Building and Environment最新文献

{"title":"Exploring acclimation time in test-room environments via physiological indicators: Evolving human-centric personalized comfort measurement procedures","authors":"Veronica Martins Gnecco ,&nbsp;Agnese Chiucchiù ,&nbsp;Silvia Angela Mansi ,&nbsp;Ilaria Pigliautile ,&nbsp;Gloria Cosoli ,&nbsp;Marco Arnesano ,&nbsp;Anna Laura Pisello","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112924","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112924","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Comfort research in indoor environments often adopts climate chamber to ensure precision control and measurements’ accuracy while tracking human preferences. A critical step to guarantee that subjects’ answers reflect actual exposure conditions, unaffected prior experiences, is to dedicate an “acclimation time”. However, there is still debate within the scientific community regarding its optimum duration and calculation methods. This study proposes a novel approach to define acclimation time for comfort tests based on the analysis of physiological signals. Physiological and environmental signals from three different experimental campaigns, conducted in the Next.Room, were gathered in different thermal conditions to establish via data analysis procedures when subjects start stabilizing signals for Heart Rate (HR), Skin Temperature (ST) and tonic Electrodermal Activity (EDAt). Subjects were exposed to conditions from 20–30 °C, with durations of 60–110 min. Linear interpolations of data subgroups determined acclimation time as the point when the angular coefficient's standard deviation was below the group average for at least 3 min. A 25 min general threshold was defined to assure the acclimation of at least 75 % of the subjects, balancing differences between people and the prevention of subjects’ fatigue/boredom. A 40-minute-long acclimation period can be used when aiming at more accuracy in non-ideal conditions (close to or far from outdoor conditions). Real-time personalized acclimation methods could enhance experimental designs but may extend durations impractically. Physiological signals play an important role in defining the stability of each subjects’ conditions in different environmental setups, supporting a reliable experimental design process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 112924"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving the accuracy of microclimate coupled urban building energy modeling using convolutional neural networks","authors":"Jiahong Ye ,&nbsp;Chenyu Huang ,&nbsp;Zhengjia Zhong ,&nbsp;Yanting Shen ,&nbsp;Xiangyu Ao ,&nbsp;Yunsheng Su ,&nbsp;Jing Cao ,&nbsp;Haipeng Duan ,&nbsp;Jiawei Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112923","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112923","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Meteorological data plays a crucial role in building energy simulations. Currently, most urban building energy modeling approaches rely primarily on Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) data. However, TMY data represents city-wide climate conditions, which often differ significantly from actual microclimates, leading to simulation inaccuracies. To address this issue, this study proposes a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based approach to reliably predict year-round microclimate data for the study area, thereby enhancing simulation accuracy. The method utilizes meteorological data from nearby weather stations (NWS), adjusted using the Urban Weather Generator (UWG) model, as the prediction target. A convolutional approach is employed to resolve dimensional inconsistencies between urban morphology features and hourly meteorological variables such as temperature, wind direction, and wind speed. By applying pointwise multiplication, the model effectively integrates these two data types and leverages CNNs to achieve high-precision microclimate predictions, improving simulation accuracy by 8 %. The robustness of the proposed method is validated using real energy consumption data from dozens of buildings in Shanghai. Notably, this approach enables accurate microclimate prediction in areas lacking NWS coverage, significantly enhancing the accuracy of energy consumption simulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 112923"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of simulated view contents on the restorative effects in isolated and confined offices with an artificial window","authors":"Bo Tang ,&nbsp;Jianing Shi ,&nbsp;Xin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112922","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112922","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>People working in isolated and confined offices face physical and psychological challenges with a lack of interaction with the outside. As a suitable restorative environment, a window view can provide contact with the outside and improve physiology and psychological condition.</div><div>This study aims at the restorative effects of simulated views of artificial windows (AWs) with different contents in isolated and confined offices. A one-person office (1.95m²) was built, with a high-luminance LED display measuring 850 mm × 1300 mm as an AW. Twelve simulated views were selected and evaluated by 29 participants’ physiological and psychological responses, including physiological restoration (SCL and HRV), mood, alertness, and restorative perception. Their features, summarized by real windows’ studies and AWs’ characteristics, including main elements (natural/artificial), dynamism, time, and source, were analyzed for their influence on restoration.