Building and Environment最新文献

{"title":"Assessing indoor thermal comfort for non-frail older adults in hot and humid regions: An approach to regulating airflow characteristics of fans","authors":"Jiani Chen ,&nbsp;Qiong Li ,&nbsp;Ye Xiao ,&nbsp;Huiwang Peng ,&nbsp;Zhaoyi Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113808","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113808","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electric fans are commonly used by older adults in hot and humid regions to enhance summer comfort and reduce reliance on air conditioning. However, prolonged exposure to fan-generated airflow can induce discomfort, with existing research lacking quantitative understanding of how specific dynamic airflow parameters—including velocity (<em>V</em>), turbulence intensity (<em>Tu</em>), and power spectral exponent (<em>β</em>)—influence thermal and airflow perception in non-frail older adults. This study quantitatively analyzed the effects of <em>V, Tu</em>, and <em>β</em> on subjective discomfort symptoms and physiological responses within 12 subjects exposed to nine airflow patterns at 30 °C and 70 %RH. Key findings revealed that the neck exhibited significantly higher sensitivity to airflow variations than the head, establishing it as a critical region for airflow perception. The parameter contribution ratios to subjective comfort and skin temperature were approximately <em>V:Tu:β</em> = 0.3:0.1:0.5. Notably, <em>β</em> significantly reduced discomfort symptoms (a 1.0-unit increase reduced discomfort by 0.4 units) by modulating airflow pulsatility, albeit with a mild trade-off of elevating the mean skin temperature (+0.45 °C)<em>.</em> Body-region-specific dominance was observed: <em>β</em> contributed about 50 % to head discomfort (e.g., dry eyes and lips), whereas <em>V</em> dominated generalized discomfort by about 50 % (e.g., skin pressure and sweating). Crucially, distinct comfort ranges were identified: head (<em>V</em> = 0.94–1.17 m/s, <em>Tu</em> = 32–40 %, <em>β</em> = 0.78–1.12) and body (<em>V</em> = 0.82–1.17 m/s, <em>Tu</em> = 15–40 %, <em>β</em> = 0.20–1.12). These findings provide targeted guidance for optimizing dynamic airflow settings in age-friendly ventilation systems to mitigate discomfort and enhance thermal acceptability for older adults.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"287 ","pages":"Article 113808"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145263902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frame-by-frame processing-based robot system integrating multimodal body language feature recognition and fusion for thermal comfort monitoring","authors":"Chia-Yi Lin,&nbsp;Yi Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113814","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113814","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Real-time thermal comfort estimation is crucial for managing occupant well-being in intelligent indoor environments. This study proposes a multimodal body language-integrated real-time thermal comfort monitoring (MRTM) system to dynamically estimate the thermal comfort distribution of multiple occupants within a built space. To realize dynamic multimodal feature fusion in complex scenes with multiple persons, we developed a frame-by-frame multibody language feature recognition module for cross-frame posture association based on SlowFast networks. We combined the module with Fanger’s predicted mean vote model to dynamically match environmental parameters and individual characteristics, generating a three-dimensional PMV mesh model. The system was experimentally validated in a university research institute lobby 143.2 m² in Shenzhen, China, using occupant flow data collected from students and staff total of 1269 exhibiting diverse behaviors such as sitting, standing, and walking. The MRTM system achieved high accuracy rates in sex, emotion, clothing, and behavior recognition 95.14 %, 96.64 %, 92.15 %, and 96.26 %, respectively. The system attained a ROC-AUC score of 0.874 in real-time estimation of occupants’ thermal comfort, thereby providing evidence of its robustness and effectiveness in analyzing thermal comfort within the environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"287 ","pages":"Article 113814"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145263847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A multi-point referencing scheme for characterization of uncertainties in near-ground wind speeds for an industrial park using variational inference","authors":"Jiading Zhong ,&nbsp;Mingzhou Yang ,&nbsp;Philip F. Yuan ,&nbsp;Chenhui Li ,&nbsp;Jianlin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113807","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113807","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate characterization of uncertainties in near-ground wind speeds is crucial for robust microclimate research and design, particularly in industrial parks where complex building configurations significantly impact local wind patterns and pollutant dispersion. This study proposes a multi-point referencing scheme (MRS) by integrating wind speed measurements from multiple heights to provide comprehensive uncertainty quantification. The scheme combines exponential profile modeling with variational inference (VI) to estimate probability distributions of profile parameters, offering a more comprehensive approach than traditional deterministic methods. To validate MRS, field measurements are conducted within an industrial park in Shanghai, capturing near-ground wind speeds across five heights (1.55 m - 5.55 m) in a low-rise urban canopy. Results demonstrate that MRS with VI (MRS-VI) achieves