Building and Environment最新文献

{"title":"Climate-resilient passive cooling optimization framework: Multi-dimensional trade-offs in hot semi-arid residential buildings","authors":"Hisham Sharif Bala ,&nbsp;Baizhan Li ,&nbsp;Chenqiu Du ,&nbsp;Danjuma Abdu Yusuf ,&nbsp;Shafi’u Adamu","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114230","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114230","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global cooling demand is anticipated to increase thrice by 2050, particularly in hot semi-arid regions facing significant thermal stress, where mechanical cooling utilizes 125-180 kWh/m²/year, accounting for 60-75% of building energy use. This research establishes a climate-resilient optimization framework that combines multi-objective optimization with climate projections to assess passive cooling efficacy under current and projected scenarios in Northwestern Nigeria. A NSGA-II-TOPSIS framework, featuring a comprehensive Climate Resilience Index (CRI), was validated via field monitoring of six residential buildings during the hot dry season (February-May 2023). The methodology integrates multi-objective optimization with downscaled CMIP6 estimates for Representative Concentration Pathway RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. Energy Plus modelling attained calibration in accordance with ASHRAE requirements (NMBE ±5%, R² &gt; 0.92). Optimized passive cooling solutions resulted in a 47-63% reduction in energy consumption and a 68.2% decrease in thermal discomfort hours. Peak temperature decreases of 3.8-4.5°C were observed, with comfort hours increasing from 15-20% to 78-82%. The CRI (0.65-0.89) signifies a 15-30% decline in performance by 2040, with passive systems sustaining adequate performance until 2040 under RCP4.5, but necessitating hybrid solutions by 2035 under RCP8.5. Grid-scale analysis indicates peak demand savings of 2.0-2.5 kW per building, resulting in 380-750 MW of avoided capacity. The framework demonstrates that climate-responsive passive cooling can function as the principal thermal management strategy in hot semi-arid environments until 2040, enhancing building science methodologies and facilitating climate-adaptive solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114230"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting pedestrian-level melanopic illuminance from multi-source urban data with explainable machine learning","authors":"Wenjin Hong,&nbsp;Zhe Kong,&nbsp;Peng Tang,&nbsp;Ziqi Fan,&nbsp;Rui Duan,&nbsp;Zixuan He,&nbsp;Xintong Li,&nbsp;Xinyi Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban nighttime illumination has been associated with circadian disruption in prior research, potentially reducing sleep quality and thereby affecting residents’ physical and mental health under certain conditions. Most studies on outdoor artificial light at night (ALAN) focus on photometric indicators, neglecting city-scale circadian-effective measures. This study maps pedestrian-scale nocturnal light environment using melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance (m-EDI). Field measurements were conducted at 652 sampling points across 14 representative sites, including commercial districts, green spaces, and roads. The predictors comprise SDGSAT-1 nighttime imagery, Sentinel-2 vegetation indices, 10 m-resolution building-height data (CNBH-10 m), and point-of-interest (POI) density. Multiple-scale regression and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) models were constructed for buffer radii ranging from 5 to 80 m, and a mixed-scale XGBoost model was further introduced to capture cross-scale interactions. Model evaluation using out-of-fold and nested cross-validation indicates that the 20 m neighborhood scale yields the most stable and generalizable performance (R² = 0.73). SHapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) interpretation reveals that blue-band radiance and POI density are dominant positive contributors to m-EDI, whereas vegetation consistently lowers the predicted m-EDI levels, and building height shows context-dependent negative effects. The best-performing model produced a 10 m-resolution map of nighttime m-EDI across Nanjing, highlighting areas with elevated m-EDI along commercial corridors and transport hubs and lower levels in greener or residential areas. By investigating a circadian-effective indicator and explainable machine learning, this study provides an explainable and scalable approach for characterizing nocturnal light environment relevant to circadian-effective illumination, with potential implications for sustainable urban lighting management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114276"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CFD model validation and mesh resolution reduction strategies for complex louvred openings","authors":"Laura Annabelle Bugenings ,&nbsp;Philipp Ostmann ,&nbsp;Aliakbar Kamari ,&nbsp;Li Rong","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114207","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114207","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rising outdoor temperatures, the absence of effective overheating mitigation strategies and upcoming renovations contribute to a decrease in summer thermal comfort in homes. This heightens the need to provide occupants with adequate passive cooling strategies to avoid the use of energy-intensive active cooling systems. Louvred openings enable occupants to extend the well-established passive