Building and Environment最新文献_第4页

Influencing factors of convective heat transfer between human body and environment under simulated and real walking conditions

IF 7.1 1区工程技术

Building and Environment Pub Date : 2025-03-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112871

Jiahao Wang , Xinyu Jia , Miao Wang , Yingxin Zhu , Bin Cao

{"title":"Influencing factors of convective heat transfer between human body and environment under simulated and real walking conditions","authors":"Jiahao Wang , Xinyu Jia , Miao Wang , Yingxin Zhu , Bin Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112871","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112871","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With rapid urban development and a growing emphasis on healthy lifestyles, the design and construction of pedestrian spaces have garnered increasing attention. However, existing studies focus on the effects of wind fields on static human or involve subjects walking on a treadmill to simulate walking. These methods differ greatly from the relative wind speed sources of real walking, resulting in significant deviations between existing thermal comfort models and measured results. In this study, we measured the convective heat transfer coefficients (<span><math><msub><mi>h</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></math></span>) by a thermal manikin at relative wind speeds (v) of 0.3 m/s, 0.5 m/s and 0.8 m/s under both real walking (RW) and simulated walking (SW) conditions, where the relative wind speed source of RW is generated by the human or manikin moving forward and SW is generated by the fan wall. Additionally, 12 adults participated in the experiments, performing both SW and RW. Subjective perceptions and skin temperature were recorded during both SW and RW. The results demonstrated significant differences in <span><math><msub><mi>h</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></math></span> between SW and RW conditions, which were perceptible to participants through subjective evaluation. The increasing relative wind speed and turbulence intensity contribute to higher <span><math><msub><mi>h</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></math></span>. The relative airflow of RW is similar to the natural wind, which may explain some differences between SW and RW conditions. This study further derives the following fitting for free walking and provides empirical basis for future experiments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 112871"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Optimizing interconnected embodied and operational energy of buildings: An embodied energy factor approach

IF 7.1 1区工程技术

Building and Environment Pub Date : 2025-03-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112902

Maryam Abbasi Kamazani, Manish K. Dixit, Sejal Sanjay Shanbhag

{"title":"Optimizing interconnected embodied and operational energy of buildings: An embodied energy factor approach","authors":"Maryam Abbasi Kamazani, Manish K. Dixit, Sejal Sanjay Shanbhag","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112902","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112902","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research explores the pivotal role of buildings in global energy consumption and carbon emissions, emphasizing the necessity for sustainable design practices that prioritize energy efficiency and carbon neutrality. The complexity of reducing the energy and carbon footprints of buildings arises from the interrelationship between operational and embodied energy flows. Optimizing operational energy can inadvertently impact embodied energy, complicating sustainability efforts. To address this challenge, we introduce the embodied energy factor (EE factor), a novel metric that quantifies the embodied energy required to save one unit of operational energy. This metric enables the prioritization of design measures that reduces both operational and embodied energy impacts. Employing a multi-objective genetic algorithm, we optimize two case studies of commercial buildings, utilizing the Energy Plus simulation tool for operational energy assessments and an input-output-based hybrid database for embodied energy calculations. The optimization process evaluates 17 design measures, separately, including building orientation, window-to-wall ratio, and various wall, floor, window and roof construction layers. Results from the San Francisco case study indicate that roofing materials have the lowest EE factor of -47.88. Notably, modifications to roofing result in the greatest total primary energy reduction of 9.45 %. In the Dallas case study, flooring materials with an EE factor of -43.74 rank highest, achieving a maximum total primary energy reduction of 37.36 %. There is a correlation between the EE factor ranking system and reduction in total primary energy use. These findings highlight the critical importance of integrating operational and embodied energy considerations in building design to advance sustainable practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 112902"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessing thermal comfort and performance in the workplace: A test room experiment for summer and winter conditions

IF 7.1 1区工程技术

Building and Environment Pub Date : 2025-03-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112893

Laura Carnieletto , Marco Marigo , Tommaso Arcelli , Christian Moro , Gian Piero Turchi , Michele De Carli , Antonino Di Bella

