Building and Environment最新文献

{"title":"Design of a simplified mechanical ventilation system for a bedroom by a multi-objective genetic algorithm","authors":"Qingwen Xue ,&nbsp;Feng (Eva) Wang ,&nbsp;Jihong Wang ,&nbsp;Florin Bode ,&nbsp;Tengfei (Tim) Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114284","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114284","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The sleep quality is strongly impacted by the comfort and indoor air quality inside bedroom and thus the ventilation conditions. The simplified mechanical ventilation by adopting an air-conditioner and an outdoor air blower provides an affordable means to condition the bedroom. So far, no systematic studies have optimized such simplified mechanical ventilation design, which involves dual jet sources with different air temperatures. This study optimized the simplified mechanical ventilation in a typical residential bedroom located in two climate zones in China. The design variables included the installation position and supply air jet direction of the air-conditioner, as well as the installation position and opening size of the outdoor air blower. A multi-objective genetic algorithm (MIGA-II) was employed for the optimization, with a Kriging surrogate model to speed up the solution. The design was to ensure the sleeping adult thermally comfortable and the inhaling CO₂ concentration as low as possible. Measurements were conducted in lab to obtain data to validate the results. This study found that the air-conditioner should be installed on the long side of the room to form small circulation zones along the short sections of the room, while the outdoor air blower should be installed adjacent to the air-conditioner to make use of the air-conditioning jets to deliver the outdoor air to the breathing zone. As compared with the regular design, the optimal design enhanced thermal comfort by more than 10 % and inhaling air quality by over 60 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 114284"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flow dynamics and performance optimization of jet-assisted exhaust hoods under low-velocity ventilation","authors":"Siqi Huang ,&nbsp;Mingxing Zhang ,&nbsp;Cuiping Yan ,&nbsp;Junzhe Fan ,&nbsp;Shu Liu ,&nbsp;Xingla Li","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114289","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114289","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In traditional low-velocity supply systems, non-directional exhaust inflow reduces control performance. This study investigates a low-velocity jet-assisted curtain formed along the perimeter of an exhaust hood to enhance capture efficiency. The auxiliary jet formed along the hood edge effectively enhanced the stability of the capture flow and improved the pollutant control performance. Through experimental measurements and CFD simulations, the results show that capture efficiency is significantly improved only when the curtain outlet velocity reaches a critical value, with further increases having little effect on the centerline velocity. Airflow rate, jet outlet angle, outlet width, and hood equivalent diameter significantly influence both critical velocity and centerline velocity: airflow rate and hood diameter positively correlate, while outlet angle and width inversely affect critical velocity and system energy consumption. Box-Behnken response surface analysis confirms that hood average velocity, outlet angle, outlet width, and hood size significantly impact critical velocity, ranked as hood velocity &gt; outlet angle &gt; outlet width &gt; hood size and he model exhibited a high goodness of fit (R²&gt; 0.95). The jet-assisted configuration increased capture efficiency by 9.7%-33.41%, indicating a significant improvement in contaminant control. When the pollutant source intensity was high, effective control required increasing both the supply and exhaust flow rates. Optimal airflow for 48 common industrial sources was identified, offering practical guidance for efficient system operation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 114289"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soundscapes in home environments: The impact of home types and soundscapes on the recovery benefits of psychophysiological stress","authors":"Chengmin Zhou ,&nbsp;Mizhi Feng ,&nbsp;Xuechen Zhang ,&nbsp;Jake Kaner","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114234","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114234","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rapid urbanization has placed individuals under sustained high-stress loads, underscoring the urgent need for effective restorative environmental interventions. Using a 3<span><math><mo>×</mo></math></span>3 factorial experimental design, this study systematically examines how three types of soundscapes (natural, music, urban) and three types of home environments (functional-efficiency, aesthetic-display, and comfort-relaxation) influence stress recovery, and further explores the moderating role of gender. We assessed recovery using physiological indicators, including electroencephalography (EEG), electrocardiogram (ECG), and electrodermal activity (EDA), along with subjective rating scales, to evaluate the joint effects of sound–home interactions on both physiological and psychological restoration. The results show: (1) both natural soundscapes and music soundscapes significantly increased <span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span>, <span><math><mi>γ</mi></math></span>, and <span><math><mi>θ</mi></math></span> wave power, reduced <span><math><mi>β</mi></math></span> wave