robust modeling performance (mean <em>R</em>² of 0.965) while revealing a height-dependent bias that manifests as wind speed overprediction at lower heights. In comparison, MRS using Monte Carlo simulation (MRS-MC) shows notable instability, particularly at lower heights. Although the conventional single-point referencing scheme (SRS) achieves optimal results using topmost height observations, it fails to fully capture wind speed variability across different heights, which is the limitation that MRS-VI successfully addresses. This study provides key references for more reliable characterization of input uncertainties for uncertainty quantification, supporting decision-making for the creation of sustainable built environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"287 ","pages":"Article 113807"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145263844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic carbon budgets and carbon debts for Aotearoa New Zealand and its building sector","authors":"Sachini Nidusha Weerasinghe ,&nbsp;Sarah J McLaren ,&nbsp;Mikael Boulic ,&nbsp;David Dowdell ,&nbsp;Chanjief Chandrakumar","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113805","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113805","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The remaining carbon budget (RCB) is a crucial parameter when setting climate budgets for nations and economic sectors that want to measure their progress in climate change mitigation. The Paris Agreement is the most widely used and accepted climate change mitigation target, and the global RCB specified by the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) provides the carbon budget remaining from the beginning of 2020 that can be emitted as CO₂ before the Paris Agreement’s target is exceeded. This research investigates the global RCB allocation to the national and building sector level in Aotearoa New Zealand, including consideration of different sharing approaches and modelling of potential future dynamic parameters for the RCB allocation, that are required to stay below 1.5 °C warming between the years 2024 and 2050. The average national RCB ranges from 159 to 339 MtCO₂ from year 2024; based on an average annual emissions rate of 38 MtCO₂, it will be depleted in 4–8 years. Therefore, this study proposed a dynamic carbon debt framework that provides a more realistic representation of dynamic RCBs and the carbon debt over future years. Key findings include the urgency of timely interventions, the need for additional mitigation strategies beyond the current policy approach which is largely focused on increased plantation forestry, and the usefulness of time-disaggregated carbon budgeting to address exhaustion of the RCB. Overall, this study demonstrates the relevance of dynamic budgeting to guide effective climate policy at both the national and building sector levels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"287 ","pages":"Article 113805"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145263842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance evaluation of monochromatic and combined GUV wavelengths for airborne E. coli inactivation in an HVAC duct","authors":"Jay Patel,&nbsp;Kathleen Glover,&nbsp;Lexuan Zhong","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113806","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113806","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study quantifies the wavelength-dependent disinfection performance of germicidal ultraviolet (GUV) for airborne <em>Escherichia coli</em> in a pilot-scale HVAC duct system. Monochromatic UV sources at 222, 254, 265, and 365 nm were tested at three airflow rates (29.05, 52.16, and 79.00 m³/h) under controlled indoor conditions (25 °C, 40 % RH). UV fluence was determined using localized irradiance mapping and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based exposure time modeling. Among the tested wavelengths, 265 nm exhibited the highest UV rate constant (<em>k</em> = 1.151 m²/J), followed by 222 nm (<em>k</em> = 0.480 m²/J) and 254 nm (<em>k</em> = 0.420 m²/J). No measurable inactivation was observed under 365 nm, even at fluences as high as 223 J/m².</div><div>Disinfection efficiency decreased with increasing bioaerosol size, with smaller particles (0.65–2.1 μm) exhibiting higher inactivation than larger ones (2.1–7.0 μm) due to internal UV shielding. Dual-wavelength combinations of UVA (365 nm) with UVC were evaluated under both simultaneous and sequential exposure modes. Simultaneous, and UVC followed by UVA exposures resulted in no additional effects beyond UVC alone. However, sequential UVA pre-treatment significantly enhanced UVC efficacy across all tested combinations, indicating a synergistic effect likely driven by protein synthesis, oxidative stress and inhibition of microbial repair mechanisms, which sensitize cells to subsequent UVC damage.