Building and Environment最新文献

{"title":"Using Machine Learning (ML) for Heat Transfer Coefficient (HTC) measurement in buildings: A systematic review","authors":"Mojgan Sami,&nbsp;Francisco Sierra","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113220","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113220","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate, fast, and non-intrusive Heat Transfer Coefficient (HTC) estimations of existing buildings are crucial for informed decision-making in retrofit projects. A systematic integrative literature review was conducted following the PRISMA standard (1997–2024). This is the first review with statistical and critical thematic analysis on this topic, synthesizing a theoretical framework for future research directions. The review identified 63 relevant sources.</div><div>Quantitative analysis reveals exponential growth of publications since 2017 on ML for HTC estimation, with leadership from China, USA and India. Qualitative analysis assessed existing ML methodologies, data collection protocols, and validation frameworks. Indoor and outdoor temperatures emerge as the most frequently used parameters; 45 % of studies use hourly measurement intervals. High-frequency data collection offers superior capture of thermal dynamics but poses challenges in data storage and processing. Neural network-based approaches (particularly multilayer perceptrons (MLP) and long short-term memory (LSTM)) dominate to capture non-linear thermal relationships. Key challenges include data quality requirements, computational efficiency, and the trade-off between model complexity and interpretability. A concerning finding shows 25.7 % of studies lack validation against established methods, highlighting a critical gap in standardization.</div><div>This analysis provides insights into current methodological trends, identifies research gaps, and proposes future directions for advancing ML applications in this field. Findings emphasize the need for standardized validation protocols, improved data collection strategies, and integrated approaches connecting component-level and whole-building analyses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 113220"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144139695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of environmental temperature mimicking circadian rhythms on thermal comfort and sleep quality","authors":"Nan Zhang ,&nbsp;Yingxin Zhu ,&nbsp;Bin Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113196","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113196","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sleep is closely linked to human health, and the thermal environment plays a significant role in influencing sleep quality. This study investigates the effects of circadian rhythm-mimicking dynamic thermal environments on sleep quality and thermal comfort. Considering seasonal differences, two control conditions were established: a winter condition with a baseline temperature of 21 °C and a summer condition with a baseline temperature of 26 °C. Specifically, the winter experimental condition was designed with a temperature profile of 21–18–21 °C, while the summer condition followed a 28–26–28 °C profile. Ten participants were recruited for the sleep experiments, during which portable EEG devices were utilized to monitor sleep quality. Additionally, continuous skin temperature measurements were recorded at multiple body sites throughout the night to assess thermal regulation. Subjective thermal sensations and sleep quality were assessed using questionnaires administered before and after each experimental night. The experimental results revealed that, compared to a conventional winter environment, the dynamic thermal environment significantly improved sleep quality by increasing the proportion of deep sleep duration. No significant differences in sleep quality were observed under the summer conditions. Through discussion and analysis of thermoregulatory parameters significantly associated with sleep latency, this study attempts to elucidate the mechanism by which environmental control can shorten sleep latency. The findings provide valuable insights into the relationship between dynamic thermal environments, thermal comfort, and sleep quality, offering potential strategies for optimizing sleep environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 113196"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144146705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating mosses on bioreceptive concrete: Effective sound absorbers?","authors":"M. Veeger,&nbsp;M. Ottelé,&nbsp;H.M. Jonkers","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113194","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113194","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Moss-covered bioreceptive concrete is a novel green vertical structure which can be applied to a wide variety of structures due to its low structural and maintenance requirements. One of the potential benefits of using moss-covered concrete is its ability to absorb sound, the extent of which is currently unknown. Therefore, the effectiveness in attenuating (urban) noise of six moss species in different hydration states was assessed and compared to bare concrete and other vertical green structures. Results show that using moss-covered concrete increases sound absorption compared to bare concrete in nearly all situations. The best-performing mosses overall were acrocarp species, particularly <em>P. capillare</em>, which reached a peak sound absorption coefficient of 0.86 and an average of up to 0.48 (50–6400 Hz). Its