Biology Open最新文献

{"title":"How octopuses use and recruit additional arms to find and manipulate visually hidden items.","authors":"Ashley J Gendreau, Camille Boucaud, Kendra C Buresch, Allison S Rooney, Halia Morris, Roger T Hanlon","doi":"10.1242/bio.062011","DOIUrl":"10.1242/bio.062011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Shallow-water benthic octopuses are tactile creatures that explore their environment mainly using chemotactile receptors in their suckers. Details of how they coordinate multiple arms to sense and manipulate items remain unknown. We developed a behavioral assay that exploits their natural foraging behavior to quantify how octopuses use and recruit their arms when searching for and investigating items in a visually occluded environment. Fourteen Octopus bimaculoides were presented with an opaque rock dome to 'blindly' explore for one of five items placed inside. During 117 experimental trials, 2327 arm actions and 394 coordinated arm recruitments were video recorded. Octopuses most often recruited the nearest-neighboring arm when manipulating items (44%). Recruitment of more distant arms was collectively observed (56%). The most common recruitment patterns were (1) initial arm→nearest neighbor→nearest neighbor and (2) initial arm→nearest neighbor→second arm over. We discovered that octopuses used all eight arms with similar frequency and most often engaged three, four, or five arms simultaneously. These findings further demonstrate the flexibility and functionality of all eight arms and indicate that octopuses can use all eight arms equally, which may inform research into arm neuroanatomy as well as the design of coordinated soft robotic arms.</p>","PeriodicalId":9216,"journal":{"name":"Biology Open","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12309893/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144483154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cuticular microstructure of the locust femur-tibia joint.","authors":"Christoph Bruns, Vassileios Bekas, Susanna Labisch, Jan-Henning Dirks","doi":"10.1242/bio.061934","DOIUrl":"10.1242/bio.061934","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In insect exoskeletons, articular membranes connect the sclerotized hard segments within joints, ensuring protection, mobility, and resilience to mechanical stresses. During exoskeletal movement, these membranes experience tensile and compressive forces, leading to either stretching or the formation of cuticular folds. The mechanisms underlying cuticular folding remain unclear, particularly whether folds are regular (specific) or irregular (non-specific) and how cuticle ultrastructure influences folding patterns. To address these questions, we examined the femur-tibia joints in the mesothoracic legs of locusts (Locusta migratoria) using non-destructive micro-CT, histological methods, and scanning electron microscopy. The joints were analyzed at different flexion angles and maturity stages to characterize membrane folding. Our findings reveal distinct scales of cuticular folds in the femur-tibia joint: macrofolds associated with internal structures such as muscle attachment sites and microfolds potentially linked to cuticle ultrastructure, surface properties, or membrane thickness differences.</p>","PeriodicalId":9216,"journal":{"name":"Biology Open","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12352281/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144759223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inducing bursicon expression using 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) increased immune response in Macrobrachium rosenbergii against Aeromonas hydrophila.","authors":"Arnon Pudgerd, Sukanya Saedan, Thanapong Kruangkum, Kallaya Sritunyalucksana, Sirilak Sanpa, Sudthiporn Somnet, Rapeepun Vanichviriyakit, Charoonroj Chotwiwatthanakun","doi":"10.1242/bio.061773","DOIUrl":"10.1242/bio.061773","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A bursicon (burs) is a neurohormone that regulates cuticle tanning after molting, as well as the immune response, in insects and crustaceans. This study investigated the relationship between ecdysteroids, burs expression and immune regulation following 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) injection in Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Burs subunits (burs α and burs β) were highly expressed in the thoracic ganglia during the late pre-molt stage (D3). Significant upregulation of the burs α and burs β, anti-lipopolysaccharide factor (ALF) and crustacean hematopoietic factor (CHF) genes accompanied an increase in the hemocyte concentration. The efficacy of immune enhancement for disease protection from 20E injection showed that 20E treatment upregulated burs genes in thoracic and abdominal ganglia. ALF and CHF expression and phenol oxidase activity were significantly increased. The hemocyte proliferation percentage in hematopoietic