Building and Environment最新文献

{"title":"Temporal–contextual self-supervised time-series learning for automated fault detection and diagnosis of air handling units in buildings","authors":"Seunghyeon Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114300","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114300","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Automated Fault Detection and Diagnosis (AFDD) for Air Handling Units (AHUs) has largely relied on supervised learning, which is difficult to deploy when labeled data are scarce. To reduce the labeling burden, recent work has explored self-supervised learning to leverage unlabeled operational logs; however, many studies treat sensor measurements as static tabular vectors rather than sequential time series. This study adopts Time-Series representation learning via Temporal and Contextual Contrasting (TS-TCC) as a backbone for AHU-level AFDD. TS-TCC pretrains a transformer-based encoder on unlabeled operational data using temporal and contextual contrastive objectives and then fine-tunes a lightweight classifier using limited labeled samples. Experiments on three benchmark AHU datasets with 5–30% label budgets compare TS-TCC with representative self-supervised baselines, supervised detectors, and semi-supervised methods. Across datasets, TS-TCC achieves 79–81% macro F1 score with 5% labels and reaches approximately 99% macro F1 score with 30% labels, outperforming self-supervised baselines and matching strong supervised detectors. Under a 30% labeled + 70% unlabeled setting, TS-TCC attains near-ceiling performance, while consistency-based semi-supervised methods provide only marginal F1 score gains in some cases. The resulting model remains suitable for near real-time deployment, with inference times of 20–30 ms per instance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 114300"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146185978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quasi-dynamic coupling method between CFD and building energy simulations for studying PCM-based radiant floor cooling systems","authors":"Tianxing Zhang ,&nbsp;Haruka Kitagawa ,&nbsp;Takashi Asawa ,&nbsp;Andhang Rakhmat Trihamdani","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114280","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114280","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although an indoor radiant floor cooling system that combines high thermal storage of phase change materials (PCMs) with underfloor nocturnal ventilation has been confirmed to be effective in the tropics, its optimal settings have not yet been clarified under naturally ventilated conditions. This study developed a quasi-dynamic coupling method between building energy simulation (BES) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to optimize the PCM-based floor cooling system for indoor thermal environments. The thermal hysteresis of PCMs was integrated into the quasi-coupling method to simulate the effect of PCMs on indoor temperatures. Conventional BES-based decoupling methods and the quasi-coupling method with three popular turbulent models in the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations for CFD were compared and validated with the measurement results in an experimental building in Indonesia. The results showed that quasi-couplings reproduced the PCM temperature (coefficient of determination: <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>=</mo></mrow></math></span> 0.98; root mean squared error: <span><math><mrow><mtext>RMSE</mtext><mo>=</mo></mrow></math></span> 0.4 °C). The shear-stress transport (SST) <span><math><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>ω</mi></mrow></math></span> was the most accurate turbulence model for floor surface heat flux (<span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>=</mo></mrow></math></span> 0.92, <span><math><mrow><mtext>RMSE</mtext><mo>=</mo></mrow></math></span> 3.9 <span><math><mrow><mi>W</mi><mo>/</mo><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></math></span>). This proves that the quasi-coupling method is more accurate than the decoupling method in replicating the phase change of the PCMs, including its effects on thermal storage and hysteresis. Among the RANS models, SST <span><math><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>ω</mi></mrow></math></span> was the best for solving near-floor heat convection. The quasi-dynamic coupling method showed that the PCM-based floor cooling system effectively modifies the near-floor air temperature because nocturnal heat dissipation is enhanced by underfloor ventilation and thermal storage of PCMs under naturally ventilated conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 114280"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146049058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FE-KFormer: A keypoint-informed transformer model for quantifying the nonlinear cooling effects of urban green space","authors":"Yaxing Du ,&nbsp;Changhao Zhou ,&nbsp;Jiajia Hua ,&nbsp;Manrui Xue ,&nbsp;Lei Li ,&nbsp;Cheuk Ming Mak","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114323","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114323","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The nonlinear mechanisms underlying the cooling efficiency of urban green spaces (UGS) are poorly characterized, creating a critical need for predictive models to quantify these relationships. To bridge this gap, this paper develops the FE-KFormer, a novel Keypoint-informed Transformer model with feature enhancement, to accurately predict both current and future UGS cooling efficiency based on landscape metrics.. We generate a high-resolution thermal dataset by fusing MODIS and Landsat 8 land surface temperature products, which is then used to train FE-KFormer. The FE-KFormer model demonstrates markedly superior predictive performance compared to traditional machine learning models (e.g., Random Forest, LightGBM) and deep