Brain Structure & Function最新文献

{"title":"Early-stage olfactory bulbectomy induces hyperlocomotion with increased astrocyte and microglial density in the prefrontal cortex of male rats.","authors":"Mario Alberto Bautista-Carro, Diana Moroni-González, Julia Flores-Tochihuitl, Gonzalo Flores, Julio César Morales-Medina","doi":"10.1007/s00429-026-03139-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00429-026-03139-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Major depressive disorder (MDD) severely affects people's productivity and quality of life. Olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) yields reproducible behavioral changes resembling agitated depression. Since most studies examine models after the depressive phenotype is fully established, this work examines mood disorder and glial structure during the early period following OBX, aiming to identify initial circuit adaptations that precede the MDD development. Male Wistar rats were assigned to OBX or SHAM groups. Experiments were conducted exclusively in male animals to reduce hormonal variability, which may limit generalizability. One week after surgery, exploratory behavior was assessed using the open-field test. Subsequently, brain samples of prefrontal cortex (Cg1), hippocampus (CA1), and basolateral amygdala were collected. Immunohistochemical stains were performed to evidence astrocytes (GFAP) and microglia (Iba-1), followed by cell counts and morphometric analyses. OBX rats showed increased total and peripheral distance traveled, with no differences in center distance, rearing, or grooming. Region-specific analyses revealed a significant increase in astrocytes and microglia in the PFC, with no significant changes in Sholl- derived morphological parameters. In the CA1, a significant increase in the length of fourth-order microglial branching was observed. Finally, no significant changes were observed in the BLA across any analyzed parameter. These results show a phenotype that resembles agitated depression and demonstrates differential region-specific glial susceptibility. The PFC is the area that shows the first changes in cell number, without morphological changes, suggesting small adaptations that can later give rise to the manifestations described above by our working group.</p>","PeriodicalId":9145,"journal":{"name":"Brain Structure & Function","volume":"231 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13264544/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148249170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Task-dependent neural dynamics in hippocampal CA1 during auditory and visual perceptual decision-making in rats.","authors":"ShuHua Mu, XiaoSheng Yang, Xian Jiang, ChunQi Chang","doi":"10.1007/s00429-026-03140-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00429-026-03140-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Perceptual decision-making involves the integration and evaluation of sensory evidence to guide behavior, yet the extent to which the hippocampus contributes to decision processes across sensory contexts remains unclear. This study combined viral neuronal tracing, touchscreen-based behavioral paradigms, and in vivo multi-electrode recordings to investigate neural activity in the hippocampal CA1 region during visual decision-making (VDM) and auditory decision-making (ADM) tasks in rats. Anterograde tracing revealed that projections from the visual (V1) and auditory (Au1) cortices to CA1 were predominantly segregated, with a smaller proportion of convergent inputs, indicating partially distinct but overlapping anatomical pathways for sensory input. Behaviorally, rats exhibited significantly longer training times and slower learning curves in ADM compared to VDM, suggesting increased cognitive demands for auditory decision-making. Electrophysiological analyses of local field potentials (LFPs) showed modality- and event-specific oscillatory dynamics, with both theta (4-10 Hz) and beta (10-20 Hz) power increases occurring at different time points for VDM and ADM tasks. At the single-neuron level, a higher proportion of delay-active neurons was observed during ADM, reflecting differential temporal recruitment of CA1 neurons across auditory and visual decision contexts. Firing pattern analyses further revealed overlapping neuronal populations engaged in both tasks alongside task-preferential subpopulations. Together, these findings indicate that hippocampal CA1 is flexibly recruited across auditory and visual perceptual decision-making tasks through partially segregated inputs and task-dependent neural dynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":9145,"journal":{"name":"Brain Structure & Function","volume":"231 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148223364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurovariability as a signature of adaptive brain function.","authors":"Stephanie J Forkel, Lilit Dulyan, Kurt Schilling, Michel Thiebaut de Schotten","doi":"10.1007/s00429-026-03138-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00429-026-03138-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neurovariability refers to the naturally occurring differences in brain structure and functional organisation across individuals. Rather than being noise, this variability reflects an adaptive feature of human neurobiology, supporting diversity, flexibility, learning, and resilience across evolution and lifespan. Here, we summarise the anatomical, functional, and evolutionary foundations of neurovariability, its relevance to health and disease, and the current limitations of methods for quantifying it. By understanding neurovariability as an emergent property of complex systems, we highlight its importance in advancing personalised neuroscience.