power, improved heart rate variability (HRV) indices, and enhanced perceived restoration, whereas urban soundscapes produced predominantly adverse effects; (2) home type modulated recovery, with the relaxation-oriented home most effectively buffering the adverse impact of urban soundscapes, the aesthetic-oriented home supporting stronger positive arousal under natural soundscapes, and the functional-oriented home showing the weakest restorative profile overall; (3) gender differences emerged in several physiological measures, with female participants responding more favorably to natural and music soundscapes, whereas male participants displayed a more context-dependent dual pattern of “recovery vs. arousal” across different home environments. These findings reveal the multidimensional mechanisms by which soundscapes and home environments jointly shape stress recovery and highlight the applied value of beneficial soundscapes (natural and musical) for indoor restorative design in everyday living spaces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 114234"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From greenwashing to grounded practice: A context-specific biophilic design framework for hot arid climates","authors":"Bekir Huseyin Tekin","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114295","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114295","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The accelerating impacts of climate change demand design frameworks that reduce environmental burdens while enhancing human well-being. Although biophilic design is increasingly recognised as a regenerative paradigm, its direct application in hot-arid regions remains limited and often unsuitably adapted from temperate contexts, resulting in “greenwashing” and ecological imbalance. As arid regions continue to expand, the need for climate-adaptive design in these contexts is increasingly urgent. Using an exploratory sequential mixed-methods design, this study synthesises a systematic review of six high-quality papers and in-depth interviews with five regional experts to develop a conceptual framework for biophilic design in desert environments. The findings show that temperate biophilia, largely aesthetic and visual, fails under arid conditions. The framework defines two interlinked dimensions of success: the human response (thermal comfort, well-being, and cultural resonance) and the ecological response (resource efficiency and habitat creation). It identifies passive design, water neutrality, native flora, and privacy-sensitive spatial configurations as prerequisites for restorative biophilic environments. Key strategies include hybrid ventilation, adaptive shading hierarchies, kinetic façades, reuse of traditional materials, and multi-scalar microclimates that mitigate urban heat. Acting as a complementary conceptual layer to regional sustainability standards (e.g., Al Sa’fat, GSAS, Mostadam, Estidama), the framework positions biophilic design as a climate-adaptive, ecologically grounded, and culturally embedded methodology. This work provides a conceptual foundation for policymakers and designers seeking integrated strategies that align climate mitigation with human adaptation in the rapidly expanding climatic zone.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 114295"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146049059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-performance PAN/LiCl nanofiber membranes for respiratory protection against coal mine dust: Experimental validation and numerical simulation","authors":"Wen Nie ,&nbsp;Meiyang Liao ,&nbsp;Huitian Peng ,&nbsp;Lidian Guo ,&nbsp;Yunshuo Shi ,&nbsp;Jinkun Zhang ,&nbsp;Heng Liu ,&nbsp;Mingyuan Lu ,&nbsp;Yuhang Li ,&nbsp;Xingchao Cha ,&nbsp;Yanmei Zhao ,&nbsp;Yunfei Nie","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114299","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114299","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coal dust exposure in mining environments constitutes a severe occupational hazard, necessitating advanced respiratory protection that ensures safety without compromising wearer comfort. To address the persistent trade-off between filtration efficiency and pressure drop, this study presents a high-performance lithium chloride (LiCl)-regulated polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber membrane designed for capturing respirable coal dust. The incorporation of LiCl significantly refined the fiber diameter and optimized the pore structure to an average size of 0.49 µm, creating a dense yet permeable network. Adopting a synergistic approach that combines Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations with experimental testing, we elucidated the filtration mechanisms across various particle regimes. Under a flow rate of 32 L/min, the optimized membrane (12PAN-1) exhibited exceptional performance, achieving a filtration efficiency of 99.54% for 0.3 µm dust aerosols with a low pressure drop of 142.8 Pa. This balance resulted in a superior quality factor of 0.039 Pa⁻¹. Furthermore, numerical models validated the membrane's high capture efficiency for ultrafine coal dust particles (&lt; 0.3 µm), confirming the dominant roles of interception and Brownian diffusion. This work provides a facile strategy for fabricating low-resistance, high-efficiency filter media, offering a significant advancement in occupational safety materials for hazardous particulate matter control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 114299"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146185651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive multi-objective optimization of