Brain Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Evaluating Cognitive Function and Brain Activity Patterns via Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent Transformer in N-Back Working Memory Tasks.","authors":"Zhenming Zhang, Yaojing Chen, Aidong Men, Zhuqing Jiang","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15030277","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15030277","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>(1) Background: Working memory, which involves temporary storage, information processing, and regulating attention resources, is a fundamental cognitive process and constitutes a significant component of neuroscience research. This study aimed to evaluate brain activation patterns by analyzing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) time-series data collected during a designed N-back working memory task with varying cognitive demands. (2) Methods: We utilized a novel transformer model, blood oxygen level-dependent transformer (BolT), to extract the activation level features of brain regions in the cognitive process, thereby obtaining the influence weights of regions of interest (ROIs) on the corresponding tasks. (3) Results: Compared with previous studies, our work reached similar conclusions in major brain region performance and provides a more precise analysis for identifying brain activation patterns. For each type of working memory task, we selected the top 5 percent of the most influential ROIs and conducted a comprehensive analysis and discussion. Additionally, we explored the effect of prior knowledge conditions on the performance of different tasks in the same period and the same tasks at different times. (4) Conclusions: The comparison results reflect the brain's adaptive strategies and dependencies in coping with different levels of cognitive demands and the stability optimization of the brain's cognitive processing. This study introduces innovative methodologies for understanding brain function and cognitive processes, highlighting the potential of transformer in cognitive neuroscience. Its findings offer new insights into brain activity patterns associated with working memory, contributing to the broader landscape of neuroscience research.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11940435/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143728518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of Therapy Enriched with the Erigo^®Pro Table and Motor Imagery on the Body Balance of Patients After Stroke-A Randomized Observational Study.","authors":"Anna Olczak, Raquel Carvalho, Adam Stępień, Józef Mróz","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15030275","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15030275","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Impaired balance leads to loss of function, e.g., the inability to walk safely. Therefore, restoring balance is a common goal of rehabilitation after a stroke. An innovative motor imaging and robotic device, the Erigo^®Pro walking table, was used to improve balance in patients who had suffered an acute stroke.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Sixty-six stroke patients in the acute phase with an average age of 64.85 ± 18.62 years were randomly assigned to one of three groups (22 subjects each) and treated with different therapies (conventional, conventional with Erigo^®Pro, and conventional with Erigo^®Pro enriched with motor imaging). The duration of therapy was two weeks. Patients were assessed before and after completion of therapy. The study used the trunk stability test and the Berg Balance Scale to assess balance, and the Riablo™ device to measure static balance. In addition, an assessment of the superficial tension of the transversus abdominis and multifidus muscles was performed. The clinical trial registration URL unique identifier was NCT06276075.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In each of the groups studied, the therapies applied resulted in significant improvement in functional assessment of trunk stability and balance (TCT < 0.001 and BBS < 0.001). The assessment of balance in the frontal (<i>p</i> = 0.023) and sagittal (<i>p</i> = 0.074) planes with the Riablo™ device confirmed the superiority of motor imaging-enhanced therapy at the level of a statistical trend. The tension of the transversus abdominis was higher at the second measurement (M = 14.41; SE = 3.31).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Motor imagery-enhanced therapy is most important, both for trunk stability and functional improvement of body balance parameters and for increasing transversus abdominis muscle tension.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11940317/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143728467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive-Motor Coupling in Multiple Sclerosis: Do Chronological Age and Physical Activity Matter?","authors":"Brenda Jeng, Peixuan Zheng, Robert W Motl","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15030274","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15030274","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: People with multiple sclerosis (MS) often demonstrate both cognitive and physical dysfunctions, particularly with greater age and lower physical activity levels, and there is evidence of a relationship between these outcomes (i.e., cognitive-motor coupling) in MS. To date, little is known about cognitive-motor coupling when controlling for