learning model (i.e., CNN), achieving an R² of approximately 0.80 for cooling density prediction and substantially lower mean absolute and root mean squared errors, with reductions of up to ∼85 %. Evaluation results indicate synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the cooling effects of different landscape metrics. The cooling effect of UGS shows pronounced seasonal variability, being stronger in the rainy season (April-September) than in the dry season (October-March). By varying the landscape metric features, prediction results from the FE-KFormer model reveal a positive correlation between area-related and connectivity-related metrics and UGS cooling effects, while shape-related and density-related metrics show a negative correlation. Cooling intensity is more sensitive to changes in the landscape matrices than cooling distance. The FE-KFormer model provides a decision-support tool for urban planners to evaluate UGS cooling performance and assess the potential impact of different planning strategies through the lens of landscape metrics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 114323"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146185632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Statistical analysis and service life implications of four-year microclimatic measurements in the air gap of a Zero Emission Building","authors":"Johannes Brozovsky ,&nbsp;Malin Sletnes ,&nbsp;Klodian Gradeci ,&nbsp;Petra Rüther","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114316","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114316","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents findings based on the analysis of a four-year dataset (2021–2024) of surface temperature measurements from a highly insulated Zero Emission Building in Trondheim, Norway. 20 sensors were installed at the wind barrier of the four lateral façades and at the roofing underlay within ventilated cavities. Measurements were collected at 15-minute intervals, averaged to hourly values, and aggregated by envelope orientation. The analysis includes statistical summaries, temperature distributions, and seasonal and diurnal patterns, revealing distinct microclimatic differences between orientations. The roof exhibited the highest recorded temperature (53 °C) and the south façade the widest total range (71.1 °C), while the north façade consistently showed the smallest deviation from ambient air conditions. Seasonal patterns aligned with solar exposure, with peak temperatures occurring in the morning for the east façade, midday for the south façade and roof, and late afternoon for the west façade. The dataset was further used to estimate relative thermal ageing rates using the Arrhenius equation for the two most commonly used polymers in a building envelope which are polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP). Depending on the phase of degradation, thermal ageing is on average between 11 % (PP, west façade) and 71 % (PE, south façade) faster compared to the north façade. By providing long-term, orientation-specific microclimatic data, this work offers a valuable basis for developing representative laboratory ageing protocols and for improving service life predictions of polymeric building products under realistic operating conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 114316"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the resistance and flow characteristics of a square diffuser under adjacent influence conditions based on design of experiments","authors":"Haimeng Li ,&nbsp;Wei Xu ,&nbsp;Ran Gao ,&nbsp;Xinyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Chi Zhang ,&nbsp;Yan Tian ,&nbsp;Yi Wang ,&nbsp;Ruoyin Jing","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114259","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114259","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Air terminals are crucial components of ventilation and air conditioning (VAC) systems, ensuring efficient airflow that maintains the indoor air quality and a favorable noise environment. Uneven outflows at the supply air endpoint disrupt the indoor air distribution under adjacent influence conditions (AICs) and affect the hydraulic balance of transmission systems, leading to resistance deviations. This study combines design of experiments (DoE) and numerical simulations to examine the changes exhibited by the outflow and resistance characteristics at the air supply end under AICs using a central composite design (CCD). An interaction analysis of the factors that influenced the outflow of a square diffuser was conducted using the response surface methodology (RSM). The full-scale experimental data provided the envelope surface distribution, throw distance, and axial velocity attenuation of the flow pattern of the square diffuser, confirming the accuracy of the numerical simulation. Under AICs, the coupling pressure loss coefficient of the square diffuser was reduced by 22.4% compared with that of the traditional methods. This research introduces a more accurate approach for predicting resistance in duct distribution systems, optimizing airflows, minimizing noise, and achieving energy savings. These findings have significant implications for improving HVAC system designs, reducing energy consumption levels, and enhancing the comfort of occupants in real-world applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 114259"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal characteristics of the vehicle-cabin thermal environment and occupant thermal responses under strong summer solar radiation","authors":"Yuxin Yang ,&nbsp;Rui Zhao ,&nbsp;Juan Yu ,&nbsp;Deyin Zhang ,&nbsp;Borong Lin ,&nbsp;Kaiyue Ma ,&nbsp;Xi Zhang ,&nbsp;Haifeng Xia","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114272","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114272","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To investigate the thermal environment and human thermal comfort in a vehicle cabin under intense