Building and Environment最新文献_第3页

Optimization strategy for joint operation of kitchen air-conditioning and fan based on energy consumption and comfort

IF 7.1 1区工程技术

Building and Environment Pub Date : 2025-03-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112919

Shunyu Zhang, Zhihang Shen, Zhenlei Chen

{"title":"Optimization strategy for joint operation of kitchen air-conditioning and fan based on energy consumption and comfort","authors":"Shunyu Zhang, Zhihang Shen, Zhenlei Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112919","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112919","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To improve the thermal comfort of kitchens in summer and reduce energy consumption, this paper proposes a comfort analysis method for kitchens under the coordinated operation of air-conditioning and fans.This method comprehensively considers kitchen thermal comfort and air age, and introduces a comprehensive evaluation value for kitchen comfort, aiming to quantify the overall comfort level and use it as an important indicator for energy consumption management. By combining orthogonal experiments with CFD simulation, this paper deeply explores the optimal structural parameter configuration of kitchen air-conditioning systems. Furthermore, this paper also presents comfort fitting curves for the combined operation of air-conditioning and fans under different energy consumption constraints, with the aim of minimizing energy consumption without sacrificing kitchen comfort. The research results show that the air-conditioning outlet airflow rate has the most significant impact on kitchen comfort. The optimal combination of air-conditioning parameters is a 45°supply angle, a 5 m³/min outlet airflow rate, and a 21 °C supply temperature. At the optimal air-conditioning structural parameters, turning on the fan can further enhance kitchen comfort. Under low, medium, and high fan speeds, the equivalent air-conditioning outlet airflow rates are respectively 4.34, 4.06, and 3.95 m³/min. The energy consumption under combined operation of the air-conditioning and fan can be reduced by 11.90 %, 16.43 %, and 17.70 %, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 112919"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The first step towards energy self-sufficiency in smart cities: The present and future of virtual power plant technology

IF 7.1 1区工程技术

Building and Environment Pub Date : 2025-03-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112920

Jongbaek An , Juwon Hong , Hyuna Kang , Seungkeun Yeom , Dahyun Jung , Taehoon Hong , Kwangbok Jeong , Jaewook Lee

{"title":"The first step towards energy self-sufficiency in smart cities: The present and future of virtual power plant technology","authors":"Jongbaek An , Juwon Hong , Hyuna Kang , Seungkeun Yeom , Dahyun Jung , Taehoon Hong , Kwangbok Jeong , Jaewook Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112920","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112920","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Distributed renewable energy sources offer solutions to the global energy crisis, but their limitations in volatility and efficiency necessitate virtual power plants for optimal management. In this study, the BERTopic algorithm was used to objectively and systematically review research trends related to virtual power plants based on data. A total of 336 papers were classified using natural language processing, resulting in the identification of four research topics: Technology integration in the energy sector (82.6 %), Short-term demand prediction (6.4 %), Storage of renewable energy (6.0 %), and Vehicle-to-grid (5.4 %). From 2011 to 2023, the number of studies increased approximately 14-fold compared to 1997 to 2010, when the concept of VPP first emerged. Based on this, a quantitative review was conducted to identify the current barriers to the implementation of commercial and technical virtual power plants. Furthermore, future research directions were suggested to overcome these barriers and implement virtual power plants in urban areas. Proposed strategies include improving energy harvesting to predict energy generation more accurately, optimizing energy storage systems, and validating economic, environmental, and social feasibility, along with technical issues for multiple virtual power plants. This research offers insights into overcoming virtual power plant implementation barriers, contributing to energy self-reliance in smart cities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 112920"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143724645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Thermal safety of indoor factory workers during summer in the subtropics: A dynamic thermal indicator

IF 7.1 1区工程技术

Building and Environment Pub Date : 2025-03-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112918