cooling strategy of natural ventilation to nighttime, periods of absence, and non-ideal weather conditions. As numerical investigations of indoor environmental quality for these systems are rare and validated CFD models do not exist, this study aims to validate a CFD model by conducting full-scale experiments, testing different turbulence models, and assessing the impact of radiation. Furthermore, various strategies to reduce the large number of mesh cells, caused by the complex geometry of the louvre, are studied. The final model shows good performance for low-velocity zones. In zones with higher velocity, namely the flow entry zone after the louvre, the model tends to overpredict velocities. No turbulence model is superior. Radiation modelling did not significantly improve the model performance but drastically increased the computational resources. The best strategy to reduce the mesh (by 63%) was the porous media model, which also improved the prediction of the high-velocity inflow zone. Additionally, allowing for higher surface curvature deviation did not significantly impact the flow but resulted in a 30% reduction of mesh cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114207"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing cross-individual generalizability of thermal sensation prediction in dynamic environments: integrating physiological, emotional, and environmental features","authors":"Yingle Wei ,&nbsp;Yunsong Han ,&nbsp;Qihui Zhang ,&nbsp;Hongji Cui ,&nbsp;Biaoqing Tao ,&nbsp;Xiran Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114210","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114210","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal perception prediction is essential for occupant-centered thermal environment control. However, current thermal perception models prioritize individual-level accuracy while neglecting cross-individual generalizability, limiting their applicability in spaces with frequently changing occupants. This study examined emotion–thermal coupling and developed both personalized and generalized thermal sensation prediction models using eight machine learning (ML) algorithms for known and unknown individuals. Notably, this study is the first to reveal significant sex differences in emotional dominance, with males exhibiting a stronger sense of control than females under cold and hot thermal conditions. Under dynamic thermal environments, thermal sensation showed weak correlations with physiological signals, whereas associations with emotional states remained robust. Predicting thermal sensation also proved more challenging in dynamic than in steady-state conditions, particularly for unseen individuals. Nevertheless, ambient temperature, thermal conditions considering the temperature change direction (TC-TCD), and emotional states significantly enhanced model cross-individual generalizability. Personalized model accuracies reached 94.97% for males and 96.49% for females, while generalized model accuracies improved from 58.75% to 81.31% for males and from 71.15% to 85.61% for females. Emotional states were key predictors of thermal sensation, primarily driven by valence, which exhibited a clear U-shaped relationship with thermal sensation votes (TSV). Finally, high generalizability was achievable with only five features, with generalized model accuracies decreasing by merely 0.67% for males and 0.59% for females. By integrating environmental and emotional information, this study significantly advances the cross-individual generalizability of thermal sensation prediction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114210"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A neighborhood effect-based method for urban wind environment assessment and regulation","authors":"Xiaoqin Liu ,&nbsp;Shuliang Zhao ,&nbsp;Xiang Huang ,&nbsp;Yuqing Ma ,&nbsp;Chunyang Zhu ,&nbsp;Zongchi Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114231","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114231","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban ventilation plays a key role in improving air quality, mitigating the urban heat island effect, and enhancing urban livability. Traditional simulation methods often struggle to balance computational efficiency and cost. To address this, this study proposes a neighborhood-based analytical method (NBAM). The study constructs a dataset of building morphology indicators within neighborhood scales ranging from 1 × 1 to 7 × 7, using the wind speed at the central grid as the target variable. The predictive performance of the MLR model and four machine learning algorithms (XGBoost, RF, LGBM, and SVR) are compared, and the models are interpreted using SHAP. The results show that: (1) Neighborhood effects are crucial for prediction accuracy. Model performance significantly improves as the neighborhood scale expands, with the 7 × 7 neighborhood effectively capturing the influence of surrounding buildings on the wind environment of the target area. (2) The XGBoost algorithm performs excellently, with the model achieving a maximum R² of 0.851 and reducing the mean absolute error to 6.4%. (3) SHAP can be applied in the “Identify-Diagnose-Regulation” analysis process, providing a data-driven decision support tool for fine-tuning urban wind environments. This study not only confirms the necessity of neighborhood effects in urban wind environment research, but also provides a new approach for the precise identification and regulation of urban wind environment issues, as