Building and Environment最新文献

{"title":"Comprehensive carbon cost of building projects: Optimization and relationship","authors":"Kun Lu ,&nbsp;Xueyuan Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113157","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113157","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Balancing carbon emissions with economic costs poses a vital challenge in net-zero carbon buildings. However, due to the single application of carbon cost theories, it is difficult to address this question fully. Therefore, this study proposes a new concept of comprehensive carbon cost (CCC) for construction projects by combining the carbon damage cost (CDC), carbon abatement cost (CAC), and carbon policy cost (CPC). Using an improved material flow cost accounting (MFCA) framework, this study develops a CCC calculation model and take the change of life cycle CCC as the objective function for solution selection. A public building is selected as a case study for statistical analysis to validate the proposed model. In this case, the heat transfer coefficient (U-value) of building envelopes can achieve the CCC optimization through a quadratic function within a reasonable range, while undue U-value may lead to an exponential increase in CCC. In addition, this result explains the interrelationship between carbon costs, pointing out that low-carbon measures can reduce all carbon costs in most situations, while various carbon costs show a negative correlation on the Pareto optimal front. This research thus optimizes carbon costs and elucidates their interactions, guiding low-carbon building design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 113157"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144088977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting the Wells-Riley airborne infection model: A critical analysis of its use and misuse","authors":"Ali Asghar Sedighi ,&nbsp;Edward A. Nardell ,&nbsp;Fuzhan Nasiri ,&nbsp;Fariborz Haghighat","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113136","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113136","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Both probabilistic and deterministic models for prediction of infection transmission risk are potentially useful in understanding and controlling airborne infection transmission. The Wells-Riley model, developed by Edward Riley and colleagues, estimates infection transmission risk using the concept of quantum/quanta, proposed by Wells to circumvent the unknown factor of infectious dose. This model has been extensively used by researchers in recent years, and some have attempted to modify it to overcome its limitations and expand its applications. In some cases, however, researchers have misunderstood the concept of quanta and the mathematical requirements of the Wells-Riley model, leading to inappropriate uses and flawed modifications.</div><div>A <em>quantum</em> is defined as the unknown average number of infectious particles required to initiate an infection in a susceptible host. Although a quantum of infection can be one or more infectious particles, Wells clearly understood that inhaled infectious particles normally cause infection <em>as if by</em> a single particle that reaches its target and overcomes host defenses.</div><div>Since infection occurs <em>as if by</em> just one of an unknown number of infectious particles, integer values are used to count the number of quanta. This enabled Riley to derive the Wells-Riley model equation from a discrete probability distribution, representing the likelihood of inhaling at least one quantum. Revisiting these definitions in greater detail in this study enables an examination of the limitations of studies that have used or modified this model and provides valuable insights for future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 113136"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144071023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An interpretable spatially weighted machine learning approach for revealing spatial nonstationarity impacts of the built environment on air pollution","authors":"Shumin Wang ,&nbsp;Mingxing Hu ,&nbsp;Jianyu Li ,&nbsp;Guoao Liu ,&nbsp;Wanqi Hu ,&nbsp;Junheng Qi ,&nbsp;Jingyue Huang ,&nbsp;Ziye Liu ,&nbsp;Hui Wang ,&nbsp;Bing Han","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113150","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113150","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With urbanization acceleration, air pollution has become increasingly severe, and the built environment plays a crucial role in pollutant dispersion and accumulation. In this study, the central urban area of Nanjing is analysed in a case study, focusing on the plot scale to systematically explore spatial heterogeneity and nonlinear interactive mechanisms of built environment impacts. To accurately capture the complex spatial nonstationarity effects of the built environment on air pollution, a geographically weighted machine learning (GeoML) approach driven by an adjacency-based spatial mechanism integrated with the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) framework for interpretability is established. The findings reveal that the GeoML model outperforms other models (the ordinary least squares (OLS), random forest (RF), geographically weighted regression (GWR), and geographically weighted random forest (GWRF) models), with an R² value of 0.74, effectively capturing spatial heterogeneity and nonlinearity. Further