Building and Environment最新文献

{"title":"From ‘What-is’ to ‘What-if’ in human-factor analysis: A post-occupancy evaluation case","authors":"Xia Chen ,&nbsp;Ruiji Sun ,&nbsp;Philipp Geyer ,&nbsp;André Borrmann ,&nbsp;Stefano Schiavon","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114285","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114285","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Human-factor analysis typically employs correlation analysis and significance testing to identify relationships between variables. However, these descriptive (‘what-is’) methods, while effective for identifying associations, are often insufficient for answering causal (‘what-if’) questions. Their application in such contexts often overlooks confounding and colliding variables, potentially leading to bias and suboptimal or incorrect decisions. We advocate for explicitly distinguishing descriptive from interventional questions in human-factor analysis, and applying causal inference frameworks specifically to these problems to prevent methodological mismatches. This approach disentangles complex variable relationships and enables counterfactual reasoning. Using post-occupancy evaluation (POE) data from the Center for the Built Environment’s (CBE) Occupant Survey as a demonstration case, we show how causal discovery generates testable hypotheses about intervention hierarchies and directional relationships that traditional associational analysis cannot explore. The systematic distinction between causally associated and independent variables, combined with intervention prioritization capabilities, offers broad applicability to complex human-centric systems, for example, in building science or ergonomics, where understanding intervention effects is critical for optimization and decision-making.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 114285"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of spatial lighting on color discrimination in optical see-through augmented reality: The role of CCT and illuminance","authors":"Zheng Huang ,&nbsp;Ruiqi Jiang ,&nbsp;Qiuyan Yang ,&nbsp;Yunpeng Shi ,&nbsp;Mingdao Zhang ,&nbsp;Qiang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114296","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114296","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Optical see-through augmented reality (OST-AR) is increasingly used in both consumer and professional contexts where accurate color presentation is critical. However, the effects of indoor spatial lighting on color discrimination in OST-AR glasses remain underexplored. This study systematically investigates how correlated color temperature (CCT), illuminance, and spatial lighting distribution (i.e., wall lighting, ceiling lighting, and mixed lighting) affect color discrimination performance when using birdbath-type OST-AR glasses. A total of 64 participants were recruited to participate in three experiments, each targeting one of the three spatial lighting distributions. Each experiment was conducted in a controlled laboratory setting, employing a color discrimination task with four hues (i.e., red, yellow, green, blue). Discrimination thresholds were quantified using fitted ellipses based on the concept of MacAdam ellipses in the CIE 1976 <em>u′v′</em> chromaticity diagram. Results show that yellow color exhibits the lowest color discrimination threshold and blue the highest across all lighting conditions. The color discrimination thresholds of all colors range from 0.004 to 0.008 <em>u′v′</em> units. Both CCT and illuminance of wall lighting significantly affect discrimination performance, with higher CCT and lower illuminance improving color discrimination sensitivity. Wall lighting and ceiling lighting each demonstrate a significant main effect when tested independently, but wall lighting dominates over ceiling lighting under mixed lighting condition. This study demonstrates that spatial lighting distribution and lighting parameters (CCT, illuminance) are key factors regulating color discrimination in OST-AR glasses, providing a scientific basis for optimizing lighting environments for AR application as well as device design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 114296"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards a harmonized database of indoor air contaminant concentrations: Methods and application to CO2","authors":"Gabriel Rojas ,&nbsp;Reto Stauffer ,&nbsp;Núria Casquero-Modrego ,&nbsp;Marcel Loomans ,&nbsp;Marc Abadie ,&nbsp;Ibrahim Alhindawi ,&nbsp;Francesco Babich ,&nbsp;Gabriel Bekö ,&nbsp;Marie Coggins ,&nbsp;Bart Cremers ,&nbsp;Bernhard Damberger ,&nbsp;Timm Freundorfer ,&nbsp;Sonia Garcia-Ortega ,&nbsp;Hala Hassan ,&nbsp;Benjamin Jones ,&nbsp;Maria Justo Alonso ,&nbsp;Irene Lara-Ibeas ,&nbsp;Grainne McGill ,&nbsp;James McGrath ,&nbsp;Aurora Monge-Barrio ,&nbsp;Linda Toledo","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114297","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114297","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reliable data on indoor air quality (IAQ) is essential for design and operation of energy-efficient and healthy residential buildings. This work introduces a standardized methodology to systematically compile, process, and analyze IAQ measurement data, enabling the creation of a harmonized IAQ database. Developed within the IEA EBC Annex 86 project, the open-source algorithm ensures compatibility, data protection, and scalability by aggregating time series measurements into monthly summaries while preserving distributional information and linking them to relevant meta-information. This methodology was applied to create a comprehensive, open-access dataset integrating indoor air contaminant measurements from numerous IAQ studies covering residential homes with varied building types, ventilation strategies, climates and occupancy patterns. The dataset enables consistent statistical analysis and interpretation of IAQ data collected through heterogeneous methods, supporting robust cross-study comparison and benchmarking. As the dataset grows, it will enable harm-based analyses, an emerging paradigm in indoor air quality regulation.