results are also relatively constant across hydration states. On the other hand, <em>G. pulvinata</em> outperformed <em>P. capillare</em> when dry, but not when hydrated or wet. The pleurocarp species showed the lowest sound absorption. Finally, the thickness of the moss layer has a minor impact on absorption. The acrocarp moss species compare favourably to (in)direct vertical green structures using climbing plants, whereas the sound absorption of the pleurocarp species is slightly lower. However, the sound absorption of moss-covered concrete is significantly lower than that of vertical green structures using a growing substrate (Living Wall Systems), as the substrate provides the bulk of the absorption in this case. In conclusion, the moss-covered bioreceptive concrete presents a viable alternative to (in)direct green structures, although benefits are mostly limited to frequencies above 1000 Hz.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 113194"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144134255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An economic room-level thermal management of air-cooled cloud data centers based on human brain emotional intelligence","authors":"Ashkan Safari,&nbsp;Afshin Rahimi","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113170","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113170","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cloud Data Centers (CDCs) are consistently recognized as pivotal in the digital economy due to their provision of flexible and cost-effective solutions for storing and processing large volumes of data. These facilities enable businesses to adapt to evolving demands, support advanced technologies, and facilitate global collaboration by offering instant access to resources. Consequently, ensuring their reliable and uninterrupted operation remains a primary concern for technology enterprises and service providers. Among the various factors influencing the performance of CDCs, thermal conditions are of particular significance. In this context, a novel Brain Emotional Learning-Based Intelligent Controller (BELBIC) is proposed in this paper for room-level temperature regulation of an air-cooled CDC. Unlike other established controllers, the proposed BELBIC is both intelligent and adaptive, thereby exhibiting superior performance and adaptability to the dynamic conditions of CDCs. To evaluate the efficacy of the proposed approach, it has been implemented in an air-cooled CDC comprising two server clusters across four distinct weather seasons. The performance of the proposed BELBIC is subsequently benchmarked against four existing controllers, with comparisons based on heat cost. In Cluster 1, Brain Emotional Learning-Based Intelligent Controller (BELBIC) reduces costs by approximately 94.00% to 95.72% compared to Fractional Order Proportional Integral controller (FPI) and Fractional Order Proportional Integral Derivative controller (FPID), and by about 71.13% to 72.47% compared to Proportional Integral Derivative controller (PID) and Proportional Integral controller (PI). Similarly, in Cluster 2, BELBIC achieves cost reductions of around 93.84% to 95.65% versus FPI and FPID, and approximately 70.51% to 72.26% versus PID and PI. The results demonstrate that the proposed model surpasses the others by achieving reduced heat costs and faster thermal regulation, attributed to its intelligent and adaptive features.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 113170"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144139698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon emission accounting and carbon neutrality strategies at universities: A case study from Guangzhou, China","authors":"Li Li ,&nbsp;Lan Yu ,&nbsp;Riyi Li ,&nbsp;Xiaoqing Zhou ,&nbsp;Nan Zhang ,&nbsp;Qinglin Meng","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113210","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113210","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address climate change and meet carbon neutrality targets, reducing carbon emissions has become imperative. Universities, with their large populations and extensive infrastructure, offer significant opportunities for emission reduction. Current research on campus carbon neutrality primarily focuses on defining carbon emissions, establishing evaluation indicators, developing measurement methodologies, and formulating comprehensive planning strategies. However, there remains a lack of research on evaluating the expected outcomes of specific mitigation measures and on establishing a systematic framework for achieving carbon neutrality. This study proposes key components of campus carbon emission accounting methods and establishes a replicable, broadly applicable framework intended to enrich the theoretical foundation of campus carbon emission research. Using University A as a case study, carbon emissions and carbon sinks from 2021 to 2023 were calculated. The results indicate that electricity consumption in buildings is the primary source of emissions, accounting for approximately 90% of the total. This highlights the urgent need for targeted strategies to reduce electricity-related emissions. Using 2023 as the baseline year, a scenario-based analysis was conducted to project carbon emissions from 2024 to 2030. The findings suggest that without the implementation of intervention strategies, the university will emit approximately 20434.25 tons of carbon by 2030—posing a substantial challenge to achieving carbon neutrality. However, if the proposed measures are adopted, emissions are expected to decrease progressively over time. This study presents