{"title":"Assessing thermal comfort and performance in the workplace: A test room experiment for summer and winter conditions","authors":"Laura Carnieletto , Marco Marigo , Tommaso Arcelli , Christian Moro , Gian Piero Turchi , Michele De Carli , Antonino Di Bella","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112893","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112893","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The building sector significantly contributes to energy consumption and carbon emissions, as reported by leading authorities. Consequently, designers and researchers focused on developing new solutions and enhancing existing ones to improve operation and maintenance, to increase efficiency and reduce energy waste while maintaining adequate levels to ensure thermal comfort and productivity for users. This work proposes an experimental activity with tests in summer conditions carried out on a sample of 59 people involved on a voluntary basis, almost equally spread between male and female subjects. Seven values of PMV were investigated in a test room to ensure optimal control of indoor environmental parameters. The methodology applied to these tests has already been used for tests in winter conditions, to allow the comparison of the user behavior within two different seasons. This study aims to deliver insights into subjective comfort perceptions and the difficulties of assessing productivity in an office environment. The MADIT methodology was applied to groups of four individuals working on computers, engaged in two types of activities: a single task and a group task. The focus on individual perception, evaluation and preference supports the findings of a previous study on the heating season, showing more tolerance for colder environments rather than warm indoor conditions. Productivity management's analysis results show that participants express higher levels of productivity management during the winter season. However, summer's seasonal effects affect workers as they tend to include more the environmental parameters for productivity goals, reaching at least an intermediate level of productivity management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 112893"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Numerical study on the effect of a standing person on airflow instability in a single-aisle aircraft cabin

IF 7.1 1区工程技术

Building and Environment Pub Date : 2025-03-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112885

Zhonghao Yu , Chao Zhang , Yanxia Du , Xian Wang , Guangming Xiao

{"title":"Numerical study on the effect of a standing person on airflow instability in a single-aisle aircraft cabin","authors":"Zhonghao Yu , Chao Zhang , Yanxia Du , Xian Wang , Guangming Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112885","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112885","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The instantaneous airflow with low velocity and high fluctuation within an aircraft cabin significantly influences the thermal comfort and safety of passengers. In this work, a numerical investigation of the effect of a standing person on the instability of airflow under mixed ventilation in the aircraft cabin was carried out. Based on the multi-GPU platform, the multi-relaxation time hybrid thermal lattice Boltzmann method (MRT-HTLBM) with a high grid resolution (190 million) system was employed to conduct a large eddy simulation (LES). A high computational efficiency about 2153 MLUPS (Million Lattice Updates Per Second) was obtained by 4-GPU acceleration. Results demonstrate that when there is no person in the aisle, the airflow shows a temporal instability, exhibiting a quasi-periodic oscillation pattern characterized by an alternating left-right swing, and such an oscillation pattern is consistent in the cross-section of each row. The PD value of passengers on both sides of the aisle constantly change with the swing of the air. When a person stands in the aisle, the left-right consistent oscillation pattern is broken and the airflow shows a spatial instability. Under this situation, the presence of turbulent vortices around the seated passengers becomes more pronounced and the formation of the self-locking mode of the air is more probable than the situation with no person standing in the aisle. The temporal and spatial scales of the largest vortex near the seated passengers on both sides of the aisle increase by approximately 43.6 % and 38.2 %, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 112885"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Design, development and performance evaluation of a 3D-printed desiccant wheel using poly-lactic acid and wood filaments for sustainable HVAC systems

IF 7.1 1区工程技术

Building and Environment Pub Date : 2025-03-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112889

José A. Martínez-Sánchez , Francisco Comino , Pablo E. Romero , Manuel Ruiz de Adana

{"title":"Design, development and performance evaluation of a 3D-printed desiccant wheel using poly-lactic acid and wood filaments for sustainable HVAC systems","authors":"José A. Martínez-Sánchez , Francisco Comino , Pablo E. Romero , Manuel Ruiz de Adana","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112889","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112889","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the design, fabrication, and performance evaluation of a 3D-printed desiccant wheel (DW) made from a polylactic acid (PLA) and pine wood composite. The goal is to develop a sustainable alternative for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Material extrusion (MEX) additive manufacturing was used to produce DW prototypes with different hydraulic diameters, optimizing their design based on performance. A full factorial design of experiments was conducted to assess the impact of inlet temperature, humidity ratio, airflow rate, and rotational speed on dehumidification performance.</div><div>Experimental tests evaluated moisture removal capacity (MRC), pressure drop (ΔP), and thermal efficiency. Results showed that lower temperatures and higher humidity levels improved moisture adsorption, while airflow rate significantly affected latent efficiency. The highest MRC/Volume reached 294 kg/h·m³, with a maximum latent efficiency of 0.9.</div><div>This study introduces a novel approach by integrating MEX with bio-based desiccant materials, filling a research gap in sustainable dehumidification technologies. The findings suggest that biodegradable 3D-printed desiccant wheels could serve as an energy-efficient alternative to conventional silica gel systems, particularly in applications integrating renewable energy sources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 112889"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Performance evaluation of the individual room control-negative pressure ventilation system in apartment