</div><div>The results verified significant mood restoration (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) and restorative perception (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) of simulated views, while no significant physiological restoration was observed (<em>p</em> &gt; 0.05).</div><div>The features of view contents significantly influenced the restoration. The natural and well-designed artificial elements (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), dynamism (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), and “rendering” (mood: <em>p</em> = 0.030, restorative perception: <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001) enhanced mood and restorative perception, while the “daytime” view improved alertness (<em>p</em> = 0.004).</div><div>This study suggested that simulated views in AWs can facilitate psychological restoration in isolated and confined offices. Specific view contents significantly influence this restoration. This study contributes to understanding the effects of simulated view contents on the restoration and identifying research gaps in future work. It is expected to provide guidance for simulated views to optimize the visual environment in such offices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 112922"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143724646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychophysiological stress response to urban traffic: the effect of speed limits, road surface type, and greenery","authors":"Ablenya Barros ,&nbsp;Frederico Pereira ,&nbsp;Konrad Rudnicki ,&nbsp;Timothy Van Renterghem ,&nbsp;Dario Machado ,&nbsp;Jarl K. Kampen ,&nbsp;Paulien Decorte ,&nbsp;Karolien Poels ,&nbsp;Emanuel Sousa ,&nbsp;Elisabete Freitas ,&nbsp;Cedric Vuye","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112921","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112921","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The acoustic environment in urban spaces is often dominated by human-made noise sources, with road traffic noise as the most pervasive. Meanwhile, urban planning often overlooks how soundscape can impact citizens' well-being. This study combined virtual reality, biometric sensing, and questionnaires to evaluate how urban design measures targeting road traffic noise affect, beyond acoustic characteristics, psychological and physiological stress indicators. Participants (<em>N</em> = 37) were immersed in a virtual urban environment with passing vehicles at different speeds (20,30, 50 km/h) over different road surface types and maintenance levels (new vs. deteriorated asphalt concrete and cobblestones) and varying green infrastructure (Green View Index: 0 %, 14 %, 26 %). Noise stimuli were captured through CPX measurements and subsequently auralized, resulting in signals with L_Aeq spanning a 20 dBA range. Phasic skin conductance (SC), heart rate (HR), and high-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV) were recorded, while noise annoyance and cognitive performance were measured through self-report. Noise annoyance consistently increased with poorer pavement conditions and higher speeds. Speed was linked to high phasic SC and HR, while road surface type increased phasic SC and reduced HF-HRV from new to deteriorated asphalt and cobblestones, indexing heightened physiological stress impacting the autonomic nervous system regulation in response to less favourable road/speed conditions. Greenery, at the GVI levels studied, did not impact physiological responses or cognition but minimally reduced noise annoyance. These findings suggest that enforcing lower speed limits and ensuring smoother, well-maintained road surfaces in urban areas can lessen the biological alert state activation while reducing psychological stress.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 112921"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143724647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization strategy for joint operation of kitchen air-conditioning and fan based on energy consumption and comfort","authors":"Shunyu Zhang,&nbsp;Zhihang Shen,&nbsp;Zhenlei Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112919","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112919","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To improve the thermal comfort of kitchens in summer and reduce energy consumption, this paper proposes a comfort analysis method for kitchens under the coordinated operation of air-conditioning and fans.This method comprehensively considers kitchen thermal comfort and air age, and introduces a comprehensive evaluation value for kitchen comfort, aiming to quantify the overall comfort level and use it as an important indicator for energy consumption management. By combining orthogonal experiments with CFD simulation, this paper deeply explores the optimal structural parameter configuration of kitchen air-conditioning systems. Furthermore, this paper also presents comfort fitting curves for the combined operation of air-conditioning and fans under different energy consumption constraints, with the aim of minimizing energy consumption without sacrificing kitchen comfort. The research results show that the air-conditioning outlet airflow rate has the most significant impact on kitchen comfort. The optimal combination of air-conditioning parameters is a 45°supply angle, a 5 m³/min outlet airflow rate, and a 21 °C supply temperature. At the optimal air-conditioning structural parameters, turning on the fan can further enhance kitchen comfort. Under low, medium, and high fan speeds, the equivalent air-conditioning outlet airflow rates are respectively 