analysis reveals significant variations in the impact of spatial weighting on the contributions of different feature variables: the explanatory power of most variables increases with the inclusion of spatial effects, whereas the contributions of variables such as population density, road network density, and parcel compactness are reduced. The SHAP framework is employed to provide interpretable analysis of the patterns in the impacts of various feature variables on air pollution. This study emphasizes the importance of spatial effects at the microscale plot level in understanding the mechanisms of air pollution and highlights their importance for developing urban environmental policies, thus promoting the transformation of air pollution control towards spatially refined management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 113150"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143943367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Airborne bacteria and fungi in funeral home workspaces: a cross-seasonal investigation combining sequencing and culturing","authors":"Jinjun Ye ,&nbsp;Zhengtao Ai","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113161","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113161","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The indoor environments of funeral homes are usually characterized by elevated humidity and organic residues that may amplify microbial hazards and in turn lead to exposure of funeral service workers, which, however, has been rarely explored. This study conducted a cross-seasonal investigation of airborne bacteria and fungi in a funeral home in central China. Sampling was performed in the morgue, dressing room, cremation room, and adjacent outdoor areas. Results showed distinct differences between bacterial and fungal communities. Bacterial communities were dominated by <em>Pantoea</em> (45.9–59.3 %) and <em>Enterobacter</em> (32.1–37.0 %), whereas fungal communities appeared to have no dominant genus, exhibiting greater diversity and evenness than bacteria. Stochastic processes (<em>R²=0.636</em>) played a greater role than seasonal factors in bacterial community assembly. Conversely, fungal communities showed strong seasonal clustering, with stochastic processes (<em>R²=0.234</em>) contributing minimally. 40 pathogenic bacterial genera and 51 pathogenic fungal genera were identified indoors, with relative abundances of 34.0–38.4 % and 20.7–33.1 %, respectively. Culturable fungal concentrations were significantly higher than bacterial levels in both summer (<em>p</em> <em>≤</em> <em>0.001</em>) and winter (<em>p</em> <em>≤</em> <em>0.01</em>). Fungal concentrations exceeded 500 CFU/m³ in both seasons, reaching 751 ± 215 CFU/m³ in winter and 2210 ± 559 CFU/m³ in summer. Bacterial concentrations slightly exceeded 500 CFU/m³ only in summer, measuring 570 ± 184 CFU/m³. Additionally, the I/O ratios of culturable bacteria and fungi were both greater than 1.0, and 66.8–75.5 % of bacteria and 80.1–81.9 % of fungi were within the 0.65–4.7 μm size range. These findings raise concerns regarding occupational biosafety and underscore the necessity for systematic control strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 113161"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143943433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human response regulation in hot and humid environments with salt spray","authors":"Yingzhen Hou ,&nbsp;Neng Zhu ,&nbsp;Tianrun Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhiyuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Lei Li ,&nbsp;Hanyu Zhu ,&nbsp;Shuogui Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113151","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113151","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High temperature, humidity, and salt spray are common in coastal areas, posing health risks to maritime workers. Understanding and quantifying their impacts on the human body are essential. Therefore, a study was conducted with 72 participants in an artificial climate chamber under 18 different environmental conditions, combining three levels of air temperature (T_a: 34, 36, and 38 °C), two relative humidity levels (RH: 70 and 90 %), and three airborne salt spray concentrations (S_c: 0, 8, and 23 mg/m³). The oral temperature, tympanic temperature, heart rate, and blood samples of the participants were analyzed. The significance analysis results showed that T_a and RH had significant effects on oral and tympanic temperatures and heart rate, but the presence of salt spray masked these effects. Effect decomposition analysis further quantified the individual and interactive contributions of T_a, RH, and S_c to these physiological parameters. The findings confirm the presence of combined effects among the three environmental parameters. The combined effects values of T_a and RH were consistently above zero, whereas the same S_c had opposing effects under different conditions. At 34 °C-70 %, S_c = 23 mg/m³ increased oral temperature, tympanic temperature, and heart rate by 0.8 °C, 0.6 °C, and 32 bpm, respectively, whereas at 38 °C-90 %, it decreased them by 0.6 °C, 0.3 °C, and 13 bpm. Blood analysis also indicated that S_c induced changes in blood indicators. This study reveals environmental impacts on the human body and provides insight into heat stroke prevention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 113151"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143949073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-time