</div><div>These results demonstrate that the wavelength sequence critically influences airborne disinfection outcomes. This work provides new evidence supporting UVA before UVC configurations for enhanced microbial inactivation and informs the design of multi-wavelength GUV systems for safe and energy-efficient air disinfection in HVAC duct applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"287 ","pages":"Article 113806"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145263845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life cycle assessment of mixed-use buildings with varying HVAC systems in different climates for sustainable-responsive design and low-carbon solutions","authors":"Mohammad Mahdi Mobaraki,&nbsp;Rahim Zahedi,&nbsp;Hosein Yousefi,&nbsp;Younes Noorollahi","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113801","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113801","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study conducts a comprehensive Whole Building Life Cycle Assessment (WBLCA) of a 3,450 m² commercial-residential mixed-use building located across four climatically distinct cities in Iran: Tehran (semi-arid), Rasht (humid), Yazd (hot-dry), and Mashhad (cold-dry). Three commonly used HVAC configurations—(i) air-cooled chiller with natural gas furnace, (ii) 2-pipe fan coil units, and (iii) DX split heat pumps—are evaluated across twelve climate-system scenarios. A Building Information Modeling (BIM) platform integrated with Carrier HAP 4.9 and SimaPro 9.0 (ReCiPe 2016 H, Ecoinvent v3) was employed to simulate building energy loads and quantify cradle-to-grave environmental impacts. Results indicate that DX split systems reduce total life-cycle carbon emissions by up to 40% compared to centralized systems, particularly in hot and humid zones. Embodied carbon analysis revealed concrete as the most dominant contributor, accounting for 68% of upstream emissions. Substitution with low-carbon Leca-based concrete selected from the Ecoinvent library led to a 12% reduction in embodied impacts. Sensitivity analysis showed that a one-unit increase in HVAC COP can cut operational emissions by approximately 28%. Uncertainty was evaluated using a Monte-Carlo simulation (n = 1,000), confirming robustness within a ±9% margin. A blind-run validation approach, calibrated using hourly simulation data and benchmarking against the technical dossier of a comparable case, demonstrated acceptable predictive accuracy (MBE = 4.2%, CVRMSE = 1.03%). The study's novelty lies in its climate-responsive scenario matrix, integration of real equipment data, and its end-to-end automated workflow from BIM modeling to impact assessment. The findings highlight the importance of climate-adaptive HVAC design, use of localized low-impact materials, and digital modelling integration to support national decarbonization goals. Recommendations for future work include incorporating economic and social dimensions into LCA, exploring hybrid HVAC technologies, and applying digital twins for real-time performance feedback.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"287 ","pages":"Article 113801"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145264144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic multi-factor approach for deriving embodied carbon limit of building structures: Methodology and application in China","authors":"Bing Xia ,&nbsp;Jianzhuang Xiao ,&nbsp;Xiangshuo Guan ,&nbsp;Michael Beer","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113788","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113788","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Establishing scientifically grounded embodied carbon limits is essential for guiding low-carbon structural design and translating macro-level decarbonization targets into actionable regulatory parameters. Here we propose a dynamic, multi-factor methodology for deriving embodied carbon limits of building structures, accounting for evolving carbon budgets and shifts in their allocation to embodied carbon-related activities in regions with a transitioning construction sector. This methodology integrates top-down budget decomposition with bottom-up benchmarking to respectively determine upper and lower bounds of embodied carbon limits for new construction, renovation, and maintenance. Furthermore, multi-factor adjustments are introduced to customize limits according to building type, regulatory stringency, regional conditions, and lifecycle design requirements. The proposed methodology is demonstrated through an analysis of urban residential building structures in China from 2026 to 2060, which reveals a declining trend in embodied carbon limits over time, and provides reasonable limit ranges corresponding to China’s Five-Year Plans (FYPs), e.g., 320.8–360.8 kg CO₂/m² for new construction, 0.96–1.08 kg CO₂/(m²·year) for maintenance, and 56.3–63.0 kg CO₂/m² for renovation with a moderate level of regulation during the 2026–30 FYP. The analysis also highlights the benefits of construction management in providing a buffer period for limit relaxation, examines the impact of regional disparities on carbon mitigation feasibility-based adjustments, and offers recommendations for low-carbon lifecycle design to ensure compliance with mitigation targets while providing further design flexibility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"287 ","pages":"Article 113788"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145264145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From environment to emotion: The mediating role of environmental sensation in sedentary individuals","authors":"Jiqing Qu ,&nbsp;Xuefeng Li ,&nbsp;Hui Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113793","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113793","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The impact of thermal and lighting environments on emotion has been widely studied; however, most research assumes that the environment directly affects emotional states, leaving the role of environmental sensation in emotional response largely unexplored. This study aims to investigate the mediating role of thermal and lighting sensations in the relationship between environmental conditions and emotional responses. We conducted an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study with sedentary individuals, who reported their subjective thermal sensation vote (TSV), illuminance sensation vote (ISV), lighting color sensation