well as for urban ventilation assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114231"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automating graph-based geometric digital model generation for building digital twin applications from point cloud and image data","authors":"Mudan Wang ,&nbsp;Yuandong Pan ,&nbsp;Linjun Lu ,&nbsp;Erika Pärn ,&nbsp;Junying Liu ,&nbsp;Ioannis Brilakis","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114211","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114211","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Creating geometric digital twins of buildings remains a labor-intensive process, often limited to the reconstruction of structural elements. Non-structural components and their spatial relationships with indoor spaces are rarely integrated into a unified digital representation. This paper proposes a novel semi-automated method for generating graph-based geometric digital models for digital twins from 3D point cloud and image data. The approach extracts spatial and object information from these data based on deep learning methods. Multiple 2D detectors are trained on different public and customized datasets to broaden class coverage, and their predictions are mapped into a unified label space, fused per view, projected into 3D space, and merged into object instances that correspond to the same physical element. A new graph schema is then introduced to represent indoor spaces and elements, capturing both hierarchical and spatial relationships. The schema links each entity to its geometric representation and supports temporal snapshots. All extracted information is structured and stored in a graph database using the proposed schema. The method is validated on two real-world datasets, one residential house and one institutional facility, capturing a broader and more differentiated range of object classes across different building types and topologies. The promising results indicate that the method has the potential to be generalized to a wider range of buildings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114211"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continuous adjoint optimization method for building fluid systems based on mesh-adaptive deformation with a low deformation rate relaxation mechanism","authors":"Yingying Wang ,&nbsp;Ruoyin Jing ,&nbsp;Nan Li ,&nbsp;Ran Gao ,&nbsp;Ao Tian ,&nbsp;Junkai Ren ,&nbsp;Yibu Gao ,&nbsp;Shu He","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114269","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114269","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the fluid transmission and distribution system of buildings, local components such as elbows and tees often become the main source of energy loss due to unreasonable structural design. In order to reduce the flow resistance of local components, this paper proposes a design method of continuous adjoint shape optimization, and innovatively introduces a relaxation mechanism to solve the problem of mesh distortion in the process of free deformation. Taking the tee as the research object, its shape is optimized and a low-resistance tee structure is designed. The optimization results are verified by CFD numerical simulation and experimental test. The results show that the flow resistance of the optimized tee is significantly reduced, and the maximum drag reduction rate can reach 79%. Before the introduction of relaxation mechanism, the maximum skewness of the mesh is as high as 58.71. After introducing the relaxation mechanism, this value significantly decreased to 0.39, accounting for only 0.66% of the original value, which greatly improved mesh quality and enhanced computational stability during the optimization process. In addition, the flow characteristics of the tee is thoroughly analyzed based on energy dissipation and vortex structures, revealing the mechanism of the reduction resistance. This study proposes a novel approach for the energy-efficient optimization design of local components in building fluid transmission and distribution systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114269"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physics-informed effectiveness indicators for whole-building evaluation of phase change materials in buildings","authors":"Facundo Bre ,&nbsp;Silvana Flores-Larsen ,&nbsp;Roberto Lamberts ,&nbsp;Eduardus A.B. Koenders","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114270","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114270","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phase change materials (PCMs) are a promising passive technology for reducing building heating and cooling energy use, yet their whole-building effectiveness as latent thermal storage remains insufficiently characterized. The present study introduces PCM Effectiveness Indicators (PCMEIs), a set of physics-informed, whole-building metrics that relate daily thermal-load reductions to the installed latent heat capacity. Using these indicators, this study demonstrates that PCM activation is a necessary but not sufficient condition for whole-building effectiveness. The proposed indicators capture dynamic, year-round performance across climates, implicitly accounting for partial phase transitions, fluctuating loads, and interactions with passive design strategies. They can be applied consistently to heating, cooling, and mixed-load analyses. Using EnergyPlus simulations and a global sensitivity analysis, 400 design configurations were evaluated for a