,&nbsp;Keyao Zhao ,&nbsp;Hanyu Shan ,&nbsp;Song Zheng ,&nbsp;Lei Guo ,&nbsp;Yan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112290","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112290","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Research on the indoor thermal comfort of elderly individuals has become increasingly detailed, yet studies focusing on the impact of health levels on elderly thermal comfort are still relatively scarce. Due to aging and various chronic diseases, elderly individuals exhibit different physical states, affecting their physiological regulatory functions in response to thermal environmental changes. This study aimed to validate the impact of health levels on elderly thermal comfort and behavior during winter, by employing the Fried frailty assessment method. A survey was conducted in the HSCW regions of China, gathering 1437 valid questionnaires. The analysis revealed that frailty significantly impacts the winter thermal comfort and behavior of the elderly. Specific findings include: 1) Frailer elderly individuals express greater complaints about indoor environments; 2) Frailer elderly are more dependent on heating devices; 3) Frailer elderly have higher rates of closing windows with higher T_out prompting window closure. The T_out prompting non-frailty elderly to completely close windows is 8.1 °C, while for pre-frail and frail elderly, it is 16.7 °C and 16.0 °C, respectively; 4) Frailer elderly individuals exhibit higher I_cl, with median values of 1.56 clo for non-frail, 1.68 clo for pre-frail, and 1.71 clo for frail elderly; 5) Frailer elderly individuals have lower MR daily, with median metabolic rates of 1.71 met for non-frail, 1.42 met for pre-frail, and 1.17 met for frail. This study found that the level of frailty significantly impacts the winter thermal comfort and behavior of the elderly and should be considered in future elderly-friendly architectural designs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 112290"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142657886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}