Tongye Guo , Jiahao Yang , Yini Fan , Yang Zhao , Jianlin Liu , Zhaosong Fang

{"title":"Thermal safety of indoor factory workers during summer in the subtropics: A dynamic thermal indicator","authors":"Tongye Guo , Jiahao Yang , Yini Fan , Yang Zhao , Jianlin Liu , Zhaosong Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112918","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112918","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extremely hot environments in indoor factories without effective air-conditioning systems are hazardous to the health of workers. This pose a potential threat to production safety on the factory floor, with workers often facing serious thermal safety challenges. Therefore, in this study, a full-scale experiment was conducted in three indoor factories in hot summer and cold winter regions of China during the summer of 2024 to investigate the effects of indoor thermal environments and activity states on worker heat stress by measuring thermal parameters and worker physiological indices in the field. The study resulted in the following findings: (1) Factories with high equipment surface temperatures exhibited 6 °C higher average temperatures than others. (2) For air temperatures below 33.7 °C, the work status dominated metabolic rate and core body temperature variations by 69.3 % and 85.1 %, respectively. For air temperatures above 37.7 °C, the work status remained critical for metabolic rate (83.5 % weighting), with air temperature influence on core body temperature increasing to 44.1 %. (3) In an air-conditioned environment, the standard effective temperature (SET) of workers was always within acceptable range at work in contrast to a SET of 38.4 °C in non-air-conditioned environments. (4) An improved heat index model incorporating metabolic rate adjustment enhanced the mean thermal sensation vote (MTSV) prediction accuracy in non-air-conditioned settings. (5) Symptoms of worker discomfort were more severe in non-air-conditioned than air-conditioned environments. These results quantitatively demonstrate the critical role of activity-adaptive thermal management and provide guidelines for optimizing factory safety and worker comfort.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 112918"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143734893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Simple method for predicting the distraction due to speech and babble

IF 7.1 1区工程技术

Building and Environment Pub Date : 2025-03-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112915

Valtteri Hongisto, Reijo Alakoivu, Jukka Keränen, Johann Laukka

{"title":"Simple method for predicting the distraction due to speech and babble","authors":"Valtteri Hongisto, Reijo Alakoivu, Jukka Keränen, Johann Laukka","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112915","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112915","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Task-irrelevant speech is a general problem in various work environments. The speech scenarios vary a lot due to different numbers of simultaneous speakers, overall sound level, and signal-to-noise ratio. There is no objective method to assess the distraction of such sound environments using measurements. Our purpose was to develop a method (a simple equation) to objectively predict the distraction due to sound environments containing speech or babble using variables available in standard sound level meters. We conducted three psychoacoustic experiments. Experiment 1 (<em>N</em> = 10) was a pilot study. Experiment 2 (<em>N</em> = 41) was the main study, where the method was developed. Experiment 3 (<em>N</em> = 43) was conducted to validate the method of Experiment 2. We used stimuli that consisted of both multi-voice speech (0 − 12 simultaneous speakers) and steady-state broadband masking noise. The signal-to-noise ratio of speech was varied (-5 to +25 dB) as well as the overall level of stimuli (40, 50, or 60 dB <em>L</em><sub>Aeq</sub>). Participants were asked to imagine how distracted they would be if they had to do private work. All three experiments provided similar evidence. We developed a method that predicted the subjective distraction, based on measured values of <em>L</em><sub>Aeq</sub> and <em>L</em><sub>A5</sub> - <em>L</em><sub>A95</sub> with very high correlation (<em>r</em><sub>P</sub>=0.96). Experiment 3 showed that the method also predicts the distraction of foreign language speech. The method can be applied in the objective assessment of distraction in work environments, since the variables are available in standard sound level meters. Further validation of the method is needed both in laboratory and in workplaces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 112915"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143748399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Perceived attachment to indoor acoustic environments in high-rise residential buildings: Quantization, prediction, and population-based comparison

IF 7.1 1区工程技术

Building and Environment Pub Date : 2025-03-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112914

Kai Chen , Jian Kang , Hui Ma

{"title":"Perceived attachment to indoor acoustic environments in high-rise residential buildings: Quantization, prediction, and population-based comparison","authors":"Kai Chen , Jian Kang , Hui Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112914","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112914","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent evidence suggests that ideal indoor residential soundscapes are not completely silent but should provide a sense of intimacy, belonging, companionship, safety, and connection to the home environment. In the present study, these aspects are defined as perceived attachment to indoor acoustic environments, according to Place Attachment Theory. A laboratory listening experiment was conducted to (1) quantify the attachment ratings across indoor acoustic scenarios with different sound-source compositions; (2) determine the acoustic factors predicting attachment; and (3) examine attachment differences by personal traits. Various acoustic scenarios were generated by integrating sound sources from different directions in high-rise residences and reproduced using a spherical loudspeaker array. While immersed in a virtual living-room environment via a head-mounted display, 46 participants evaluated attachment ratings for each scenario. Results showed that the addition of natural sounds always enhanced attachment, whereas the effects of outdoor human sounds varied by the types of indoor sounds present. Attachment perception was substantially impaired by floor impact sounds, especially in the presence of natural sounds. Attachment ratings were more effectively predicted by L<sub>Ceq</sub>-L<sub>Aeq</sub>. However, the variance explained was limited to 25 % even when sound types were included as predictors, highlighting the low predictive power of acoustic factors. Middle-aged individuals reported lower attachment levels than younger individuals, particularly for scenarios with combined sound sources. Counterintuitively, noise sensitivity showed overall non-significant effects, and higher sensitivity correlated with greater attachment in scenarios involving indoor sounds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 112914"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143726057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Enhancing outdoor thermal comfort in hot humid climates by forming dry cool region under canopy using desiccant-evaporative cooling system