</p>","PeriodicalId":9145,"journal":{"name":"Brain Structure & Function","volume":"231 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13263195/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148223291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disrupted integration-segregation balance in the intact hemisphere in chronic spatial neglect.","authors":"Yusaku Takamura, Marine Lunven, Yvonne Serhan, Clémence Bourlon, Smadar Ovadia-Caro, Paolo Bartolomeo","doi":"10.1007/s00429-026-03137-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00429-026-03137-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spatial neglect is a common and disabling consequence of right hemisphere stroke, characterized by a failure to attend to the contralesional left space, and frequently persists into the chronic stage. There is robust evidence on the role of right-hemisphere frontoparietal dysfunction, interhemispheric structural disconnection and maladaptive activity in the left hemisphere in the persistence of neglect. However, the specific impact of right frontoparietal dysfunction on the functional (re)organization of the left, non-lesioned hemisphere remains poorly understood. In this study, we introduce a novel application of functional connectivity gradient analysis to investigate macroscale functional reorganization in the non-lesioned left hemisphere of patients with chronic left spatial neglect. Focusing on resting-state fMRI data, we demonstrate that abnormal segregation patterns in the left frontoparietal and default mode networks are robustly associated with neglect severity and spatial attentional bias. Notably, the gradient capturing the unimodal-to-transmodal hierarchy was associated with neglect severity, and gradients related to the frontoparietal control network were altered in neglect patients. Single-subject analyses confirmed the presence of this pattern in 11 of the 13 patients included in the study. We also show that greater structural integrity of the left inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF) is positively associated with these functional dynamics. These findings reveal a previously overlooked aspect of neglect pathophysiology: the maladaptive dominance of the non-lesioned hemisphere's intrinsic architecture. By combining innovative gradient-based metrics with classical lesion approaches, our study offers a new framework for understanding neglect as an emergent property of large-scale network imbalance, with clinical implications for diagnosis and intervention, and theoretical consequences for models of hemispheric asymmetries and conscious access.</p>","PeriodicalId":9145,"journal":{"name":"Brain Structure & Function","volume":"231 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148204115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing functional connectivity gradients for the hippocampus-amygdala complex in healthy and psychiatric cohorts.","authors":"Xiang-Shen Liu, Janna N Vrijsen, Linlin Yan, Koen V Haak, Rose M Collard, Philip F P van Eijndhoven, Christian F Beckmann, Guillén Fernández, Indira Tendolkar, Nils Kohn","doi":"10.1007/s00429-026-03134-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00429-026-03134-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The hippocampus and amygdala play essential roles in human cognition and emotion, through their extensive connectivity with other brain regions and close interaction between them. Uncovering the functional organization of the hippocampus-amygdala complex and its relationship with neurotransmitter distribution can enhance our understanding of their biological functionality, and provide a basis for further exploration of the clinical relevance. An emerging functional connectivity analysis method termed connectopic mapping, may offer a novel approach to characterize this functional organization. In this study, we applied connectopic mapping to the hippocampus-amygdala complex, testing its utility with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans of two independent datasets: one comprising healthy individuals (N = 410) and another comprising a psychiatric cohort (N = 367). The spatial organization of derived gradient maps was compared to 18 positron emission tomography (PET) or single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scan templates for different neurotransmitter systems. Individual gradient-neurotransmitter similarity indices were correlated with mental health outcomes. Our analyses identified six distinct gradient maps in both datasets. The third-order gradients showed stable similarity with 5-HT1A receptor maps across various resting-state scans. Similarities were also observed between gradient maps and the distribution patterns of neurotransmitters within the dopaminergic system. Individual gradient-to-5-HT1A similarity was positively correlated with depressive severity and anxiety sensitivity, highlighting the psychopathological relevance. These findings demonstrate that across the psychiatric continuum, connectopic mapping is a powerful tool for exploring the relationship between functional connectivity organization and neurotransmitter distribution, showing potential as a comprehensive transdiagnostic biomarker.