thermal and perceptual livability in high-density residential environments using image-based spatial metrics","authors":"Xudong Zhang ,&nbsp;Weiyi Jia ,&nbsp;Haifeng Diao ,&nbsp;Taihan Chen ,&nbsp;Ziyuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Ervine Shengwei Lin ,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114307","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114307","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-density tropical cities often face significant challenges in providing outdoor environmental comfort, yet existing optimization approaches rarely integrate physical dimensions such as thermal factors with human perceptual experience. Moreover, multi-objective optimization in urban design typically generates massive Pareto fronts that are difficult to interpret and apply in practice. This study presents an adaptive framework integrating image-based metrics with NSGA-II to jointly optimize thermal and perceptual dimensions for residential livability. Three environmental dimensions, namely thermal comfort, restorative potential, and tranquility, were predicted from 1,000 street-view images using validated models. To address the challenge of large Pareto sets, we proposed a Weighted Pareto Selection Score (<em>WPSS</em>), a novel selection strategy that adaptively prioritizes underperforming objectives and identifies solutions most in need of improvement. From 100,000 Pareto solutions, <em>WPSS</em> selected 1,000 solutions with optimal gains. These solutions achieved clear improvements, including a mean reduction of 0.586°C in <em>UTCI</em>, and increases of 0.891 in restorative potential and 0.585 in tranquility, which represent enhancements of 17.6 %, 55.2 %, and 21.3 % compared to a conventional non-adaptive selection approach. In terms of spatial metrics, the selected solutions exhibited average increases of 18.20 % in <em>Tree</em> and 11.72 % in <em>Depth</em>, alongside decreases of 14.85 % in <em>Sky</em>, 19.56 % in <em>Building</em>, and 17.11 % in <em>Disturbance</em>. The proposed framework demonstrates how image-based metrics can be integrated into adaptive multi-objective optimization, providing a scalable and transferable tool to support evidence-based urban design and planning in high-density contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 114307"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neighbourhood-scale wind characteristics in a Nanjing heterogeneous residential area: An aerodynamic drag perspective","authors":"Mingjie Zhang ,&nbsp;Xin Guo ,&nbsp;Jiaying Li ,&nbsp;Oliver Carlo ,&nbsp;Yuanchang Li ,&nbsp;Jianshun Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhi Gao ,&nbsp;Guohua Ji ,&nbsp;Pietro Salizzoni ,&nbsp;Riccardo Buccolieri","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114298","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114298","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Characterizing wind drag amidst heterogeneous urban textures and directional effects is a fundamental necessity that provides the basis for urban porous media models. This work investigates a realistic residential district (170 ha; 252 slab-shaped or irregular buildings) in Hexi New Town, Nanjing, China. Computational fluid dynamics simulations across 16 directions are performed utilizing the 3D steady RANS equations. Canopy-averaged velocity, aerodynamic drag, and volumetric drag coefficients (<em>C</em>_d) roses are analyzed for each neighborhood. Equations governing the drag-velocity relationship are adopted to reconstruct velocities, defined here as drag-VRM method, and are also applied to estimate velocity time series. Results indicate that, considering diverse shelter effects at district and neighborhood levels, the examined high-rise (up to 57 m) low-to-mid density neighborhoods exhibit normalized <span><math><msubsup><mi>C</mi><mi>d</mi><mo>*</mo></msubsup></math></span> values ranging from 0.05 to 1. The <em>C</em>_d roses show significant anisotropic features, yielding an average coefficient of variation of up to 52%. The drag-VRM reproduces slightly lower average velocities, though larger discrepancies arise for irregular layouts and low ambient wind conditions. Further discussion reveals that the 300 m urban tile zoning method offers morphological and aerodynamic characterizations comparable to the neighborhood approach. Notably, the relationship between <span><math><msubsup><mi>C</mi><mi>d</mi><mo>*</mo></msubsup></math></span> and frontal area density (<em>λ_f</em>) for these realistic zones deviates from patterns in idealized urban configurations, underscoring the necessity of verifying drag models when applied to complex, local urban contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 114298"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146185649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal variations in indoor thermal environments and dynamic comfort of passengers in airport terminals during winter","authors":"Yuxin Yang ,&nbsp;Juan Yu ,&nbsp;Deyin Zhang ,&nbsp;Hao Tang ,&nbsp;Wenzhong Jiang ,&nbsp;Libin Han ,&nbsp;Junmin Li ,&nbsp;Borong Lin ,&nbsp;Yu Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114268","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114268","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Clarifying passengers’ dynamic thermal comfort needs is essential for sustainable civil aviation and for progressing toward zero-carbon airport terminals. This study adopts a passenger “whole-journey” perspective. It examines spatiotemporal variations in thermal conditions and subjective responses in a major hub terminal during winter in a mild (Cwb) climate. Field measurements in key