prototype building in four ASHRAE climate zones (3A, 4A, 5A, and 6A). Across all climates, envelope characteristics, particularly the window-to-wall ratio, exerted a stronger influence on PCM effectiveness than commonly studied material properties such as melting temperature. These findings highlight the importance of co-optimizing PCMs with envelope design variables, especially at early design stages. Furthermore, PCMs achieved the highest effectiveness in heating-dominated climates and when mitigating cooling loads. Despite substantial PCM-induced load reductions, PCMEI values rarely exceeded 20%, indicating practical limits to whole-building latent-capacity utilization under real climatic variability. A design threshold was identified: maintaining installed latent heat capacity below approximately twice the building’s peak daily thermal load prevents oversizing and maximizes utilization. The proposed PCMEIs provide a transparent and scalable framework for whole-building evaluation of PCMs, supporting benchmark development and performance-based integration in energy-efficient building design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114270"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated evaluation of personal environmental control systems in a nearly net zero energy office","authors":"Masanari Ukai ,&nbsp;Daiki Takehara ,&nbsp;Kazuki Aono ,&nbsp;Naoki Aizawa ,&nbsp;Kentaro Kimura ,&nbsp;Daisuke Hatori ,&nbsp;Yuka Mutoh ,&nbsp;Tsubura Watanabe ,&nbsp;Shin-ichi Tanabe","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114275","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114275","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A year-round deployment of 274 personal environmental control systems (PECS) was evaluated in a nearly net-zero energy office with an activity-based working (ABW) layout. The monitoring data revealed clear seasonal and diurnal usage patterns and showed that many activations occurred within the ASHRAE Standard 55 comfort zone, indicating that PECS were frequently used for fine-tuning rather than for discomfort relief alone. Thermal-manikin tests demonstrated distinct cooling contributions from each PECS type under 26 °C conditions. Based on the observed lack of winter usage, a desk-integrated hybrid system combining foot-level warm air and a rear radiant panel was developed. This hybrid system increased local equivalent temperature (Teq) by up to 6 °C and whole-body Teq by approximately 2 °C under ∼20 °C ambient conditions, and a winter field study (mean operative temperature 20.4 °C) indicated improved comfort and perceived productivity. These findings highlight the practical potential of PECS to maintain comfort at lower heating setpoints in real ABW-based office operations, offering a viable pathway toward ZEB-aligned thermal management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114275"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dimensionless design rule for size-independent domains in 2D CFD simulations of nanofiber filter pressure drop","authors":"Taehyun Choi ,&nbsp;Jae Hee Jung ,&nbsp;Dahun Jeong ,&nbsp;Sunguk Shin ,&nbsp;Gwangok Choi ,&nbsp;Ki Joon Heo","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114258","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114258","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While 2D computational modeling can be an effective tool for predicting the pressure drop in nanofiber air filters, its accuracy depends heavily on the size and configuration of the simulation domain. Despite the widespread use of 2D modeling, generalized guidelines for constructing size-independent domains that consider the randomness of fibers remain lacking. Herein, we propose a dimensionless design rule for establishing size-independent domains to simulate 2D nanofiber filter models, with the fiber diameter as a reference parameter. A comprehensive computational analysis was conducted to evaluate the effects of domain thickness, packing density, and number of fibers on the predicted pressure drop. The results reveal the existence of a minimum dimensionless domain height (<span><math><msubsup><mi>H</mi><mi>m</mi><mo>*</mo></msubsup></math></span>​) for ensuring statistically independent simulation outcomes. Over the investigated dimensionless domain thickness (<em>L</em>*) range of 15 <span><math><mrow><mspace></mspace><mo>≤</mo></mrow></math></span> <em>L*</em> <span><math><mo>≤</mo></math></span> 400, <span><math><msubsup><mi>H</mi><mi>m</mi><mo>*</mo></msubsup></math></span> is inversely proportional to both the <em>L</em>* and the packing density of the filter (<em>α</em>), i.e., <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mi>H</mi><mi>m</mi><mo>*</mo></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>749.2</mn></mrow><mi>α</mi></mfrac><msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><msup><mrow><mi>L</mi></mrow><mo>*</mo></msup><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>0.744</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>. This correlation constitutes a unified and scalable design rule applicable to a wide range of nanofiber filter configurations. The proposed methodology provides a practical framework for constructing size-independent 2D simulation domains, thereby improving the reliability of CFD-based pressure drop predictions and facilitating their broader application in research on fibrous media.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114258"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}