tissue increased 12 h post-infection, while circulating hemocytes increased significantly within the first 24 h. Administering 20E decreased mortality in Aeromonas hydrophila-challenged prawns. This study demonstrated that the ecdysteroid 20E stimulated burs expression and improved the immune response to bacterial challenge, suggesting that this hormone plays a role in regulating the immune system during ecdysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":9216,"journal":{"name":"Biology Open","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12309897/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144641770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of size and ontogeny on suction feeding kinematics in the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum).","authors":"Isabelle Toussaint-Lardé, Vivien Louppe, Frida Sanchez-Garrido, Morgane Taillades, Ryadh Amine, Mark Mandica, Eglantine Heude, Anthony Herrel, Anne-Claire Fabre","doi":"10.1242/bio.061860","DOIUrl":"10.1242/bio.061860","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Size impacts all aspects of life in animals. Not only does it impact metabolism and physiology, it also affects movements, resulting in different selective pressures on animals of diverse sizes. However, beyond size, differences in developmental stage may also impact movements due to the maturation of the nervous and musculoskeletal systems. Here, we tested the influence of size and ontogeny on suction feeding kinematics in adults, juveniles, and larvae of the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) using high-speed video recordings. Our data show that size had an influence on nearly all kinematic variables examined, but kinematics often deviated from the predictions of simple geometric scaling models. Moreover, for both the velocity and acceleration of mouth and hyoid movements, the effect of size differed according to the developmental stage. While overall movements were faster in larger animals, the velocity of movement increased faster with size in adults. This could be explained by the fact that the skull undergoes changes at adulthood due to partial remodeling. Changes in velocity are possibly linked to a shift in diet at adulthood from static to more elusive prey, yet this remains to be tested.</p>","PeriodicalId":9216,"journal":{"name":"Biology Open","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12309904/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144658483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Altered epithelial development of the lateral ventricle choroid plexus in Mllt11 mutants.","authors":"Sam Moore, Danielle Stanton-Turcotte, Emily A Witt, Angelo Iulianella","doi":"10.1242/bio.061966","DOIUrl":"10.1242/bio.061966","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The choroid plexuses (ChPs) are modified epithelial structures that penetrate all four cerebral ventricles and secrete cerebrospinal fluid. They consist of a central stroma that is vascularized with fenestrated blood vessels and connective tissue. The ChPs are of dual embryonic origin, with forebrain neuroepithelial cells contributing to the epithelial component and mesenchymal cells contributing to the stromal cells. The growth of the ChPs into the ventricular spaces is fueled by the migration and proliferation of neuroepithelial progenitor cells originating from the cortical hem. However, the genetic regulation of neuroepithelial progenitor (NEP) migration during ChP development is not well understood. Here, we report the role of Mllt11 (Af1q/Tcf7c) in the formation of the ChP in part by regulating the migration of Otx1/2+ NEPs into the base of the fetal ChP, fueling its 'treadmilling' growth into the lateral ventricle. We used Cux2iresCre/+ allele to selectively ablate Mllt11 in the developing cortical hem and its principal derivatives, the ChP and hippocampus. We discovered that Mllt11 mutants displayed thickened cuboid epithelial architecture of the ChP but maintained the epithelial organization of the outer layer of the ChP. This likely contributed to shorter lateral ventricle ChP stalks in Mllt11 cKO brains.</p>","PeriodicalId":9216,"journal":{"name":"Biology Open","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12320971/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144483151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unpredictable disturbance and its effects on activity behavior and lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster.","authors":"Anabel S X Byars, Nicole C Riddle","doi":"10.1242/bio.062071","DOIUrl":"10.1242/bio.062071","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Animals exhibit natural movement patterns that are important for their survival and reproduction. Human disturbance can alter these movement patterns. In many natural settings, assessing the long-term impact of these altered movement patterns is difficult. Laboratory studies with model organisms