Building and Environment最新文献

{"title":"Sensor fault diagnosis and calibration techniques in building energy systems: A review and future outlook","authors":"Kai Hu ,&nbsp;Chengchu Yan ,&nbsp;Jing Ye ,&nbsp;Yizhe Xu ,&nbsp;Zhenying Zhu ,&nbsp;Yanfeng Gong","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112365","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112365","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While extensive research has been conducted on fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) and sensor calibration in building energy systems, a comprehensive overview of the technical developments in these areas, particularly in response to emerging needs such as high-precision measurement and the advent of new technologies like big data and artificial intelligence, remains limited. To bridge this gap, this paper presents a systematic review of sensor-related topics in building energy systems. It logically summarizes existing research, draws conclusions on current developments, and predicts future trends in sensor technology. The paper categorizes the impacts of sensor failures on energy systems into three primary areas: energy efficiency, thermal fault diagnosis, and indoor thermal comfort. It then outlines the evolution of FDD methods by introducing various models. Finally, recent studies and applications of “true value”/benchmark value determination methods, calibration algorithms, and measurement performance evaluation are presented, along with a summary of the main challenges in sensor calibration and evaluation for ensuring efficient building energy system operation in the context of these emerging trends.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"269 ","pages":"Article 112365"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142759258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of musical tempo on human thermal comfort during interval exercise","authors":"Meng Zhen ,&nbsp;Weijie Xia ,&nbsp;Dahu Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112359","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112359","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Compared to steady-state exercise, thermal comfort during interval exercise varies. Moreover, research on the effects of musical tempo on subjective thermal perception, emotional state, and physiological responses in individuals performing interval exercise remains limited. Based on this, 22 participants were recruited for this study to simulate a gym environment within a climate chamber. The K5 metabolic analyzer combined with questionnaires was used to monitor the subjective responses and physiological parameters of participants during exercise, analyzing the effect of musical tempo on thermal comfort during interval exercise. Furthermore, by externalizing different tempos of music during the exercise phases of the experiment, participants' emotional states were induced to be either pleasant (positive) or boring (negative). The no-music working condition served as a control group for this experiment with no emotional induction. The research results indicate that music tempo affects the subjective thermal response, physiological response, and emotional state of the exercising population, with this influence showing clear differences and patterns. Notably, Regardless of the music tempo, the emotional index (MI) exhibited strong negative correlations with thermal sensation votes (TSV) (<em>r</em> = -0.76, -0.93), metabolic rate (MR) (<em>r</em> = -0.91, -0.95), and heart rate (HR) (<em>r</em> = -0.92, -0.94) across two exercise intensities. Based on these findings, a more adaptive PMV improvement model (PMV*) was developed using correlation analysis and regression fitting. This study provides important insights for the design of personalized exercise environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"268 ","pages":"Article 112359"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142757721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green roof performance monitoring: Insights on physical properties of 4 extensive green roof types after 2 years of microclimatic measurements","authors":"Dominik Gößner,&nbsp;Maria Kunle,&nbsp;Milena Mohri","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112356","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112356","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Green infrastructure elements like green roofs provide a range of ecosystem services to urban areas. Although shallow extensive green roofs contribute less to stormwater retention and microclimatic improvement than other green roof types, they remain the most widely used system in European market. This study aims to establish a basis for optimizing green roof designs by thoroughly examining the differences in the physical characteristics of the roofs as well as their environmental impacts and performances in relation to their properties. Two years of microclimatic monitoring on four green roofs revealed distinctly different behaviors regarding evapotranspiration, substrate moisture, substrate temperature, ground-level air temperature, and heat flux. The performances in evapotranspiration and cooling of ground-level air temperature in summer were clearly related to substrate thickness and water storage capacity of the roofs. Furthermore, differences in rainwater interception and stomatal conductance were quantified