vote (CSV), and emotional states multiple times per day over five workdays. Concurrently, electrocardiogram (ECG) data were collected using wearable devices to provide an objective measure of emotional states. The findings suggested that the thermal environment does not directly affect valence or arousal but exerts its influence indirectly through thermal sensation. In contrast, correlated color temperature (CCT) has a significant direct effect on arousal and valence. Additionally, the lighting environment also influences valence indirectly by affecting thermal sensation. Further analysis revealed that TSV, ISV, and CSV all positively contribute to arousal, whereas TSV and ISV inversely affect valence. These findings provide practical implications for the design of emotion-oriented built environments, contributing to the development of occupant-centered smart buildings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"287 ","pages":"Article 113793"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145263851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urban residential carbon emission interval prediction model based on bidirectional Mamba integrated with Koopman-based feature extraction and enhanced quantile regression","authors":"Yuyi Hu ,&nbsp;Xiaopeng Deng ,&nbsp;Liwei Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113794","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113794","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurately predicting urban residential carbon emissions is crucial for addressing global climate change. However, urban residential carbon emissions are influenced by multiple factors, exhibiting significant volatility, nonlinearity, and uncertainty. Conventional point prediction models struggle to effectively capture these characteristics, thereby limiting their application in urban carbon emissions management. In response to these limitations, this study proposes a novel interval prediction model named Koopman-BiMamba-EQR, which integrates a Koopman-based (Koopman) feature extraction module, a Bidirectional Mamba (BiMamba) modeling module, and an Enhanced Quantile Regression (EQR) module. The prediction performance of the model is comprehensively evaluated using daily residential carbon emissions data from four representative cities at the 50 % (conventional monitoring scenario), 85 % (robust regulation scenario), and 95 % (high-risk prevention scenario) quantile levels. Experimental results indicate that the Koopman-BiMamba-EQR model significantly outperforms two state-of-the-art baseline models in terms of prediction accuracy and interval stability, demonstrating excellent predictive performance. Ablation experiments further validate the complementary roles of the Koopman and BiMamba modules in enhancing overall prediction performance. Moreover, the necessity analysis, robustness evaluation, and practical implementation collectively highlight the scalability and applicability of the model in real-world scenarios. This study provides a highly precise, stable, and reliable interval prediction model for urban carbon emissions management, which can provide a theoretical basis and practical support for urban low-carbon transition, policy formulation, and risk management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"287 ","pages":"Article 113794"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145263901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of the boundary condition treatment for coupled BES–CFD simulation","authors":"Xianzhe Yang ,&nbsp;Seonghwan Yoon ,&nbsp;Sung-Jun Yoo ,&nbsp;Yusuke Arima ,&nbsp;Younhee Choi ,&nbsp;Wei Jing ,&nbsp;Akihito Ozaki","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113799","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113799","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The coupling of building energy simulation (BES) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a powerful approach for the accurate prediction of indoor thermal environments. However, the high computational cost and complexity of CFD often limit its application in routine design workflows. To address these limitations, this study proposes and validates a lightweight yet accurate BES–CFD coupling method that minimizes dependence on CFD while maintaining high predictive reliability. The core contribution lies in the optimization of the boundary condition treatment within the CFD–BES co-simulation process. Specifically, this involves the dynamic calculation of the convective heat transfer coefficient (CHTC) using CFD-derived free-stream velocities and a semi-empirical correlation model based on dimensionless numbers. Such an approach avoids direct CHTC extraction from CFD and reduces data exchange requirements while preserving key physical interactions. The performance of this method is rigorously validated under both free-running and air-conditioned conditions. The results demonstrate that omitting the near-wall air temperature difference, a variable used in previous coupling frameworks, has negligible impact on accuracy. In periods or environments characterized by rapid temperature fluctuations, increasing the coupling frequency is necessary to maintain predictive accuracy. In addition, the method enables the BES to produce results comparable to those of the BES–CFD coupling in thermal environments dominated by natural convection. These findings highlight the potential of the proposed approach as a reliable and computationally efficient tool for high-fidelity BESs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"287 ","pages":"Article 113799"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145263849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}