chronological age and levels of physical activity. <b>Objectives</b>: We examined cognitive-motor coupling in people with MS while accounting for chronological age and physical activity. <b>Methods</b>: The sample included 290 people with MS between the ages of 22 and 77 years. Participants underwent the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) for cognitive processing speed and the California Verbal Learning and Memory Test-Second Edition (CVLT-II) for verbal learning and memory. Participants completed the 6-Minute Walk and the Timed 25-Foot Walk tests for walking endurance and speed, respectively. Participants wore an accelerometer for a 7-day period to measure moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). <b>Results</b>: The bivariate correlation analyses indicated that cognitive function had moderate-to-strong associations with motor function (range of <i>r_s</i> between 0.433 and 0.459). The linear regression analyses indicated cognitive-motor coupling between SDMT and motor function (with a range of β between 0.139 and 0.145) when controlling for demographic and clinical characteristics. The regression analyses further indicated that the CVLT-II was associated with motor function (with a range of β between 0.125 and 0.135) when controlling for demographic and clinical characteristics. When age and MVPA were entered into the regression analyses, SDMT was still associated with the motor function of individuals (β = 0.119), and CVLT-II was still associated with the motor function of individuals (with a range of β between 0.115 and 0.124). <b>Conclusions:</b> Cognitive-motor coupling is present in people with MS independent of chronological age and levels of physical activity. This warrants further investigation of the underlying mechanism and potential approaches for the management of co-occurring MS-related dysfunction.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11939895/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143728431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Cognitive Training on Executive Function and Cognition.","authors":"Špela Bogataj, Bart Roelands","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15030272","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15030272","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cognitive training has emerged as a promising approach to enhancing executive function and cognition across various populations from children to older adults [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11940139/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143728452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quality of Assessment Tools for Aphasia: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Francescaroberta Panuccio, Giulia Rossi, Anita Di Nuzzo, Ilaria Ruotolo, Giada Cianfriglia, Rachele Simeon, Giovanni Sellitto, Anna Berardi, Giovanni Galeoto","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15030271","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15030271","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Aphasia is a neurological condition affecting the ability to understand and/or express language fluently and accurately, and can occur following stroke, traumatic injuries, or other brain pathologies. The aim of the following study was to provide clinicians and researchers information regarding the existing assessment tools to assess aphasia. <b>Methods</b>: For this Systematic Review, PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched for articles published up to August 2024. Authors independently identified eligible studies based on predefined inclusion criteria and extracted data. The study quality and risk of bias were assessed using the Consensus-based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist. <b>Results:</b> Of the 1278 publications identified and screened, 238 studies fell within the inclusion criteria and were critically reviewed, and 164 assessment tools were found and divided into 8 main domains; the most used tools were the Language Screening Test (LAST), the Stroke and Aphasia Quality of Life Scale-39 (SAQOL-39), the Oxford Cognitive Screen (OCS), and the Token test. <b>Conclusions</b>: This review has emphasized the need for agreement among researchers as to which tool must be studied or adapted to other national contexts to develop universal norms and standards.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11940547/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143728507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Different Frequencies of Transcutaneous Electrical Acupoint Stimulation (TEAS) on EEG Source Localization in Healthy Volunteers: A Semi-Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study.","authors":"Rael Lopes Alves, Maxciel Zortea, David Mayor, Tim Watson, Tony Steffert","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15030270","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15030270","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background/Objectives:&lt;/b&gt; Transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS), also known as transcutaneous electroacupuncture stimulation, delivers electrical pulses to the skin over acupuncture points (\"acupoints\") via surface electrodes. Electroencephalography (EEG) is an important tool for assessing the changes in the central nervous system (CNS) that may result from applying different TEAS frequencies peripherally-i.e., acting via the peripheral nervous system (PNS)-and determining how