among various plant species. The results highlight that green roofs with thick substrates or large water storage capacities, combined with highly transpiring and densely growing plant species are most likely to deliver the ecosystem services needed in cities. The collected data also proofs to be essential for high-precision modeling of green roofs’ microclimatic effects in the context of urban planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"269 ","pages":"Article 112356"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142759254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An experimental comparative study of energy saving based on occupancy-centric control in smart buildings","authors":"Irfan Qaisar ,&nbsp;Wei Liang ,&nbsp;Kailai Sun ,&nbsp;Tian Xing ,&nbsp;Qianchuan Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112322","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112322","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Buildings account for approximately one-third of global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Accurate occupancy data is critical for enabling energy-efficient control strategies and enhancing comfort in buildings. However, most current research on multi-zone occupancy-centric control (OCC) relies on simulated rather than real-world occupancy data. Additionally, the optimal operational intervals of existing OCC-based HVAC systems have not been fully explored in dynamic indoor environments. This study presents an extensive experimental study evaluating the impact of multi-zone real-world OCC systems on energy conservation and comfort in a multi-zone building. We collected real-world occupancy data using vision-based methods and developed HVAC control strategies using operational intervals of 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 min to evaluate their effects on energy efficiency and occupant comfort. Simulations were performed using OpenStudio with EnergyPlus. The results indicate that customized operational intervals significantly improve both energy efficiency and occupant comfort. Shorter intervals can provide effective energy savings in dynamic settings, while longer intervals yield improved comfort and energy efficiency in more stable environments. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of OCC systems in optimizing energy usage and comfort and sets the stage for future developments in building management strategies. Emerging trends, such as integrating large language models into OCC, are also discussed for future exploration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"268 ","pages":"Article 112322"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142748524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age differences in thermal comfort and sensitivity under contact local body cooling","authors":"Huice Mao,&nbsp;Hang Yu,&nbsp;Yin Tang,&nbsp;Qiaxin Weng,&nbsp;Kege Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112355","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112355","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global climate change presents challenges to comfort and health of the elderly. Contact-based local thermal regulation offers a potential solution to enhance their thermal comfort, yet lacks practical application guidelines. To investigate the impact of local regulation on overall thermal perception, this study recruited 16 elderly individuals (66.7 ± 4.2 years) and 16 young individuals (23.3 ± 1.0 years), exposing them to local cooling of 12 body parts in hot indoor environments. Subjective questionnaires and skin temperature were collected. The results indicate that in a stable thermal environment, elderly individuals reported lower thermal sensation votes (TSV), higher thermal comfort votes (TCV), and weaker willingness to change the environment. While young participants preferred cooling the trunk, the elderly preferred cooling of the head and neck. Under local cooling, most of the body parts did not show significant differences in local TSV between the two groups, but the elderly group exhibited significantly higher local TCV. Cooling of the core body parts (head, neck, chest, upper back, abdomen, and lower back) had a greater impact on reducing overall TSV and increasing overall TCV among the elderly. The elderly showed higher acceptance of local cooling, particularly favoring cooling of the head and neck, which are the most thermally sensitive area. Thermal sensitivity significantly decreased with age. Based on the results, local cooling of 26 °C to the head, neck, chest, and upper back is the recommended solution for local regulation in hot environments. This research provides valuable insights for developing targeted strategies to improve thermal comfort for the elderly.