may provide additional insight into the long-term effects of altered movement behaviors, such as those caused by human disturbance. Here, we investigate how unpredictable disturbance impacts animal activity and lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster. We selected four strains from the Drosophila Genetics Reference Panel (DGRP) to assess animals with different baseline activity levels. The unpredictable disturbance treatment was simulated using the TreadWheel to administer four randomized 30-min disturbances daily. We found that both 5-day and 20-day disturbance treatments altered activity levels, but the response was dependent on sex, genotype, and age of the animals. While we detected altered animal activity in several groups, lifespan generally was not affected, with a few exceptions. Our results highlight the complexity involved in predicting individual responses to disturbance but suggest that long-term effects on lifespan are rare in response to short-term disturbance.</p>","PeriodicalId":9216,"journal":{"name":"Biology Open","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12320972/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144483155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CRISPR-Cas9 mediated RALA knockout and reconstitution: insights into the detection and role of RALA S194 phosphorylation in Ras-dependent and Ras-independent cancers.","authors":"Mayuresh Vishwas Konde, Siddhi Inchanalkar, Tushar Manik Sherkhane, Nilesh Deshpande, Mishika Virmani, Kajal Singh, Nagaraj Balasubramanian","doi":"10.1242/bio.061884","DOIUrl":"10.1242/bio.061884","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Downstream of oncogenic RAS, RALA is critical for cancer tumorigenesis, possibly regulated by phosphorylation of its Serine194 residue. We made CRISPR-Cas9 RALA knockout (RALA KO) in three RAS-dependent and two RAS-independent cancer cells. Detection of RALA S194 phosphorylation using the commercial anti-phospho-RALA antibody lacks specificity in all three RAS-dependent cancers. siRNA knockdown of RALA and AURKA inhibition by MLN8237 (VMLN) also did not affect pS194RALA detection in these cancers. RALA KO MiaPaCa2 (RAS-dependent) and MCF7 (RAS-independent) cells, stably reconstituted with WT-RALA and S194A-RALA mutants, showed no effect on RALA activation. Tumor growth was, however, restored partly by WT-RALA, but not S194A-RALA mutant. Thus, RALA S194 phosphorylation is needed for tumor formation, not affecting its activation, but possibly through its localization.</p>","PeriodicalId":9216,"journal":{"name":"Biology Open","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12320973/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144494702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gait speed and incline modulate peak deceleration and timing of horizontal center of mass deceleration during double support.","authors":"Shizuku Terui, Nanami Kanda, Keisuke Hirata","doi":"10.1242/bio.062037","DOIUrl":"10.1242/bio.062037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adapting gait to varying speeds and inclines is essential for navigating complex environments. The movement of the center of mass (CoM) in the horizontal plane during the double-support phase is considered critical for maintaining gait performance, but how specific CoM deceleration patterns adapt to these challenges is not fully understood. This study examined how gait speed and incline affect the most deceleration (MD) and its timing (MDt) of CoM movement in the horizontal plane during the double-support phase of gait in healthy individuals. Fourteen healthy young adults walked on a treadmill under four conditions combining two speeds (moderate: 0.83 m/s, fast: 1.0 m/s) and two inclines (level: 0°, uphill: +6°). CoM movements were recorded using a motion capture system. Key parameters analyzed included double support time ratio (DST), step length (SL), MD and MDt. SL increased with speed but was not significantly affected by incline at matched speeds; DST remained unchanged across conditions. Crucially, MD significantly increased with both faster speed and incline, being largest under the uphill-fast condition. Furthermore, MDt occurred significantly earlier in the gait cycle during faster and uphill conditions compared to moderate-speed level walking. This peak deceleration consistently occurred just prior to contralateral toe-off. Our study concludes that healthy young adults adapt to increased gait speed and incline by modulating both the deceleration and timing of CoM movement in the horizontal plane during double support. The increased deceleration and its earlier timing, particularly under challenging conditions, may reflect kinematic adaptations related to momentum regulation and step-to-step coordination, rather than indicating of neuromuscular control. These findings provide insight into potential mechanisms underlying gait adaptation in healthy individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":9216,"journal":{"name":"Biology Open","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12326370/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144583140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolic depression and non-specific immune response during hibernation of common Asian toad, Duttaphrynus melanostictus.","authors":"Debadas Sahoo, Sibakalyani Acharya","doi":"10.1242/bio.061789","DOIUrl":"10.1242/bio.061789","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To assess metabolic depression and non-specific immune response during hibernation in male common Asian toads, Duttaphrynus melanostictus, we measured activities of different enzymes of both aerobic (oxygen-dependent) and anaerobic (oxygen-independent) metabolic pathways in liver tissue and some non-specific immune responses in blood and liver tissue by obtaining hibernating toads directly from their hibernaculum in nature. Though decreased activities of enzymes and suppressions of non-specific immune responses were hypothesised, some contrasting results were found. Activities of citrate synthase (CS) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) enzymes of aerobic metabolic pathways showed a significant decrease in their activities during hibernation up to 29% and 61% respectively of their active period value. Contrary to our hypothesis enzymes of oxygen-independent metabolic pathways i.e. pyruvate kinase (PK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) showed no significant changes in their activities during hibernation compared to the active period. This shows aerobic metabolic depression during normoxic hibernation in common Asian toads and maintenance of vital activities at a minimum level with use of energy (ATP) generated from the oxygen-independent metabolic pathway. Likewise, the non-specific immune response comprising total leucocyte count, individual leucocytes like neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocyte and monocytes showed a significant decrease in their count during hibernation along with a reduction in complement proteins indicated by serum bacteria-killing ability, compared to active period. In contrast, the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in liver tissue resulting in oxidative stress in terms of TBARS formed and GSSG/GSH ratio were significantly higher during hibernation, suggesting some components of non-specific immunity remain elevated. We conclude that, though there is suppression of non-specific immune response during hibernation to a maximum extent to conserve energy, some components of it in terms of oxidative stress are still in an active state to provide the signal to adaptive immunity for a quick response that is expected during post hibernation phase. Further, it indicates that non-specific immune response during hibernation is variable and tissue-specific.</p>","PeriodicalId":9216,"journal":{"name":"Biology Open","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12309895/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143432425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Macrophages migrate persistently and directionally upon entering 2D confinement in the presence of extracellular matrix.","authors":"Matthew W Stinson, Summer G Paulson, Ethan M Carlile, Jeremy D Rotty","doi":"10.1242/bio.061782","DOIUrl":"10.1242/bio.061782","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cells sense and respond to their environment in a myriad of ways. In many instances, they must integrate simultaneous cues ranging from the physical properties and composition of the extracellular matrix to guidance cues that stimulate chemotaxis or haptotaxis. How cells make sense of multiple simultaneous cues is an ongoing physiologically relevant area of research. The present study seeks to contribute to the understanding of multi-cue sensing by understanding how the transition to a confined setting with or without an added haptotactic gradient alters macrophage migration. We found that the transition to confinement is itself a directional cue capable of driving persistent migration hours after macrophages enter the confined environment. Next, we found that a haptotactic fibronectin gradient made cells even more directionally persistent under confinement. Finally, Arp2/3 complex deletion rendered macrophages unresponsive to the haptotactic gradient, but they retained directionally persistent migration due to their transition to confinement. These findings may be particularly relevant for cells that move from an adherent 2D environment into a confining 3D environment, like leukocytes and circulating tumor cells that extravasate into peripheral tissue.</p>","PeriodicalId":9216,"journal":{"name":"Biology Open","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12264731/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144257407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}