IF 7.1 1区工程技术

Building and Environment Pub Date : 2025-03-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112887

Gihoon Kim , Seongmin Jo , Euntack Lee , Minki Sung

{"title":"Performance evaluation of the individual room control-negative pressure ventilation system in apartment","authors":"Gihoon Kim , Seongmin Jo , Euntack Lee , Minki Sung","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112887","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112887","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the critical need for effective infection control measures in residential settings, particularly for self-quarantine scenarios. This study evaluates the performance of the Individual Room Control-Negative Pressure Ventilation (IRC<img>NPV) system, designed to create and maintain negative pressure in a designated isolation room (IR) within apartments. The system integrates a Heat Recovery Ventilation (HRV) system, motorized diffusers, and a Negative Pressure Exhaust Unit (NPEU) to ensure effective containment of airborne contaminants. A mock-up housing laboratory experiment was conducted to assess the system's ability to maintain negative pressure under various conditions, including ventilation system operation, window opening, kitchen hood operation, and simulated stack effects. Results demonstrated that the IRC<img>NPV system consistently maintained negative pressure across all scenarios, with an average pressure difference of −3.24 Pa between the IR and adjacent spaces. Natural ventilation through window openings showed enhancement in pressure differentials, while the operation of supply air within the IR reduced negative pressure, emphasizing the need for controlled ventilation strategies. In conclusion, the IRC<img>NPV system provides a practical, adaptable, and energy-efficient solution for infection control in residential apartments, offering robust containment capabilities for pandemic preparedness and quarantine scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 112887"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Semantic building energy modeling: Analysis across geospatial scales

IF 7.1 1区工程技术

Building and Environment Pub Date : 2025-03-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112883

Samuel Wolk, Christoph Reinhart

{"title":"Semantic building energy modeling: Analysis across geospatial scales","authors":"Samuel Wolk, Christoph Reinhart","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112883","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112883","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rapid decarbonization of the building sector is critical for mitigating climate change. While simulation-based stock level approaches such as urban building energy modeling (UBEM) help develop carbon reduction plans, they have not reached their full potential convincing individual building owners to act: by relying on archetypes averaged across multiple buildings, UBEM saving predictions can be unreliable at the building-level. Meanwhile, at larger scales, heterogeneity in building stocks requires excessive efforts to accommodate the growing number of archetypes and handle patchworks of geographic information system (GIS) datasets. This paper introduces Semantic Building Energy Modeling (SBEM), a novel framework evolved from UBEMs. It replaces UBEM's static templates with problem-specific semantic building descriptions which are decoupled from model translation layers. By decoupling high-level, human-readable building features from computational representations, SBEM accommodates incomplete or probabilistic data and facilitates coordination between teams, including GIS experts, stock-modeling experts, and software engineers. UBEMs can be seen as a special case of SBEMs appropriate for urban-scale analysis, where SBEMs represent a complementary, augmented set of capabilities. To illustrate the flexibility offered by SBEM, a case study was conducted modeling 2.5 million residential buildings in Massachusetts to assess the economic viability of heat pump adoption. The SBEM approach enables detailed, building-specific analyses, revealing significant variations in economic outcomes based on heating systems and regional characteristics. These insights underscore the importance of semantic granularity for individual homeowner decision-making. By providing a scalable and adaptable framework, SBEM can resolve some existing challenges with UBEMs by allowing consistent model use across scales.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 112883"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A physical-digital integration framework for environmental simulation through deep learning: Wind flow implementation

IF 7.1 1区工程技术

Building and Environment Pub Date : 2025-03-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112869