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"268 ","pages":"Article 112355"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142748521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Office environments and worker satisfaction with thermal and air environments during and after the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan","authors":"Ryo Asaoka ,&nbsp;Wataru Umishio ,&nbsp;Naoki Kagi ,&nbsp;Motoya Hayashi ,&nbsp;Takao Sawachi ,&nbsp;Takahiro Ueno","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112349","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112349","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has changed office environments, worker satisfaction, and the associations between them. As indoor environments with high worker satisfaction are achieved by properly maintaining indoor environmental quality factors, understanding the associations between office environments and worker satisfaction is imperative. In this study, questionnaire surveys and environmental measurements were conducted on 916 workers during the pandemic (November–December 2020) and 738 workers after the pandemic (July–August 2023) in 22 offices in Japan. The proportion of offices implementing \"increasing the amount of outdoor air\" and \"natural ventilation by opening the windows\" decreased from 59% to 18% and from 50% to 25%, respectively, suggesting a reduction in these practices after the pandemic. Most buildings met the relevant guideline values for temperature (18–28 °C), relative humidity (40–70%), CO₂ concentration (≤1000 ppm), and PM_2.5 mass concentration (≤15 μg/m³) during and after the pandemic. Multilevel linear regression analyses showed that lower PM_2.5 mass concentrations were correlated with higher worker satisfaction with the thermal environment during the pandemic and with the air environment both during and after the pandemic even though PM_2.5 is invisible and odorless. These results suggests that confounding factors such as \"increasing the amount of outdoor air,\" \"natural ventilation by opening the windows,\" \"installing the medium-efficiency particulate air (MEPA) filters,\" and \"installing the air cleaners\" affect worker satisfaction. Therefore, these countermeasures changed the associations between office environments and worker satisfaction. These findings will help enhance worker satisfaction in the post-COVID-19 era.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"268 ","pages":"Article 112349"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142748522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid personalized thermal comfort model based on wrist skin temperature","authors":"Chuangkang Yang ,&nbsp;Ruizi Zhang ,&nbsp;Hiroaki Kanayama ,&nbsp;Daisuke Sato ,&nbsp;Keiichiro Taniguchi ,&nbsp;Nobuki Matsui ,&nbsp;Yasunori Akashi","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112321","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112321","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Indoor thermal comfort plays a crucial role in enhancing the quality of life in residential and work environments. However, existing thermal comfort models often rely on complex measurements or require a large number of personal thermal votes, which limits their practical application. To address these challenges, this study develops a hybrid thermal comfort model aimed at reducing the measurement burden and personal response while improving the accuracy of personalized thermal comfort prediction. The proposed hybrid model combines a mathematical model with machine learning techniques, integrating the generalization ability of the mathematical model and the self-learning capabilities of machine learning. Data were collected from an experiment conducted in the climate controlled chamber in an office building with 12 subjects. By monitoring only wrist skin temperature, indoor air temperature, and their temporal variations, the proposed model significantly simplifies the measurement. In the absence of available training data, the mathematical model can be used independently, improving prediction accuracy by 21.11% on median and up to 44.45% over the PMV model. In a 5-fold cross-validation with 45 data points per subject, the hybrid model outperforms the standalone machine learning model by up to 24.45%. The model demonstrates robust performance with limited training data across various metrics and scenarios, highlighting its potential for practical application in building environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"268 ","pages":"Article 112321"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142748592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing the improvement of occupant thermal comfort with local heating devices in cold environments","authors":"Xueyue Zhu ,&nbsp;Hong Liu ,&nbsp;Mengyuan He ,&nbsp;Yuxin Wu ,&nbsp;Fengwei Xiong ,&nbsp;Baizhan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112350","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112350","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Local heating can improve the thermal comfort of occupants and save energy in buildings in cold environments; however, few studies have investigated the effects of heat-transfer modes. Here, we aimed to evaluate different local heating measurements including five-sided enclosed radiant panel, heating plate, and fan heater using climate chamber experiments with 20 participants in cold environments (14 °C). Skin temperature and thermal perception votes under two radiation types with low and high power, one condition of conduction, and one condition of convection were collected and analyzed (RL, RH, CD, and CV). Under conditions RH, CD, and CV, the investigated parameters significantly improved by three local heating devices, with foot skin temperature rising by 0.46 °C, foot thermal sensation rising by 1.25 scores, and overall thermal comfort increasing by 0.36 score; however, their energy consumption varied greatly. In contrast, no significant improvement was observed in the RL group. Additionally, direct