</div><div>The paper exemplifies the utility of the harmonized database by analyzing CO₂ concentration data from 18 studies encompassing over 1000 homes, with a focus on bedrooms. The results quantify the concentration distribution encountered in bedrooms across diverse regulatory and building contexts. Results highlight significant variations in CO₂ levels influenced by ventilation type, building characteristics, and ambient temperature, emphasizing the importance of standardized data for advancing IAQ research, policy development, and occupant health assessments. Ultimately, the harmonized dataset and methodology can serve as a critical resource for researchers, practitioners, and regulators aiming to optimize indoor environmental quality while advancing energy-efficient residential building design globally.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 114297"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146185726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"POD-Kriging surrogate modeling for rapid prediction of the impact of façade protruding rib geometries on urban canyon wind flow","authors":"Yue Zhang,&nbsp;Xing Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114198","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114198","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the impact of building geometries, e.g., façade protrusions such as ribs, is crucial for accurate urban wind flow predictions. While computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with large-eddy simulations (LES) provides reliable wind-field predictions in urban canyons with façade-protruding elements, they are too time-consuming and resource-intensive for rapid assessments. To address this challenge, this study develops a reduced-order surrogate model using the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) and Kriging surrogate model to predict wind fields in typical urban canyons with various rib-like horizontal protrusions under perpendicular approaching wind. Based on CFD data from LES simulations, the model is trained to predict the flow fields inside the canyon using two geometric parameters, depth <em>d</em> and separation <em>s</em> of protrusion ribs. First, the POD method is employed to decompose the flow fields from LES simulations into a POD mode basis. Then, the Kriging surrogate model is trained to learn the relation between the POD mode coefficients and the rib’s geometric parameters. A series of evaluations of the POD-Kriging surrogate model’s performance is conducted, and the results show good agreement with LES results, achieving a mean absolute error of 0.012 m/s, which is superior to Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) CFD simulations. Discrepancies are confined to high-gradient regions, while bulk flow predictions are highly reliable. This approach is 7 × 10³ times faster than LES and 6 × 10² times faster than RANS, significantly enhancing the efficiency of predicting wind fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 114198"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146185727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ten questions concerning Large Language Models (LLMs) for building applications","authors":"Nan Ma ,&nbsp;Rania Labib ,&nbsp;Robert Amor ,&nbsp;Adrian Chong ,&nbsp;Cheng Fan ,&nbsp;Kasimir Forth ,&nbsp;Xiaoqin Fu ,&nbsp;Stefan Fuchs ,&nbsp;Tianzhen Hong ,&nbsp;Nina Klimenkova ,&nbsp;Jabeom Koo ,&nbsp;Shundong Li ,&nbsp;Steven Tanner McCullough ,&nbsp;June Young Park ,&nbsp;Roee Shraga ,&nbsp;Sungmin Yoon ,&nbsp;Liang Zhang ,&nbsp;Yiting Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114260","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114260","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Large Language Models (LLMs) are emerging as powerful AI tools capable of transforming how building information is collected, processed, analyzed, and applied across diverse research areas. Their capabilities can help building operators, facility managers and other stakeholders such as designers, architects and engineers by providing actionable insights for decision-making across planning, construction, operations, and maintenance of buildings and facilities. This paper explores ten key questions concerning the role of LLMs in shaping sustainable, intelligent, and human-centric buildings. From fundamental definitions to advanced applications, we examine how LLMs facilitate decision-making across the life cycle of buildings and energy systems. LLMs can enhance life cycle assessments (LCA), building energy simulations, and real-time data integration, empowering more efficient and adaptive human-AI environments. They can also contribute to streamlining regulatory compliance, improving post-occupancy evaluations, and fostering more inclusive and participatory design processes. Additionally, this paper addresses the ethical challenges posed by LLMs, such as bias, data privacy, and environmental impacts, and explores their potentials in advancing intelligent digital twins (DT) for ongoing building operations and maintenance. Built upon our