4.34, 4.06, and 3.95 m³/min. The energy consumption under combined operation of the air-conditioning and fan can be reduced by 11.90 %, 16.43 %, and 17.70 %, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 112919"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The first step towards energy self-sufficiency in smart cities: The present and future of virtual power plant technology","authors":"Jongbaek An ,&nbsp;Juwon Hong ,&nbsp;Hyuna Kang ,&nbsp;Seungkeun Yeom ,&nbsp;Dahyun Jung ,&nbsp;Taehoon Hong ,&nbsp;Kwangbok Jeong ,&nbsp;Jaewook Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112920","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112920","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Distributed renewable energy sources offer solutions to the global energy crisis, but their limitations in volatility and efficiency necessitate virtual power plants for optimal management. In this study, the BERTopic algorithm was used to objectively and systematically review research trends related to virtual power plants based on data. A total of 336 papers were classified using natural language processing, resulting in the identification of four research topics: Technology integration in the energy sector (82.6 %), Short-term demand prediction (6.4 %), Storage of renewable energy (6.0 %), and Vehicle-to-grid (5.4 %). From 2011 to 2023, the number of studies increased approximately 14-fold compared to 1997 to 2010, when the concept of VPP first emerged. Based on this, a quantitative review was conducted to identify the current barriers to the implementation of commercial and technical virtual power plants. Furthermore, future research directions were suggested to overcome these barriers and implement virtual power plants in urban areas. Proposed strategies include improving energy harvesting to predict energy generation more accurately, optimizing energy storage systems, and validating economic, environmental, and social feasibility, along with technical issues for multiple virtual power plants. This research offers insights into overcoming virtual power plant implementation barriers, contributing to energy self-reliance in smart cities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 112920"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143724645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal safety of indoor factory workers during summer in the subtropics: A dynamic thermal indicator","authors":"Tongye Guo ,&nbsp;Jiahao Yang ,&nbsp;Yini Fan ,&nbsp;Yang Zhao ,&nbsp;Jianlin Liu ,&nbsp;Zhaosong Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112918","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112918","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extremely hot environments in indoor factories without effective air-conditioning systems are hazardous to the health of workers. This pose a potential threat to production safety on the factory floor, with workers often facing serious thermal safety challenges. Therefore, in this study, a full-scale experiment was conducted in three indoor factories in hot summer and cold winter regions of China during the summer of 2024 to investigate the effects of indoor thermal environments and activity states on worker heat stress by measuring thermal parameters and worker physiological indices in the field. The study resulted in the following findings: (1) Factories with high equipment surface temperatures exhibited 6 °C higher average temperatures than others. (2) For air temperatures below 33.7 °C, the work status dominated metabolic rate and core body temperature variations by 69.3 % and 85.1 %, respectively. For air temperatures above 37.7 °C, the work status remained critical for metabolic rate (83.5 % weighting), with air temperature influence on core body temperature increasing to 44.1 %. (3) In an air-conditioned environment, the standard effective temperature (SET) of workers was always within acceptable range at work in contrast to a SET of 38.4 °C in non-air-conditioned environments. (4) An improved heat index model incorporating metabolic rate adjustment enhanced the mean thermal sensation vote (MTSV) prediction accuracy in non-air-conditioned settings. (5) Symptoms of worker discomfort were more severe in non-air-conditioned than air-conditioned environments. These results quantitatively demonstrate the critical role of activity-adaptive thermal management and provide guidelines for optimizing factory safety and worker comfort.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 112918"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143734893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simple method for predicting the distraction due to speech and babble","authors":"Valtteri Hongisto,&nbsp;Reijo Alakoivu,&nbsp;Jukka Keränen,&nbsp;Johann Laukka","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112915","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112915","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Task-irrelevant speech is a general problem in various work environments. The speech scenarios vary a lot due to different numbers of simultaneous speakers, overall sound level, and signal-to-noise ratio. There is no objective method to assess the distraction of such sound environments using measurements. Our purpose was to develop a method (a simple equation) to objectively predict the distraction due to sound environments containing speech or babble using variables available in standard sound level meters. We conducted three psychoacoustic experiments. Experiment 1 (<em>N</em> = 10) was a pilot study. Experiment 2 (<em>N</em> = 41) was the main study, where the method was developed. Experiment 