</p>","PeriodicalId":9145,"journal":{"name":"Brain Structure & Function","volume":"231 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13233971/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148148521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The critical role of the right anterior fusiform gyrus in unfamiliar face identity discrimination.","authors":"Luna Angelini, Marie-Alphée Laurent, Sophie Colnat-Coulbois, Bruno Rossion, Jacques Jonas","doi":"10.1007/s00429-026-03117-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00429-026-03117-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The contribution of the anterior fusiform gyrus (AntFG) in human face identity recognition (FIR) has been largely neglected, mainly due to a large signal dropout in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) affecting this region. Here, we report two cases in which direct electrical stimulation of the right face-selective AntFG induced transient FIR impairment. Upon stimulation in this region, patients were unable to select a photograph of a famous face among 3 exemplars, reporting that all the faces looked the same. Most interestingly, they also failed at matching concurrently presented pictures of unfamiliar faces against a distractor face, with all face identities once again perceived as identical. Together with large electrophysiological signals of unfamiliar face identity individuation recorded in the stimulated sites, these observations support a critical role of the right AntFG, together with connected contralateral and posterior face-selective regions, in extracting idiosyncratic facial features independently of long-term familiarity.</p>","PeriodicalId":9145,"journal":{"name":"Brain Structure & Function","volume":"231 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148148550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What do we know about the Vertical Occipital Fasciculus? A systematic review.","authors":"Galateia Stefanidou, Pavlos Christoglou, Evangelos Kogias","doi":"10.1007/s00429-026-03133-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00429-026-03133-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Vertical Occipital Fasciculus (VOF) is a vertically oriented white matter tract that connects dorsal and ventral visual cortices and plays a key role in visual integration. First described by Wernicke in 1881 in monkeys, the VOF remained largely overlooked for nearly a century before its re-emergence in modern neuroanatomical literature with the advent of diffusion MRI and advanced tractography techniques. Since then, a growing body of research has examined its anatomical characteristics, methodological challenges in its delineation, functional significance, and evolutionary conservation across species. This systematic review synthesizes diffusion imaging studies, white matter microdissection findings, and functional neuroimaging evidence. Collectively, the evidence supports the VOF as a distinct association pathway linking dorsal and ventral visual streams, contributing to the integration of spatial, attentional, and object-related visual information. The review further highlights the involvement of the VOF in higher-order visual functions, particularly reading, visually guided action, and visuospatial cognition, as well as its alteration in a range of neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions. Persistent controversies regarding its precise boundaries and terminations are discussed in light of methodological variability and recent advances. Overall, the VOF emerges as a critical component of the human visual connectome whose study provides important insights into visual processing, network-level brain organization, and disease-related disconnection.</p>","PeriodicalId":9145,"journal":{"name":"Brain Structure & Function","volume":"231 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148136645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex differences in resting-state hypothalamic connectivity and its relationship with negative emotion and behavior measures in young adults.","authors":"Guangfei Li, Yiran Shao, Lin Yang, Yanan Su, Mengmeng Wang, Zhao Zhang, Xiaoyi Sun, Bao Li, Xiaolin Wang, Yu Chen, Guangyu Bin, Chiang-Shan R Li","doi":"10.1007/s00429-026-03131-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00429-026-03131-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in motivated behavior, including those driven by negative emotions. Men and women are known to differ in individual traits and behaviors in relation to production and regulation of negative emotion. However, whether or how sex differences in hypothalamic functional connectivities and these individual behavioral traits are related remains unclear. We curated the Human Connectome Project - Young Adults dataset and compared hypothalamic resting state functional connectivities (rsFC) and negative emotions, as evaluated by the Achenbach Adult Self-Report, of 406 men and 464 women. Imaging