applied research using LLMs and the review of tools, datasets, and research gaps, we provide a forward-looking perspective on how LLMs can drive innovation, collaboration, and productivity in the built environment while supporting ethical and effective implementation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114260"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing urban wind environment in high-density built-up areas through targeted redevelopment of inefficient land","authors":"Xiwen Zhang ,&nbsp;Chenxi Xu ,&nbsp;Shifa Ma ,&nbsp;Peng Yang ,&nbsp;Shijie Luo ,&nbsp;Lan Ma ,&nbsp;Yunnan Cai ,&nbsp;Bikai Chen ,&nbsp;Wanzhu Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114265","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114265","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of urban ventilation corridors is a viable strategy to alleviate thermal environmental stress. Accurately identifying critical zones for urban ventilation and formulating spatial planning strategies to improve ventilation performance are essential for sustainable urban development. In this study, Guangzhou, as a city with high-density construction and a typical area for urban renewal, is taken as a case study. Based on the \"wind direction-resistance surface-corridor\" framework, urban ventilation corridors are proposed, and key zones are identified by incorporating urban inefficient land. Furthermore, optimal pathways for urban ventilation corridors are explored in the context of urban renewal by floor area ratio (FAR)-based scenario modeling. The results show that: (1) The spatial distribution of ventilation corridors in Guangzhou is uneven, mainly concentrated in low to medium-density building areas and along rivers, green spaces, and the like. (2) Approximately 10.43% of Guangzhou’s inefficient land intersects with urban ventilation corridors, with Yuexiu and Liwan districts having the highest proportion (over 40%). Redeveloping these inefficient areas could significantly enhance ventilation. (3) FAR is not a critical factor affecting the wind environment, and the impact of different ranges of FAR on ventilation effects varies. Even with an increased FAR, a favorable wind environment can be maintained through adjustments in building height and orientation. The urban planning policies proposed in this study can provide references for the redevelopment of inefficient land to maximize ventilation effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114265"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying the consistency and informativity of thermal sensation votes for comfort-driven building control","authors":"Zhihao Ma ,&nbsp;Athanasios Tzempelikos","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.114170","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.114170","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although thermal preference questions are more suitable for thermal control applications, several studies still rely on thermal sensation votes as indicators. Quantifying inconsistencies between different questions and scales and characterizing their effectiveness for efficient building control is still challenging. This work investigates whether thermal sensation questions and scales (e.g., 3-point and 7-point) provide reliable and informative content for preference-driven control, expressed with thermal preference responses from two public databases (i.e., ASHRAE Global Thermal Comfort Database II and the Scales Database). First, a mapping policy from 7-point to 3-point thermal sensation votes is determined between thermal sensation and preference responses. Then, the reliability of sensation votes with different scales is examined by computing the divergence in temperature distributions associated with their verbal anchors using the Jensen-Shannon Distance (JSD). Using a 3-point scale resulted in 30–50% improvement in discriminatory power. Subsequently, a logic-aware mutual information gain metric is proposed to evaluate the informativity of 3-point and 7-point thermal sensation scales using thermal preference as baseline. The results showed that the information gain with the two scales is similar (&lt; 5% difference). These findings suggest that the thermal sensation scale should be interpreted carefully for building control applications. Although the 7-point thermal sensation scale offers advantages related to database development and thermal comfort investigation, the 3-point thermal sensation scale is more suitable for occupant-centric control in the absence of preference feedback. This is due to its significantly higher consistency with preference for change without sacrificing informativity, making it a cognitively efficient choice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114170"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145948002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Airborne dominance in COVID-19 transmission on long-haul flights","authors":"Jialuo Tang ,&nbsp;Han Yu ,&nbsp;Yadi Wu ,&nbsp;Qing Zhang ,&nbsp;Yike Wang ,&nbsp;Shenglan Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114223","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114223","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the heightened risk of respiratory virus transmission in enclosed, densely populated environments. Aircraft cabins represent a unique setting, combining high ventilation and high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration with persistent uncertainty regarding dominant transmission routes. Using data from a documented long-haul in-flight outbreak, we developed a multi-route