3 (<em>N</em> = 43) was conducted to validate the method of Experiment 2. We used stimuli that consisted of both multi-voice speech (0 − 12 simultaneous speakers) and steady-state broadband masking noise. The signal-to-noise ratio of speech was varied (-5 to +25 dB) as well as the overall level of stimuli (40, 50, or 60 dB <em>L</em>_Aeq). Participants were asked to imagine how distracted they would be if they had to do private work. All three experiments provided similar evidence. We developed a method that predicted the subjective distraction, based on measured values of <em>L</em>_Aeq and <em>L</em>_A5 - <em>L</em>_A95 with very high correlation (<em>r</em>_P=0.96). Experiment 3 showed that the method also predicts the distraction of foreign language speech. The method can be applied in the objective assessment of distraction in work environments, since the variables are available in standard sound level meters. Further validation of the method is needed both in laboratory and in workplaces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 112915"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143748399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceived attachment to indoor acoustic environments in high-rise residential buildings: Quantization, prediction, and population-based comparison","authors":"Kai Chen ,&nbsp;Jian Kang ,&nbsp;Hui Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112914","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112914","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent evidence suggests that ideal indoor residential soundscapes are not completely silent but should provide a sense of intimacy, belonging, companionship, safety, and connection to the home environment. In the present study, these aspects are defined as perceived attachment to indoor acoustic environments, according to Place Attachment Theory. A laboratory listening experiment was conducted to (1) quantify the attachment ratings across indoor acoustic scenarios with different sound-source compositions; (2) determine the acoustic factors predicting attachment; and (3) examine attachment differences by personal traits. Various acoustic scenarios were generated by integrating sound sources from different directions in high-rise residences and reproduced using a spherical loudspeaker array. While immersed in a virtual living-room environment via a head-mounted display, 46 participants evaluated attachment ratings for each scenario. Results showed that the addition of natural sounds always enhanced attachment, whereas the effects of outdoor human sounds varied by the types of indoor sounds present. Attachment perception was substantially impaired by floor impact sounds, especially in the presence of natural sounds. Attachment ratings were more effectively predicted by L_Ceq-L_Aeq. However, the variance explained was limited to 25 % even when sound types were included as predictors, highlighting the low predictive power of acoustic factors. Middle-aged individuals reported lower attachment levels than younger individuals, particularly for scenarios with combined sound sources. Counterintuitively, noise sensitivity showed overall non-significant effects, and higher sensitivity correlated with greater attachment in scenarios involving indoor sounds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 112914"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143726057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing outdoor thermal comfort in hot humid climates by forming dry cool region under canopy using desiccant-evaporative cooling system","authors":"Hilda Hatoum ,&nbsp;Jaafar Younes ,&nbsp;Kamel Ghali ,&nbsp;Nesreen Ghaddar","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112876","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112876","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Increased urbanization is causing elevated ambient temperatures and when accompanied with high humidity, deterioration in outdoor thermal comfort (OTC) develops. This study proposes a novel sustainable strategy to enhance OTC in hot and humid climates by implementing a solid desiccant dehumidification and evaporative cooling system to create cool and dry air region under shaded canopy to improve OTC for a seated individual. A computational fluid dynamics model, validated experimentally, was developed to study the interaction between cold, dry jets of varying temperatures, humidity, and flow rates with the existing ambient hot humid air. The model was used to assess improvements in OTC using the universal thermal climatic index (UTCI). To design and size the air conditioning system, mathematical models for the dehumidification and evaporative cooling processes were implemented. Regeneration energy for the desiccant system was predicted at ambient temperature and relative humidity conditions ranging from 28 to 34°C and 60 to 85% respectively, at supply temperatures of 22 and 24°C for different relative humidities and supply flow rates. Results showed that the proposed system effectively reduced temperature and humidity and enhanced airflow under the canopy, thereby lowering UTCI by up to 6.3°C. This reduction in UTCI led to decreases in heat stress, shifting conditions from \"very strong\" and \"strong\" to \"moderate\" and, under certain supply conditions, even to \"no thermal stress”. Enhancement in OTC uses lower regeneration energy at lower ambient conditions than higher ones to achieve improvements in the UTCI level.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 112876"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143724649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}