functional zones revealed clear thermal non-uniformity. Large temperature gradients occurred between boundary transition zones and interior areas. These step changes often exceeded commonly used comfort limits for transitional exposure. We also observed strong zonal differences in thermal neutral temperature (TNT), ranging from 17.6 °C to 20.2 °C. In most zones, the measured operative temperatures were higher than the neutral requirement. This indicates an “overheating margin” and suggests energy-saving potential. Based on zone-level setpoint alignment with TNT, heating loads could theoretically be reduced by 7 %–18.5 % in some zones. The weighted average saving across primary passenger areas is 7.7 %. Waiting time further shaped comfort requirements. It served as a practical proxy for metabolic-rate decay. TNT increased from 18.3 °C to 20.3 °C when dwell time exceeded 60 min. Finally, we explored an LLM-based predictor as a complementary tool for thermal sensation inference, achieving 72.8 % accuracy (within ±1 TSV). This work proposes a passenger-centered framework for zone-specific control, demonstrating the exploratory potential of AI-assisted prediction in low-carbon operations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 114268"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146049056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel distributed cooperative control air balancing method with source-terminal synchronous regulation for HVAC system","authors":"Keying Zhang ,&nbsp;Hui Cai ,&nbsp;Lingzhi Li ,&nbsp;Xin Zhang ,&nbsp;Ying Wang ,&nbsp;Zhoujing Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114286","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114286","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Air balancing is crucial for indoor comfort, and energy efficiency in ventilation systems. Distributed cooperative control (DCC) improves airflow stability in multi-zone environments by coordinating damper adjustments. Existing DCCs typically adjust terminal dampers first and then the supply fan, that is, the air source. This non-synchronous regulation yields nonlinear pressure changes during source adjustment, causing control deviations and slow convergence. To address these issues, this paper proposes a novel distributed cooperative control air balancing method with source-terminal synchronous regulation (STS-AB). An adjacency matrix is constructed to capture source-terminal connectivity, enabling their synchronous adjustment and essentially improving air balancing performance with fewer iterations. A dynamic deviation term and an angle factor are introduced to decouple the critical damper, achieving independent regulation. The STS-AB was validated in a ventilation system experimental platform. Compared to the 3-stage DCC-AB method, the STS-AB ensures the critical damper reaches full open. The iterations are reduced by up to 70 %. Flow accuracy is doubled, with all terminal deviations held within 5 %. Furthermore, the STS-AB responds effectively to sudden flow demand changes. Enhancing both the efficiency and accuracy of air balancing, this method supports energy conservation and healthier indoor environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 114286"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revealing optimal low-carbon retrofit strategies for residential neighborhoods using explainable machine learning","authors":"Jiahong Ye ,&nbsp;Yanting Shen ,&nbsp;Chenyu Huang ,&nbsp;Qingyun Xu ,&nbsp;Feng Yang ,&nbsp;Mosha Zhao ,&nbsp;Mohamed Sabry ,&nbsp;Ahmed Abulwfa ,&nbsp;Ahmed Ghitas ,&nbsp;Jiawei Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114279","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114279","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the context of urban renewal, building low-carbon retrofitting is key to achieving carbon neutrality. The differences in optimal retrofit strategies across various urban block types are often unclear, especially when considering energy savings and retrofit costs. Cost constraints can limit retrofit intensity, leading to heterogeneity in optimal solutions for the same neighborhood. To address this, a data-driven surrogate optimization framework is proposed to identify the most cost-effective energy retrofit strategies, factoring in both energy savings and economic costs. Based on the residential building types in Shanghai, this study constructed a validated batch simulation model of ideal neighborhoods, and conducted performance simulations using the Urban Weather Generator (UWG) and EnergyPlus. By integrating machine learning and an advanced genetic algorithm (iGeneS), the study reveals the optimal retrofit combinations for balancing energy savings and costs, as well as their impacts on energy efficiency in different neighborhood types. Results show that deep retrofitting of photovoltaics (PV) and lighting yields the best outcomes, while shallow retrofitting for the other four strategies minimizes costs for energy savings. Additionally, when considering retrofit costs alongside energy savings, enhancing the thermal insulation of the building envelope becomes the most effective strategy, replacing PV. These findings highlight the adaptability differences in retrofit intensity across strategies and how cost constraints influence the selection of retrofit approaches. This framework, which is reusable with targeted adjustments, provides practical guidance for balancing energy conservation and costs during retrofitting, and can be adapted to fit the characteristics of different urban residential contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 114279"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}