a systematic carbon accounting methodology and a comprehensive set of carbon neutrality strategies that can serve as a reference for other universities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 113210"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144146661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhalation dominates exposure of expired particles in close contact with head movement","authors":"Yinshuai Feng ,&nbsp;Yuguo Li ,&nbsp;Yifan Fan ,&nbsp;Jian Ge","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113206","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113206","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Face-to-face communication is a frequent daily social interaction. Proximal inhalation and facial touch are considered potential respiratory disease transmission routes. This paper compares the particle inhalation number with facial attachment number during conversation to quantify exposure by two routes. Effects of target’s inhalation type (oral-nasal, oral-only, nasal-only), target’s inhalation flow rate (no, normal, high), and source’s head movements (motionless, nodding, shaking) on the particle inhalation number and facial attachment number were investigated. To obtain high spatial resolution information on facial attachment number, the face was divided into 2 key zones (noses, lips), 3 mucosal zones (nares, oral, ocular) and 10 other non-mucosal zones. Results revealed that particle inhalation number was the highest for nasal-only cases, followed by oral-nasal cases, and the lowest for oral-only cases. The forehead had the highest particle attachment number, especially for upper facial zones. Under normal inhalation scenarios, particle inhalation number (23–1046#) is significantly greater than mucosal (3–52#) and key facial zone (7–84#) attachment number, and is lower than total facial attachment number (51–1456#). For high-inhalation scenarios, particle inhalation number increases by an average of 26 % to 37 %. Nodding can increase particle inhalation number, which is 2.65 times greater than motionless and 28.5 times greater than shaking. Moreover, target’s inhalation rhythm affects particle inhalation number, with the maximum particle inhalation number being approximately 1.8 times the minimum inhalation number. Although masks can reduce facial attachment and particle inhalation number, the potential attachment exposure from frontal hair and forehead should not be ignored.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 113206"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144131270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of melanopic illuminance on spatial brightness in interior spaces: A controlled-variable study with comparison spectra","authors":"Zhiguo Hu ,&nbsp;Jiuhui Li ,&nbsp;Mingdao Zhang ,&nbsp;Qi Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113185","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113185","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spatial brightness, a visual perception related to the magnitude of overall ambient lighting, has become a key aspect of indoor lighting quality. Traditional lighting measures, however, cannot accurately assess spatial brightness across different lighting spectra as the spectral sensitivity of spatial brightness differs from the <em>V</em>(<em>λ</em>) function, particularly in the short-wavelength range. Previous studies have reported that intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) may contribute to spatial brightness, but conclusive evidence is lacking, as potential interference from other photoreceptors and spectral attributes has not been excluded.</div><div>This study aims to investigate the direct impact of ipRGCs on spatial brightness of interior spaces, with other influencing spectral attributes strictly controlled. A color-mixing lighting system with nine spectral channels was used to generate five comparison spectra, covering a wide tuning range of ipRGC-related melanopic illuminance at fixed levels of photopic illuminance, cyanopic illuminance, chromaticity coordinates, gamut index (<em>R</em>_g), while maintaining color fidelity (<em>R</em>_f) values greater than 70. Human-factor studies were conducted to compare spatial brightness across these comparison spectra with controlled variables. The results indicated that increasing melanopic illuminance alone leads to a small but clear increase in spatial brightness when other spectral factors are held constant, proving the positive contribution of ipRGCs to spatial brightness. Additionally, this contribution is influenced by the corneal illuminance levels: when corneal illuminance is between 50 and 150 lx, ipRGCs have a clear positive impact on spatial brightness; however, when the corneal illuminance is outside of this range, changing ipRGC stimulation alone does not affect spatial brightness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 113185"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144107643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human body area view factors for radiative heat transfer: Influence of body region, shape, and posture","authors":"Stanisław Kocik ,&nbsp;Agnes Psikuta ,&nbsp;Joanna Ferdyn-Grygierek","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113200","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113200","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study investigates the radiative heat transfer properties of the human body by analysing its whole-body and local area view factors. At the same time, the influence of body shape (slim, regular, overweight) and posture (standing, sitting, sitting