summer solar radiation, this study conducted real vehicle experiments in a climatic chamber with controlled solar irradiation and simulated driving speed. A comparative analysis investigated the physical environmental parameters (air temperature, air speed, heat flux/solar radiation, and Equivalent Homogeneous Temperature (EHT)) at 4 × 16 positions near the occupants under two scenarios: with and without the sunshade. The spatiotemporal distribution patterns of these parameters and the human subjective thermal responses (TSV, DSV, etc.) were compared. The results revealed significant inhomogeneity in the multiphysical fields inside the cabin. The maximum head-to-foot EHT difference reached 8.5 °C, while the average air speed across different body locations varied by up to 0.31 m/s. The forearm experienced the highest solar radiation intensity, up to 78 W/m². The use of the sunshade achieved a 22 °C reduction in mean EHT and reshaped the thermal stratification, establishing a stable \"warm feet, cool head\" pattern that better aligns with human comfort requirements. Particular attention should be given to the combined influence of the head (37.6%) and forearms (30.3%) on overall thermal perception. Based on the findings, a localized thermal comfort map for the tested young Chinese male was developed, identifying a gradient of local thermal neutral EHT from the head (26.5 °C) to the lower limbs (31.6 °C). Accordingly, a zoned thermal control strategy \"cool the head, relax lower limb constraints\" was proposed. The conclusions provide a theoretical basis and data-driven support for the design of precise environmental control systems in next-generation intelligent vehicle cabins.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 114272"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human metabolic pollutants in bedrooms at typical occupancy density: Composition analysis and effects on sleep quality","authors":"Xiaojing Zhang ,&nbsp;Yiting Liu ,&nbsp;Mei Wang ,&nbsp;Jingchao Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114247","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114247","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The formulation of effective air quality and ventilation standards for sleep environment depends on fundamental data of human emission characteristics and a clear understanding of their impact on sleep quality. This study quantified CO₂ and VOC concentrations in thermally neutral confined bedrooms under three typical occupant densities, monitoring sleep stages, environmental perceptions, and physiological responses in eight healthy adults. Results showed an inverse relationship between per-capita CO₂ emission rate and CO₂ exposure concentration. Relative to the baseline concentration (1,063 ± 182 ppm), this relationship necessitated correction factors of 0.79 and 0.73 for mean indoor CO₂ levels of 1,351 ± 343 ppm and 2,194 ± 623 ppm, respectively. Air analysis indicated that 94 % of dual-source human-material compounds (25 compounds across five categories) accumulated with increasing occupant density. Notably, total emission mass concentrations of dual-origin VOCs significantly exceeded those from materials alone: non-benzenoid hydrocarbons by 10-fold, benzenoid hydrocarbons by 3–4 times, and halogenated compounds/esters by 1.5 times. When the average indoor CO₂ concentration at night was 2,194 ± 623 ppm (with a peak of 2,838 ppm), sleep efficiency declined to 86.3 %, vagal nerve hyperactivity manifested, and post-wake systolic blood pressure increased. To ensure sleep quality and health, average CO₂ concentration of bedroom should remain below 2200 ppm (peak less than 3000 ppm). VOC purification should prioritize non-benzenoid hydrocarbons (less than 65 μg/m³), benzenoid hydrocarbons (less than 225 μg/m³), halogenated compounds (less than 95 μg/m³), and esters (less than 55 μg/m³), with lower concentrations preferred.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 114247"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146049057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological-perceptual divergence (PPD) in human thermal adaptation: Multimodal evidence of decoupled body-mind responses during controlled indoor exposure","authors":"Puneet Tomar ,&nbsp;Anna Laura Pisello","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114256","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114256","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal comfort arises not only from physical exposure but also from the dynamic interplay between bodily regulation and perceptual stability. This study investigates <em>physiological-perceptual divergence</em> (PPD) in human thermal adaptation—a measurable decoupling between autonomic activation and subjective comfort—through a multimodal experimental framework. Twenty-four participants performed structured cognitive tasks under two calibrated thermal conditions referred to as lower temperature (LT) and higher temperature (HT) sessions, with a controlled air temperature difference of approximately <span><math><mi>Δ</mi><msub><mi>T</mi><mrow><mrow><mtext>air</mtext></mrow></mrow></msub><mo>≈</mo><mn>7</mn><msup><mspace></mspace><mrow><mo>∘</mo></mrow></msup><mrow><mtext>C</mtext></mrow></math></span>. Synchronous acquisition of environmental parameters, skin temperature (<span><math><msub><mi>T</mi><mrow><mrow><mtext>skin</mtext></mrow></mrow></msub></math></span>), electrodermal activity (EDA), and subjective survey responses enabled cross-domain analysis with deterministic alignment pipeline. Results show that HT induced a mean increase of <span><math><mo>+</mo><mn>3.2</mn><msup><mspace></mspace><mrow><mo>∘</mo></mrow></msup><mrow><mtext>C</mtext></mrow></math></span> in <span><math><msub><mi>T</mi><mrow><mrow><mtext>skin</mtext></mrow></mrow></msub></math></span> and a 150 % rise in tonic EDA, indicating robust autonomic activation. However, corresponding perceptual indices—thermal, visual, acoustic, air-quality, and productivity appraisals–remained statistically stable (<span><math><msub><mi>p</mi><mrow><mrow><mtext>Holm</mtext></mrow></mrow></msub><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>0.10</mn></math></span>), with only domain-specific shifts in visual and productivity ratings. The correlation between <span><math><mi>Δ</mi><msub><mi>T</mi><mrow><mrow><mtext>skin</mtext></mrow></mrow></msub></math></span> and <span><math><mi>Δ</mi><mrow><mtext>SCL</mtext></mrow></math></span> was weak (<span><math><mi>ρ</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0.07</mn></math></span>), confirming partial independence of sympathetic drive and subjective comfort.