IF 7.1 1区工程技术

Building and Environment Pub Date : 2025-03-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112876

Hilda Hatoum , Jaafar Younes , Kamel Ghali , Nesreen Ghaddar

{"title":"Enhancing outdoor thermal comfort in hot humid climates by forming dry cool region under canopy using desiccant-evaporative cooling system","authors":"Hilda Hatoum , Jaafar Younes , Kamel Ghali , Nesreen Ghaddar","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112876","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112876","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Increased urbanization is causing elevated ambient temperatures and when accompanied with high humidity, deterioration in outdoor thermal comfort (OTC) develops. This study proposes a novel sustainable strategy to enhance OTC in hot and humid climates by implementing a solid desiccant dehumidification and evaporative cooling system to create cool and dry air region under shaded canopy to improve OTC for a seated individual. A computational fluid dynamics model, validated experimentally, was developed to study the interaction between cold, dry jets of varying temperatures, humidity, and flow rates with the existing ambient hot humid air. The model was used to assess improvements in OTC using the universal thermal climatic index (UTCI). To design and size the air conditioning system, mathematical models for the dehumidification and evaporative cooling processes were implemented. Regeneration energy for the desiccant system was predicted at ambient temperature and relative humidity conditions ranging from 28 to 34°C and 60 to 85% respectively, at supply temperatures of 22 and 24°C for different relative humidities and supply flow rates. Results showed that the proposed system effectively reduced temperature and humidity and enhanced airflow under the canopy, thereby lowering UTCI by up to 6.3°C. This reduction in UTCI led to decreases in heat stress, shifting conditions from \"very strong\" and \"strong\" to \"moderate\" and, under certain supply conditions, even to \"no thermal stress”. Enhancement in OTC uses lower regeneration energy at lower ambient conditions than higher ones to achieve improvements in the UTCI level.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 112876"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143724649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Study of a novel neck-side ventilation system for reducing pollutant exposure

IF 7.1 1区工程技术

Building and Environment Pub Date : 2025-03-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112911

Haotian Zhang , Weirong Zhang , Xiaoxiao Ding , Yingli Xuan

{"title":"Study of a novel neck-side ventilation system for reducing pollutant exposure","authors":"Haotian Zhang , Weirong Zhang , Xiaoxiao Ding , Yingli Xuan","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112911","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112911","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wearable ventilation devices can reduce respiratory exposure in polluted environments. This study investigates a neck-side ventilation system using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations and experimental validation. The system delivers clean air through dual neck vents, deflecting along the face under the Coanda effect to form a clean air layer around the nose and mouth, reducing exposure to pollutants. Key factors, including roll angles, inlet pitch angles, and air speeds, were analysed for their impact on pollutant exposure reduction (PER). Results show that at roll angles of 30° or 45°, the Coanda effect deflects and converges the airflow in front of the face, forming a protective air layer. The pitch angle affects the convergence point, with 40° and 45° angles optimising the clean air layer's position around the breathing zone. Airflow velocity has a secondary impact when optimal roll and pitch angles are chosen. However, in suboptimal combinations, higher airflow velocities improve pollutant shielding, except when the roll angle is 0°, where higher speeds worsen pollutant entrainment into the breathing zone. The system achieves a maximum PER of 75.2 % at a roll angle of 30° and a pitch angle of 45° This study confirms the potential of neck-side ventilation for respiratory protection and provides guidance for optimising design parameters to improve performance in polluted environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 112911"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143734895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Development and validation of a multi-node thermoregulation model for sleeping people

IF 7.1 1区工程技术

Building and Environment Pub Date : 2025-03-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112882