Thanh-Luan Le , HeeGun Chong , Sung-Ah Kim

{"title":"A physical-digital integration framework for environmental simulation through deep learning: Wind flow implementation","authors":"Thanh-Luan Le , HeeGun Chong , Sung-Ah Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112869","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112869","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research introduces a novel four-layer framework that bridges the gap between design with physical models and real-time environmental analysis in architecture. While physical models remain essential for spatial comprehension and tactile design exploration, their disconnect from environmental performance assessment limits their utility in sustainable architecture. Our framework addresses this challenge through four integrated layers: (1) a physical layer for tangible model manipulation, (2) a digital layer for real-time spatial recognition, (3) an AI processing layer for environmental simulation, and (4) an interaction layer for visualization and control. We demonstrate this framework through wind flow analysis implementation, developing a multimodal pix2pix model that achieves wind flow prediction with SSIM values of 0.754 and PSNR of 22.630, trained on 603 apartment complexes across five South Korean cities. The digital layer employs ArUco markers for robust object detection, while the interaction layer integrates the Mixtral-8x7b language model for natural parameter control through a web-based interface. Physical prototyping and user evaluation validate the framework's effectiveness, confirming its ability to preserve intuitive design workflows while providing immediate environmental feedback. By integrating physical modeling with real-time analysis, the system demonstrates significant potential for transforming architectural practice, education, and stakeholder engagement, while establishing a foundation for expanded environmental assessment capabilities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 112869"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mean skin temperature calculation method for asymmetrically dressed Xizang people on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

IF 7.1 1区工程技术

Building and Environment Pub Date : 2025-03-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112884

Cong Song , Jin Li , Yanfeng Liu , Jia Li , Dongxue Zhao

{"title":"Mean skin temperature calculation method for asymmetrically dressed Xizang people on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau","authors":"Cong Song , Jin Li , Yanfeng Liu , Jia Li , Dongxue Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112884","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112884","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Skin temperature, a critical physiological parameter in the study of thermal comfort, has increasingly been recognized as a key determinant of human thermal sensation. Extreme climatic environments and distinctive asymmetrical dressing patterns of the Xizang people have resulted in unique thermal sensitivity characteristics, setting them apart from plain population. Based on this, this paper proposes a 15-point mean skin temperature (MST) calculation method based on the weighting of thermal sensitivity (15P-WTS) for Xizang people. In this paper, the effect of cold-neutral (hot)-cold temperature change on thermal sensitivity was fully considered for 16 subjects by simulating three temperature step change experimental conditions. Fifteen representative measurement points from 39 body regions were selected as skin temperature weighting points under asymmetrical dressing. Seven MST calculation methods were developed, employing body surface area ratio, thermal sensitivity, and a combination of both as weighting factors. Correlation analysis between MST and thermal sensation revealed that the method using the average thermal sensitivity coefficient as the weighting factor exhibited the highest accuracy, with a correlation coefficient of 99.39 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 112884"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Integrating experimental analysis and machine learning for enhancing energy efficiency and indoor air quality in educational buildings

IF 7.1 1区工程技术

Building and Environment Pub Date : 2025-03-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112874

Seyed Hamed Godasiaei , Obuks A. Ejohwomu , Hua Zhong , Douglas Booker

{"title":"Integrating experimental analysis and machine learning for enhancing energy efficiency and indoor air quality in educational buildings","authors":"Seyed Hamed Godasiaei , Obuks A. Ejohwomu , Hua Zhong , Douglas Booker","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112874","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112874","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ensuring energy efficiency and maintaining optimal indoor air quality (IAQ) in educational environments is vital for occupant health and sustainability. This study addresses the challenge of balancing energy consumption with IAQ through experimental analysis integrated with advanced machine learning (ML) techniques. Traditional methods often fail to optimise both simultaneously, necessitating innovative solutions leveraging real-time data and predictive models. The research employs ML models, including Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN), Long Short-Term Memory Networks (LSTM), Gated Recurrent Units (GRU), and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), using a dataset of over 35,000 records. Parameters such as CO<sub>2</sub> levels, particulate matter (PM), temperature, humidity, and exogenous variables (e.g., time, date, and rain sensor) were analysed to identify environmental factors influencing HVAC system efficiency. Predictive models achieved over 92 % accuracy, enabling precise real-time HVAC control to balance energy use and IAQ. Key findings highlight GRU and LSTM models' effectiveness, with scalability across educational institutions showing potential for reducing energy costs and improving indoor environments. Validation with diverse datasets demonstrated robustness, while SHAP (Shapley Additive exPlanations) values provided enhanced interpretability, helping policymakers and managers implement effective strategies. This research underscores the transformative role of ML in optimising HVAC efficiency and IAQ management, offering scalable, data-driven strategies to reduce carbon footprints, improve occupant well-being, and align with global sustainability goals. By overcoming traditional limitations, the study presents a systematic approach for integrating empirical data with AI, advancing smarter, healthier, and more sustainable learning environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 112874"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0