application of heat at sites of palpable cold discomfort was not always the optimal approach, and heating other parts of the body may provide significant alleviation. We recommend that the surface temperature of local heaters based on conduction and radiation for heat transfer should not be lower than 40.38 °C and 52.15 °C, respectively. To maintain thermal comfort, air outlet temperature should not be lower than 34.56 °C for convection type heaters. Our results provide technical and experimental basis for designing energy-saving buildings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"268 ","pages":"Article 112350"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142748525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficiency evaluation of commonly used methods to accelerate formaldehyde release and removal in households: A field measurement in bedroom","authors":"Yangyang Gao ,&nbsp;Mengtao Han","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112348","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112348","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Modern home interiors are prone to toxic gas emissions, such as formaldehyde, which can lead to respiratory diseases and cancer. Therefore, removing formaldehyde from households is crucial. This study measured the effects of common household factors (air temperature and light intensity) on formaldehyde release, and evaluated the efficiency of various removal methods (pothos, activated carbon, TiO₂ suspension, and ventilation) in bedroom. The formaldehyde release rate (<em>K</em>) ratio at different air temperatures: <em>K</em>₁₆ °_C:<em>K</em>₂₁ °_C:<em>K</em>₂₆ °_C = 0.474:1:1.65. Under different light conditions: <em>K</em>_UV-125_l_x:<em>K</em>_UV-324_l_x:<em>K</em>_INB-117_l_x = 2.407:4.099:1. Regarding formaldehyde removal, Pothos initially contributed to a fluctuation in formaldehyde concentration (<em>C</em>) due to vapor release, but had minimal overall impact on removal. Activated carbon and TiO₂ suspensions can remove formaldehyde. Activated carbon initially caused <em>C</em> to decline, followed by a subsequent increase. The TiO₂ suspension increased humidity, leading to an initial rise in <em>C</em>, followed by a decrease to a stabilized level. Ventilation led to a rapid drop in <em>C</em>, followed by an increase, and finally a decline, due to the dynamic balance between ventilation and <em>K</em>. Comprehensive evaluation of the net formaldehyde removal rate per unit volume (or per unit leaf area for pothos) revealed: activated carbon &gt;TiO₂ suspension &gt;pothos. At different air change per hour (ACH), the ratio of time required for formaldehyde removal (<em>t</em>) was <em>t</em>_ACH-10.89:<em>t</em>_ACH-54.39:<em>t</em>_ACH-108.78 = 1.825:1:0.754. Effect size analysis showed that Cohen's d for primary data was &gt;0.5, combined with the <em>K, C</em>, and <em>t</em> results, temperature and UV irradiation were positively correlated with formaldehyde release, while ACH and activated carbon amount were positively correlated with formaldehyde removal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"268 ","pages":"Article 112348"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142748593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of multi-factor influences on elderly usage patterns and heat-stress exposure in neighbourhood public outdoor spaces","authors":"Jiawei Wang,&nbsp;Jianong Li,&nbsp;Jianlei Niu","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112340","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112340","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Given the hotter weather in summer, quantifying the impacts of thermal and non-thermal factors on the usage of public outdoor spaces (POS) and exposure to heat stress among older people are essential to evaluate heat-related risks in POS and guide POS designs to guarantee the safety of outdoor activities. In this study, field tests were conducted from June to August in four POS of two public housing estates in Hong Kong, to investigate the elderly's POS usage and thermal response in relation to microclimate parameters, POS exercise function, and companionship. A method for evaluating the intensity of health-warning-heat-stress exposure in POS is proposed, aiming to guide risk reducing measures in POS. The results indicate that, at air temperatures within the 29.0 °C and 35.0 °C range, one-degree increase in mean radiant temperature is associated with around 0.05 decrease in POS effective usage rate (<em>eff_UR</em>). The <em>eff_UR</em> is found less sensitive to wind conditions, while 67% of the interviewees prefer stronger wind speed. An average thermal sensation vote of 1 (slightly warm) and a fairly high <em>eff_UR</em> are found under a wide mPET range spanning from 30.0 °C to 39.0 °C, while moderate-to-strong heat stress may occur when mPET exceeds 35.0 °C. Elderly users’ thermal sensitivities reduce in POS providing exercise functions, and when in the company of and chatting with others. The intensity of health-warning-heat-stress exposure varies over time and differs across POS, which will be exacerbated due to global warming unless climate-adapted cooling strategies are implemented.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"268 ","pages":"Article 112340"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142748588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}