Cong Meng , Jingxian Xu , Tianyu Wu , Yehu Lu

{"title":"Development and validation of a multi-node thermoregulation model for sleeping people","authors":"Cong Meng , Jingxian Xu , Tianyu Wu , Yehu Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112882","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112882","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To predict the transient local skin temperatures during sleep, this study developed a thermoregulation model suitable for sleeping people by considering the personalized thermo-physiological parameters, sleep-related thermoregulation laws, and the local thermal insulation of the bedding system. Ten subjects (5 males, 5 females) were selected for real-life sleep experiments using six bedding combinations (2.13–3.30 clo) in an artificial climate chamber simulating summer (26 °C) and winter (20 °C) sleep conditions. The predictions by the developed model were compared with those by the JOS-3 model and the results of real-life sleep experiments. It was shown that the mean error of the model exhibition mean skin temperature is within 0.6 °C and 0.3 °C for summer conditions and winter conditions, respectively. In addition, the mean error of local skin temperature by this model is no more than 1 °C. However, the local skin temperature predicted by the JOS-3 model had an error over 1 °C. This reveals that the currently developed model is more suitable for predicting skin temperature during sleep than JOS-3 model. This research provides a scientific theoretical foundation for studying human sleep thermal comfort. Also, it enriches the existing human thermoregulation models and offers a robust evaluation tool, i.e., thermoregulation model, for developing and evaluating sleep-related products, like quilts and sleep dress.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 112882"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The influence of urban spatial structure on building carbon emissions at the neighborhood scale considering spatial effect

IF 7.1 1区工程技术

Building and Environment Pub Date : 2025-03-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112888

Hanghun Jo, Heungsoon Kim

{"title":"The influence of urban spatial structure on building carbon emissions at the neighborhood scale considering spatial effect","authors":"Hanghun Jo, Heungsoon Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112888","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112888","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the impact of urban spatial structures on carbon emissions from buildings in Seoul, based on data from 2020. By employing spatial econometric models, the study identifies key urban characteristic factors influencing energy consumption and following carbon emissions. We focus on key aspects of urban spatial structure, spatial compactness, connectivity, and land use mix to examine their effects on energy usage and emissions. The findings highlight a complex relationship between urban density and emissions. High-density areas may increase or decrease emissions depending on human activity, building use, and transportation infrastructure. Additionally, the connectivity and accessibility provided by efficient urban transport networks are crucial for mitigating carbon emissions, but their effectiveness is significantly enhanced when integrated with land use planning. The findings suggest that while high-density and mixed land use can increase energy consumption due to increased activities, improving urban connectivity can help mitigate emissions. It should aim to balance density and connectivity for sustainable urban development, ultimately contributing to effective carbon reduction strategies and urban sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 112888"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143748398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Indoor air quality in a home improvement store: Gaseous pollutants, bioburden and particle-bound chemical constituents

IF 7.1 1区工程技术

Building and Environment Pub Date : 2025-03-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112908

Leonardo Furst , Yago Cipoli , Eduardo Yubero , Nuria Galindo , Carla Viegas , Marta Dias , Teresa Nunes , Getúlio Igrejas , Manuel Feliciano , Célia Alves

{"title":"Indoor air quality in a home improvement store: Gaseous pollutants, bioburden and particle-bound chemical constituents","authors":"Leonardo Furst , Yago Cipoli , Eduardo Yubero , Nuria Galindo , Carla Viegas , Marta Dias , Teresa Nunes , Getúlio Igrejas , Manuel Feliciano , Célia Alves","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112908","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112908","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper provides a comprehensive assessment of indoor and outdoor air quality within a home improvement and gardening store chain in northeastern Portugal. In December 2021 and January 2022, two multipollutant systems were installed in the store and outdoors to assess air quality. Continuous monitoring included particulate matter below 10 µm (PM<sub>10</sub>), CO<sub>2</sub> and comfort parameters. PM<sub>10</sub> samples were collected using gravimetric samplers during both occupied and vacant periods. These samples were then analysed for carbonaceous constituents and metal(loid)s. Additionally, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbonyls, bacteria, and fungi were passively sampled. Results showed higher indoor concentrations of PM<sub>10</sub> during labour hours (45.4 ± 15.2 μg/m<sup>3</sup>), while outdoor values of 27.1 ± 9.96 μg/m<sup>3</sup> were recorded. The elemental characterisation of PM<sub>10</sub> revealed a high abundance of soil-related elements indoors, suggesting that resuspension is one of the primary sources. The most abundant elements were Ca, Fe, and Zn, with concentrations of 658 ± 297, 273 ± 141, and 172 ± 67.4 ng/m³, respectively. Outdoors, elements related to tyre and brake wear and road dust were predominant, indicating emissions from non-exhaust traffic emissions as the main source. A prevalence of α-pinene, limonene, and hexanal was found indoors, most likely related to wood products. Fungi with clinical relevance and toxigenic potential, and higher bacterial loads were observed in the gardening and heating sectors of the store. This study underscores the importance of investigating less-studied stores, as they may exhibit pollutant levels that exceed health protection thresholds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 112908"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143748694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0