these influence cerebral activity and neural plasticity. &lt;b&gt;Methods&lt;/b&gt;: A total of 48 healthy volunteers were allocated in a semi-randomized crossover study to receive four different TEAS frequencies: 2.5 pulses per second (pps); 10 pps; 80 pps; and sham (160 pps at a low, clinically ineffective amplitude). TEAS was applied for 20 min to each hand at the acupuncture point Hegu (LI4). The EEG was recorded during an initial 5 min baseline recording, then during TEAS application, and after stimulation for a further 15 min, separated into three periods of 5 min (initial, intermediate, and final) in order to assess post-stimulation changes. Source localization analysis was conducted for the traditional five EEG frequency bands: delta (0.1-3.9 Hz), theta (4-7.9 Hz), alpha (8-13 Hz), beta (14-30 Hz), and gamma (30.1-45 Hz). &lt;b&gt;Results&lt;/b&gt;: Within-group source localization analyses of EEG data showed that during the initial 5 min post-stimulation, theta oscillations in the 2.5 pps TEAS group increased over the parahippocampal gyrus (t = 4.42, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.01). The 10 pps TEAS group exhibited decreased alpha rhythms over the inferior parietal gyrus (t = -4.20, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05), whereas the sham (160 pps) TEAS group showed decreased delta rhythms over the postcentral gyrus (t = -3.97, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05). During the intermediate 5 min post-stimulation, the increased theta activity over the left parahippocampal gyrus (BA27) remained in the 2.5 pps TEAS group (t = 3.97, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05). However, diminished alpha rhythms were observed in the 10 pps TEAS group over the postcentral gyrus (t = -4.20, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.01), as well as in the delta rhythms in the sham (160 pps) TEAS group in the same area (t = -4.35, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.01). In the final 5 min post-stimulation, reduced alpha rhythms were exhibited over the insula in the 10 pps TEAS group (t = -4.07, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05). Interaction effects of condition by group demonstrate decreased alpha rhythms in the 10 pps TEAS group over the supramarginal gyrus during the initial 5 min post-stimulation (t = -4.31, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05), and decreased delta rhythms over the insula in the sham TEAS group during the final 5 min post-stimulation (t = -4.42, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.01). &lt;b&gt;Conclusions&lt;/b&gt;: This study revealed that low TEAS frequencies of 2.5 pps and 10 pps modulate theta and alpha oscillations over the brain areas related to emotional and attentional processes driven by external stimuli, as well as neural synchronization of delta ","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11940437/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143728470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain Ischemia in Alzheimer's Disease May Partly Counteract the Disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier.","authors":"Grant A Bateman, Alexander R Bateman","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15030269","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15030269","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) there is blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, which should increase the CSF formation rate (CSF_fr) and, therefore, also increase the intracranial pressure (ICP). However, the ICP is normal in NPH. A lumped parameter study was performed to look at the interrelation between the ICP, cerebral blood flow (CBF), and the degree of BBB disruption in NPH. The model suggested that the CSF_fr could be reduced in this condition if the BBB disruption was moderated by a reduction in the capillary transmural pressure (TMP) secondary to arteriolar constriction and a reduced CBF. In early Alzheimer's disease (AD), there is BBB disruption, reduced ICP, and global ischemia. This raises the possibility that the same physiology may occur in AD as occurs in NPH.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A lumped parameter model previously used to describe the hydrodynamics of NPH was modified to investigate the effects of changes in CSF pressure and blood flow in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The model indicates that the average capillary TMP is normal in MCI, but decreases as AD progresses. Removing CSF in AD patients during a tap test initially increases the capillary TMP. The brain in AD responds to a tap test by increasing its level of ischemia, and this reduces the capillary TMP.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A hypothesis is put forward that the BBB disruption in AD is partially mitigated by the brain making itself ischemic. Modelling gives support to this hypothesis. The model can suggest a cause for the development of ischemic neuronal loss and amyloid accumulation secondary to glymphatic flow disruption as AD progresses.