on a chair with bent elbows) is considered. Using the Radiance software, detailed simulations were conducted to derive area view factors for the whole body and specific body segments. The validation of the method was performed using an instrumented passive manikin, and the results showed a difference of less than 4 % between the measured and simulated values. The results indicated that area view factors vary over body regions and change meaningfully with body posture. The body shape, in turn, had only a minor effect on both whole-body and local area view factors. The study highlights the importance of accurate area view factor determination for predicting human radiative heat exchange, and hence thermal comfort, and optimising HVAC systems and the design of indoor spaces in built environments. The findings provide a comprehensive dataset for modelling human-environment thermal interactions, essential for applications in medicine, ergonomics, sports, and environmental engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 113200"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144134254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An air balancing method for ventilation systems considering random fluctuations: Flow prediction and operating condition optimization","authors":"Yi Wang ,&nbsp;Ran Gao ,&nbsp;Yan Tian ,&nbsp;Ruoyin Jing ,&nbsp;Mengchao Liu ,&nbsp;Angui Li","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113197","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113197","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study develops an air balancing method combining Multi-task Gaussian Process Regression (MTGPR) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) to overcome two shortcomings in ventilation system control. Firstly, conventional methods rely on time-averaged velocity measurements for flow modeling, which neglect to account for the phenomenon of random fluctuations in airflow. Secondly, existing methods employ implicit flow prediction models, which can only predict the damper adjustment angles based on target flow rates, while failing to provide explicit branch flow predictions. The proposed MTGPR-GA method addresses these shortcomings through two core advancements: (1) an explicit flow prediction model that accurately estimates time-averaged velocities based on instantaneous velocities from a single sample, and (2) GA-driven optimization of damper configurations and fan operations to achieve precise airflow balancing coupled with energy efficiency enhancement. To validate the effectiveness of the MTGPR-GA method, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation tests were conducted in both three-dimensional and two-dimensional ventilation systems. In the three-dimensional simulation, the average errors of the branch flow rates under four operating conditions were 4.04 %, 4.95 %, 2.64 %, and 3.78 %, with a fan pressure error of 5.01 %. In the two-dimensional simulation, under 30 sets of operating conditions, the average errors of the branch flow rates were 3.50 %, 4.45 %, 4.90 %, and 5.07 %, with a fan pressure error of 2.10 %. In all conditions, the damper of the most unfavorable loop remained fully open, ensuring that the fan operated with minimal energy consumption. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the MTGPR-GA method in achieving air balancing and its energy-saving potential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 113197"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144131269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generation and Classification Method of Coincident Design Day for Radiant Cooling Systems","authors":"Xinchao Zhang ,&nbsp;Youming Chen ,&nbsp;Liu Yang ,&nbsp;Yan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113202","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113202","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Radiant cooling systems have advantages in energy saving, thermal comfort with low noise, and space-saving. The coincident design days (CDDs) of convective cooling systems are not suitable for radiant cooling systems design. The generation of representative CDD is helpful for radiant cooling systems design and popularity. 800,000 sample rooms with radiant cooling panel (RCP) systems were generated for each typical city as a CDD dataset. Each sample room is a random combination of fourteen room characteristic parameters. The generation process requires feature importance analysis for room characteristic parameters. Extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) was used to classify CDDs. For each category, the CDD with the highest presence frequency was selected as representative CDD. 80,000 sample rooms were generated for each typical city. Theoretical design cooling loads were calculated by multi-year hourly weather data. Peaking cooling loads were calculated by representative CDDs. The distribution range of relative deviation is relatively uniform. The correct rate of representative CDDs was used to evaluate the applicability of representative CDDs. Within the three threshold ranges of 0.75%, 1%, and 1.25%, the total correct rates of typical cities are 85.95%, 91.92% and 97.50% for Harbin; 93.19%, 97.49% and 98.75% for Beijing; 96.83%, 98.68% and 99.99% for Changsha; 99.24%, 99.93% and 100% for Guangzhou. The CDDs of the RCP systems could be used in radiant floor cooling system. Representative CDDs are suitable for radiant cooling systems design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 113202"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144134253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}