mechanistic model with Bayesian inference to quantify contributions of airborne, direct deposition, and contact transmission. Airborne transmission dominated, accounting for a median of 92.2% (95% credible interval [CrI]: 83.6–96.5%), whereas contact (7.8%, 95% CrI: 3.5–16.4%) and direct deposition (0.0%, 95% CrI: 0.0–0.1%) played minimal roles. Passengers seated within two rows of the index case had a 4.41-fold higher attack rate compared with those farther away (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.98–9.81, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001), which our model reproduced through a simulated 5.00-fold (95% CrI: 2.10–12.86) higher risk in the same zone. Notably, 45% of observed infections occurred beyond this proximity, with our model predicting a comparable proportion (40%), indicating that long-range airborne transmission can persist even in highly ventilated cabins and underscoring limitations of contact tracing protocols. These findings provide quantitative evidence for SARS-CoV-2 transmission mechanisms in aircraft cabins and yield insights to guide risk assessment and infection control strategies in enclosed environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114223"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Addressing overventilation through fan speed reduction in multi-unit residential buildings with pressurized corridor and in-unit ventilation systems","authors":"Natalie Fylak ,&nbsp;Marianne F. Touchie","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114238","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114238","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In-unit ventilation systems (e.g. ERV/HRVs) are becoming increasingly popular in new multi-unit residential buildings (MURBs) in Canada, however centralized ventilation systems are still needed to supply air to the corridors. Corridor ventilation is typically delivered with a pressurized corridor (PC) system, often designed using industry rules of thumb (e.g. 30 cfm /door), resulting in excessively high supply flow rates that could meet the combined corridor and unit ventilation demand. This is an industry holdover from when PC systems were responsible for the whole building ventilation load, and these higher-than-necessary flow rates result in energy waste. A field study was conducted in a MURB located in Toronto, Canada, to determine if PC supply flow rates could be reduced to save energy, while still maintaining corridor pressurization and occupant satisfaction. The study also analysed the impact of occupant behaviors and weatherstripping additions on corridor air pressure changes. During the winter, when stack effect was most severe, the PC system could not maintain positive pressurization on the lowest floors, even at the highest fan speeds. Despite pressurization issues, minimum corridor flow rates required by ASHRAE 62.1 were consistently met and surveys show residents did not perceive changes in air quality as supply flow rates were decreased. Meanwhile, lowering the fan speed to 50% capacity could save 5.5 kWh/m²/year, demonstrating that reducing corridor air supply can be a practical energy saving strategy despite some loss of pressurization on the lowest floors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114238"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study of single-sided ventilation through a roof opening using isolated generic models","authors":"Yuanyuan Lin,&nbsp;Mats Sandberg,&nbsp;Mathias Cehlin,&nbsp;Leif Claesson,&nbsp;Hans Wigö","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114206","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114206","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Previous studies have rarely addressed single-sided ventilation driven by the external flow over the roof, which exhibits considerable potential owing to its highly turbulent nature and strong suction associated with leading-edge flow separation. In this study, wind tunnel experiments on single-sided ventilation through a roof opening were conducted using two isolated generic models: a cylinder and a rectangular prism, each with a set of replaceable openings. Both models were tested either flush- or floor-mounted. Two inflow conditions, each with three free-stream velocities, were considered. For both models mounted beneath the floor, the nondimensional ventilation rates (<em>Q*</em>) are comparable to values reported in the literature; for the prism, a slight increase in <em>Q*</em> with orientation suggests the development of a mixing layer along the streamwise extent of the floor-level opening. In the floor-mounted configuration, body-induced flow disturbances tend to enhance ventilation. Three primary governing rooftop flow regimes are identified—recirculation zone, flow reattachment, and conical vortex—whose relative dominance over the opening depends on inflow turbulence, wind incidence angle, and model configuration. When the opening lies entirely within the recirculation zone, <em>Q*</em> is proportional to the normalized local fluctuation intensity, with a coefficient of about 0.16. For certain yaw angles, the marked increase in <em>Q*</em> strongly correlates with the presence of a conical vortex over the prism model roof, which features strong suction and intense fluctuations. Direct advection through the opening could occur with a favorable opening size and location, allowing deep penetration of the reattaching shear layer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114206"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145947953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}