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11940560/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143728585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aggression and Justice Involvement: Does Uric Acid Play a Role?","authors":"Alan C Logan, Pragya Mishra","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15030268","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15030268","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The search for biological markers that can be reliably linked to aggression and antisocial behavior has been central to the work of biological criminology. One such marker, uric acid, has long been suspected to play a causative role in promoting anger, irritability, aggression, and violence. Here, in this perspective article, we revisit some of the historical interest in uric acid as a compound relevant to brain and behavior, and reflect these early accounts off emergent scientific research. Advances in brain sciences, including neuropsychiatry and neuromicrobiology, have allowed for a more sophisticated understanding of potential mechanistic pathways linking uric acid with cognition and behavior. The updated science suggests that some of the early ideas surrounding uric acid and criminology had credibility. The available research strongly suggests that uric acid, as a potential biomarker of risk, is worthy of further research and close scrutiny. Informed by emergent gut-brain-microbiome research, we argue that certain aspects of early-to-mid-20th-century biological criminology were prematurely abandoned. From a legalome perspective, further advances surrounding uric acid and other gut-brain biomarkers can aid in shaping more humane, scientifically grounded policies that recognize the interplay between biology and environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11940041/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143728580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sleep Benefits Prose Memory Consolidation in University Students.","authors":"Francesca Conte, Serena Malloggi, Oreste De Rosa, Gianluca Ficca, Stefania Righi, Maria Pia Viggiano, Fiorenza Giganti","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15030265","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15030265","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Sleep plays a pivotal role in memory consolidation, especially for declarative memory. While extensive research has examined sleep's impact on simple declarative materials, such as word lists, its effect on more complex narrative passages remains less studied. This study aimed to investigate the effect of sleep on prose memory consolidation. <b>Methods</b>: In a within-subjects design, 10 healthy university students (6 F, 4 M; age range = 19-29; generation ratio = 0.8) learned prose passages and were tested both immediately and after a retention interval spent either asleep or awake. <b>Results</b>: The analyses revealed a positive effect of sleep, with the participants recalling more textual details in the Sleep condition (R² conditional = 0.269). Correlational analyses further supported this outcome, showing a positive association between specific sleep features (i.e., sleep cycles) and prose memory performance (r² = 0.56). <b>Conclusions</b>: Our finding suggests that sleep facilitates the consolidation of complex declarative memory traces, counteracting the decay that occurs during wakefulness; correlational analyses further support this outcome. Overall, these findings underscore the importance of sleep for everyday learning and comprehension, particularly when processing complex textual information.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11940185/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143727966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Life History Questionnaires in Defining Individualised Goals of Care for Clinical Cognitive Motor Dissociation Patients: A Pilot Study.","authors":"Yago Rodriguez Mateos, Karin Diserens, Jennyfer Becquet, Etienne Rochat, Ralf J Jox, Ivo A Meyer","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15030267","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15030267","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>The aim of this pilot study is to qualitatively describe the use of life history questionnaires in an acute neurorehabilitation setting to define individualised goals of care for patients with clinical cognitive motor dissociation and to determine to what extent the information they contain influences the care and management provided by the team.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using the patient records of our sample, all individualised goals of care were summarised, which were subsequently used to assess whether life history questionnaires had supplied sufficient information to define various individualised goals of care. We then conducted semi-structured interviews with the involved healthcare professionals to gain insights on how these questionnaires were used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Approximately one-third of all individualised goals of care belonging to the \"Activities and Participation\" ICF category were defined through life history questionnaires. The semi-structured interviews highlighted the impact of these questionnaires in three main aspects: creating a therapeutic alliance with the patient, facilitating multidisciplinary cohesion, and nurturing a sense of empathy amongst the healthcare professionals.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Life history questionnaires are an important contribution to individualised goals of care and may improve the relationship with the patient and the therapeutic setting for all healthcare professionals involved.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11940304/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143728472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}