data were processed with published routines and evaluated with a corrected threshold. We examined the relationship between hypothalamic rsFC and negative emotions traits with linear regression and explored sex differences by slope test. Men relative to women showed higher rule-breaking, aggression, anti-social, but lower anxiety scores. In two-sample T test with age and drinking severity as covariates, men showed higher hypothalamic rsFC with lateral orbitofrontal cortex, cerebellum, superior frontal cortex and intra-occipital sulcus, and women showed higher rsFC in the left fusiform gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, superior parietal gyrus and precuneus. The connectivity markers of sex differences were also differentially associated with individual rule-breaking, aggression, anti-social and anxiety scores between men and women, as confirmed by slope tests. Men and women exhibited significant differences in hypothalamic rsFC as well as the inter-relationship between the rsFC and self-reported negative emotion and behavior measures. These findings suggest potential sex differences in the neural circuits of emotion processing.</p>","PeriodicalId":9145,"journal":{"name":"Brain Structure & Function","volume":"231 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148136474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conserved dopaminergic system in Octopus minor: molecular characterization and spatial expression.","authors":"Chan-Jun Lee, Kyoung-Bin Ryu, Hae-Youn Lee, Eunmin Lee, Sangjune Kim, Sung-Jin Cho","doi":"10.1007/s00429-026-03135-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00429-026-03135-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dopamine, a key neurotransmitter, is associated with a broadly conserved biosynthetic pathway and receptor system across bilaterians, with emerging evidence suggesting an origin that predates bilaterian diversification. Although dopaminergic marker genes and key components of the dopamine biosynthesis pathway have been identified in cephalopods, detailed analyses of their sequence features and neural expression patterns remain limited. Bioinformatics analysis data suggests that dopamine synthesis and receptor systems are associated with Supraesophageal mass and optic lobe. Additionally, we identified dopamine-related gene sequences through phylogenetic analysis. As a result, we demonstrated that the two classical dopamine biosynthesis genes were commonly expressed in the granular layer, basal lobe, and anterior buccal lobe, and that the two types of receptors showed distinct expression patterns in the brain and optic lobe. Based on these results, we suggest that the classical biosynthesis pathway and several dopamine-related functions are conserved in Octopus minor.</p>","PeriodicalId":9145,"journal":{"name":"Brain Structure & Function","volume":"231 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148101217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automated interictal epileptic spike detection from simple and noisy annotations in MEG data.","authors":"Pauline Mouches, Julien Jung, Armand Demasson, Agnès Guinard, Romain Bouet, Rosalie Marchal, Romain Quentin","doi":"10.1007/s00429-026-03118-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00429-026-03118-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In drug-resistant epilepsy, presurgical evaluation can be considered for suitable candidates. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) has been shown to be an effective exam to inform the localization of the epileptogenic zone through the localization of interictal epileptic spikes. Manual detection of these pathological biomarkers remains a fastidious task due to the high dimensionality of MEG recordings, and inter-rater agreement has been reported to be only moderate. Current automated methods are unsuitable for clinical practice, either requiring extensively annotated data or lacking robustness on non-typical data. Considering a database of 82 patients, we demonstrate that deep learning models can be used for detecting interictal spikes in MEG recordings, even when only temporal and single-expert annotations are available, which represents real-world clinical practice. We propose two model architectures: a feature-based artificial neural network (ANN) and a convolutional neural network (CNN), evaluated against a state-of-the-art model to classify short time windows of signal. In addition, we employ an interactive machine learning strategy to iteratively improve our data annotation quality using intermediary model outputs. Both proposed models outperform the state-of-the-art model (F1-scores: CNN = 0.46, ANN = 0.44) when tested on 10 holdout test patients. The interactive machine learning strategy demonstrates that our models are robust to noisy annotations. Overall, results highlight the ability of our models to analyze complex and imperfectly annotated data. Our method of interactive machine learning offers great potential for faster data annotation, while our models represent useful and efficient tools for automated interictal spikes detection.</p>","PeriodicalId":9145,"journal":{"name":"Brain Structure & Function","volume":"231 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148101208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}