analysis of pathogen dispersion patterns resulting from a moving infectious person","authors":"Zeinab Deldoost,&nbsp;Fuzhan Nasiri,&nbsp;Fariborz Haghighat","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113153","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113153","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Maintaining indoor air quality is particularly challenging in shared spaces where both healthy and infectious persons may be present. Thus, it is essential to continuously monitor such spaces and take preventive action (ventilating) to mitigate infection transmission among other users. This study proposes a novel method for real-time detection of infectious persons and dynamic modeling of pathogen dispersion during and after their presence. The objective is to inform building operators to take appropriate action such as providing more ventilation. The method must meet two key requirements: 1) It must continuously track the infectious person's location using real-time data from sensors and cameras without relying on predefined movement paths, and 2) it must provide simulation results with computational times close to real-time, enabling immediate decision making based on pathogen concentration levels. To reduce computation time, the person is modeled as a virtual pathogen-emitting zone. Results show this abstraction only affects airflow within <u>1-m</u> of the source, with minimal impact beyond, aligning with previous studies. This approach by decoupling of equations significantly speeds up simulations. In the presented case study, the simulation required <u>3.84</u> <em><u>s</u></em> to model <u>1</u> <em><u>s</u></em> of real-time pathogen dispersion, with an acceptable error margin of <u>3.8 %</u>, using a personal computer. This approach offers a practical and efficient solution for real-time infection risk assessment in shared indoor environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 113153"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144069049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental noise exposure and natural sound intervention in hospital interventional therapy rooms: Effects on patient perception, physiological and psychological outcomes","authors":"Hui Xie ,&nbsp;Yu Tian ,&nbsp;Kaihu Xiao ,&nbsp;Wangyang Lv ,&nbsp;Chang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113149","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113149","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High noise levels in interventional therapy rooms present a critical environmental health challenge, potentially causing adverse physiological and psychological effects in patients. While environmental noise control measures are crucial, natural soundscape interventions offer a promising environmental management approach. In this comparative randomized controlled trial, 156 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the waiting area (WA) and operating room (OR) participated. Participants' subjective perceptions, psychological indicators, and physiological indicators were investigated and monitored. The research found that natural sounds could mask other noises in the therapy room, significantly reducing patients' noise annoyance and improving the acoustic environment's comfort. Natural sound interventions significantly alleviated both short-term and overall anxiety in OR patients, while achieving short-term relief in WA. After the intervention, WA patients exhibited considerably lower heart rates (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), with natural sound intervention (NI) providing a greater recovery benefit than quiet condition intervention (QI). Moreover, with natural sound intervention, HR and SBP decreased, the decline in peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO₂) was alleviated, and activation of the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) was inhibited. Additionally, HR, SpO₂, and blood pressure (BP) fluctuations in OR patients were smaller than in noisy environments. This study provides evidence-based support for natural sound as an environmental management strategy to optimize the acoustic environment in interventional therapy rooms and improve patient outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 113149"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144072637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decarbonizing the urban comprehensive transport hub: life-cycle pathway planning for carbon neutrality","authors":"Minghui Liu ,&nbsp;Yuhao Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113155","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113155","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Decarbonizing transportation hubs is essential for achieving zero-carbon transitions in the transport sector. Currently, the Chinese government is promoting pilot projects for zero-carbon transportation hubs. To support this initiative, a detailed case study is conducted on an urban comprehensive transportation hub (UCTH) in Beijing. This study quantifies the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the UCTH across its life cycle based on survey data, then explores emission mitigation measures at different stages, and finally plans the pathway to achieving life-cycle carbon neutrality. The findings indicate that: (1) among the total life cycle emissions, the operation and material production stages account for the largest shares, at 69.91 % and 29.13 %, respectively. (2) Relying solely