</div><div>These findings reveal a cross-domain divergence in which physiological systems register thermal load while perceptual systems preserve equilibrium through cognitive adaptation. This decoupled body–mind response challenges classical comfort models assuming linear correspondence between energy balance and sensation. The integrated pipeline–linking environmental sensing, wearable physiology, and structured perception data–provides a reproducible framework for multimodal comfort research. Recognizing that human adaptation involves selective perceptual stability amid physiological strain, the study advances the theoretical foundation for <em>physiology-aware yet perception-sensitive</em> building control and redefines the boundary between thermal stress and thermal tolerance in indoor environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 114256"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146185650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of pollen particle shape, breathing mode, and wind velocity on human aspiration and deposition efficiencies","authors":"Ruru Sakata ,&nbsp;Islam M.S. Abouelhamd ,&nbsp;Kazuki Kuga ,&nbsp;Kazuhide Ito","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114308","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114308","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding exposure patterns to seasonal pollen particles is crucial for public health. Multiscale fluid domains were established to conduct computational fluid–particle dynamics (CFPD) simulations, integrating semi-outdoor domain with human and airway models. Two reference wind velocities (0.25 and 0.40 m/s), breathing modes (steady inhalation and cyclic breathing), and particle shapes (spherical and ellipsoidal) with diameter range from 1.0 to 40.0 µm were examined to quantify the aspiration efficiency (AE) and deposition fraction (DF). The results demonstrate that with increasing wind velocity, AE decreased by approximately 15 %, particularly for large particle sizes, while the cyclic breathing profile increased AE by approximately 7 % compared with steady inhalation. Particle morphology was an insignificant determinant of AE, but exceptions were found at higher wind speeds, when 20 µm ellipsoidal pollen exhibited 13 % higher AE, and 5 µm exhibited 10 % lower AE compared to spherical pollen. Ellipsoidal particles with equivalent diameters of 5.0 and 7.5 µm exhibited slightly lower total DF compared to spherical particles. A detailed regional DF analysis revealed distinct deposition hotspots between spherical and ellipsoidal shapes. Ellipsoidal pollen (40 µm) accumulated intensely in the vestibule and posterior sections of the nasal cavity, whereas spherical pollen with diameters ranging from 5.0 to 10 µm showed slightly deeper deposition in the mid-airway generations. These findings emphasize that realistic breathing profiles, wind conditions, and particle morphology are key factors in pollen exposure assessments, suggesting the potential integration of microscales and mesoscales to quantify the dose and adverse effect of pollen particles in urban environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 114308"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146185652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of angular dependence of spectral reflectance and transmittance of glazing systems for improving energy efficiency in buildings","authors":"Pablo Santafé-Gabarda ,&nbsp;Jorge Álvarez ,&nbsp;Adolfo Muñoz ,&nbsp;M.Mar Barbero-Barrera ,&nbsp;Joaquín Campos ,&nbsp;Alejandro Ferrero","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114283","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114283","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dynamic simulation has become an essential tool for energy and daylighting simulations in buildings. However, researchers worldwide highlight the discrepancies between simulated and real performance in buildings. An important limitation is that most databases used in simulation software only include measurements of diffuse reflectance and transmittance of glazing systems with directional-normal incidence. In this work, a methodology for measuring spectral reflectance and transmittance for different angles of incidence of glazing systems has been developed, and the measurements on a broad set of representative samples, for the spectral range 380 nm - 2500 nm with 5 nm resolution and for angles of incidence from 0<span><math><msup><mspace></mspace><mo>∘</mo></msup></math></span>  to 70<span><math><msup><mspace></mspace><mo>∘</mo></msup></math></span>  in steps of 5<span><math><msup><mspace></mspace><mo>∘</mo></msup></math></span>, have been made publicly available. A simple physics-based model has been proposed, which fits the measurement results with a standard error of the estimate (SSE) below 0.01 in most cases, and a method to apply a principal components analysis (PCA) to the measurement data has been presented, which allows to the amount of data by up reducing 4 times while keeping the relevant information. The results of this work aim to enable more reliable energy simulations to improve the energy efficiency of buildings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 114283"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146185653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}