on emission mitigation during operation cannot achieve life-cycle carbon neutrality, requiring at least two additional years beyond the life cycle. However, integrating measures in construction and operation enables life-cycle carbon neutrality, advancing its achievement by at least 13 years. (3) Photovoltaic installation during operation and improvements in material production processes during construction demonstrate the highest cost-to-emission reduction and time-to-emission reduction efficiencies, respectively. These findings provide valuable insights for the development of zero-carbon hubs in China and the decarbonization of other transportation systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 113155"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143948443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Where is the effective control range of exhaust hoods? Airflow suction envelope determination and its performance evaluation","authors":"Mingyao Ma ,&nbsp;Xiawei Luo ,&nbsp;Yukun Xu ,&nbsp;Bin Li ,&nbsp;Jiahua Wang ,&nbsp;Jingjing Pei ,&nbsp;Jun Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113154","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113154","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Under the existing confluence theory framework, it is a challenge to identify and optimize the effective suction range of range hoods with non-simple structures. This work proposes an innovative Velocity Threshold-Based Streamline Envelope Reconstruction (VTSER) method algorithm to determine the effective suction range of range hood. The algorithm constructs a smooth and high-precision airflow suction envelope by identifying boundary points based on a predefined velocity threshold and reconstructing the surface. The feasibility and accuracy of the method are verified by experimental measurements and data analysis in a real kitchen. Two evaluation indicators, envelope volume and accessible length, are determined to comprehensively evaluate the performance of range hoods with different structures. Orthogonal analysis shows that installation distance, distance from the wall, chamber thickness, and baffle angle are important factors affecting envelope volume; distance from the wall, baffle area, suction area, and installation distance are important factors affecting accessible length. Finally, a single factor analysis is further performed to find a better configuration of structural parameters for envelope optimization. This work provides an innovative tool with both theoretical significance and practical engineering value for optimizing the performance of range hoods. Ultimately, it will improve indoor air quality and promote a healthier living environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 113154"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144088976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-criteria decision-making for energy building renovation: Comparing exterior wall structures with the AHP, ANP, utility analysis, and TOPSIS","authors":"Kathrin Theilig ,&nbsp;Michael Vollmer ,&nbsp;Werner Lang ,&nbsp;Jutta Albus","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113075","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113075","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose:</h3><div>Improving residential building energy efficiency is crucial for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Designing resource-efficient, nearly zero-emission renovations is complex. This study addresses the need for comprehensive frameworks to holistically evaluate building part renovation measures and to provide actionable guidance for strategic planning and implementation across the building life cycle, focusing on exterior walls. Four multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods identify the most environmentally friendly alternative and are compared for rank similarities and decision-making applicability.</div></div><div><h3>Methods:</h3><div>The study follows a two-stage approach: (i) applying the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Analytical Network Process (ANP), Utility Analysis (UA), and TOPSIS to rank exterior wall alternatives regarding environmental impacts and circularity and (ii) comparing these methods using the Borda technique, based on correlation and standard deviation metrics and the Wojciech Sałabun (WS) coefficient. A qualitative assessment from a planner’s perspective is also included.</div></div><div><h3>Results:</h3><div>The results show that different MCDM methods consistently rank the most environmentally friendly renovations, offering clear guidance for strategic implementation. This offers actionable guidance for strategic planning and implementation. The top five alternatives remain consistent across all methods, with slight ranking variations. AHP ranked first by Borda scores, while UA leads by WS coefficient. Curtain walls with timber cladding emerge as the most sustainable choice, outperforming metal cladding and insulated composite structures.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions:</h3><div>The AHP, ANP, UA, and TOPSIS support selecting environmentally friendly building parts. UA and TOPSIS, being more sensitive to emphasized criteria weighting and relatively more applicable in practice, are recommended for building parts’ decision-making.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 113075"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143936339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}