Brain Research最新文献

{"title":"MICU1 promotes Ca2+ homeostasis and curbs ferroptosis to attenuate brain tissue damage in rats with postoperative cognitive dysfunction","authors":"Na Zhou ,&nbsp;Yan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.150087","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.150087","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is severe in patients after anesthesia and surgery. This study investigates the mechanism by which MICU1 regulates Ca²⁺ homeostasis and ferroptosis in POCD rats.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A POCD rat model was established, and hippocampal tissue was collected from the CA1 region to assess MICU1 expression. The lentivirus carrying Ad-MICU1 or the ferroptosis inducer Erastin was injected into the right lateral ventricle of POCD rats, followed by evaluation of motor function, learning ability, and memory capacity. Inflammatory cytokines were measured using ELISA. Nissl staining, NeuN staining, and HE staining were conducted to observe morphological changes in neurons, surviving neurons in the hippocampal CA1 subregion, and neuronal localization. ELISA was performed to assay the levels of ATP, Ca²⁺, Fe²⁺, MDA, SOD, LPO, and GSH in rat hippocampal tissue in the CA1 region. Flow cytometry was conducted to measure total ROS levels, mitochondrial ROS levels, and mitochondrial MPP. The Seahorse XFe 96 analyzer was employed to measure the mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate. Western blot was conducted to examine the levels of ferroptosis-related proteins.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>MICU1 was reduced in POCD rats. MICU1 overexpression partially improved motor function, learning ability, and memory capacity and alleviated central inflammation and hippocampal neuronal damage in POCD rats. MICU1 maintained Ca²⁺ homeostasis, reduced Ca²⁺, total ROS, and mitochondrial ROS levels, and inhibited ferroptosis. Erastin partially reversed the beneficial effects of MICU1 overexpression on POCD rats.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>MICU1 promotes Ca²⁺ homeostasis, inhibits ferroptosis and ROS production, and alleviates brain tissue damage in POCD rats.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9083,"journal":{"name":"Brain Research","volume":"1872 ","pages":"Article 150087"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145686937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hyperandrogenism associated deregulation of hippocampal adipokines may contribute to impaired memory function in mice","authors":"Ayushmita Dutta ,&nbsp;Rahul Kumar ,&nbsp;Guruswami Gurusubramanian ,&nbsp;Vikas Kumar Roy","doi":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.150101","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.150101","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The elevation of androgen is called as hyperandrogenemia. Despite endocrinological imbalances, hyperandrogenism has also been linked to slight impairment in the cognitive functions along with depression and anxiety. Since the hippocampus regulates these function and also expresses adipokines such as leptin and adiponectin, and these adipokines have also shown deregulation in the hyperandrogenised conditions. Thus, this study aimed to explore the expression of leptin, leptin receptor, adiponectin, adipoR1 and adipoR2 along with androgen receptor and estrogen receptors in the hippocampus of letrozole-induced hyperandrogenised mice. Our results showed hyperandrogenism up-regulated the expression of leptin receptor and adipoR1, while down-regulated the expression of adipoR2. The immunostaining of leptin showed increased abundance and decreased abundance of adiponectin in the hippocampus. Furthermore, expression of androgen receptor was up-regulated and estrogen receptors expressions were down-regulated in the hippocampus of hyperandrogenised mice. The marker of apoptotic protein, active caspase3 was elevated and anti-apoptotic protein; BCL2 was suppressed in the letrozole-treated mice. Thus, it can be suggested that hyperandrogenism may be associated with deregulation of adipokines and steroid signaling along with neuronal degeneration in the hippocampus, and might also be linked to behavioral issues in the hyperandrogenised conditions with declined in spatial working memory when assessed in Y-Maze test. Since, our study was aimed to explore the expression of above proteins and linking with cognitive impairment in the hyperandrogenised conditions, yet, it is speculative and requires further investigation with auxiliary behavioral tests.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9083,"journal":{"name":"Brain Research","volume":"1872 ","pages":"Article 150101"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145699554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Yank-related changes in corticospinal recruitment gain in humans","authors":"Abdulkerim Darendeli ,&nbsp;Mathew Yarossi ,&nbsp;Spencer Lake Jakobs-Skolik ,&nbsp;Nathaniel Pinkes ,&nbsp;Vaishnavi Sharma ,&nbsp;Erica Kemmerling ,&nbsp;Eugene Tunik ,&nbsp;Oscar Soto","doi":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.150090","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.150090","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The generation of muscle force is a key component of movement. Force is generated by increasing the number and firing rates of motor units (MU), but limited information is available on the corticospinal (CS) recruitment gain across the spectrum of magnitude and rate of force (yank). To assess the effects of force magnitude and yank on motor outputs, we recorded force (motor evoked twitches, METs) and EMG (motor evoked potentials, MEPs) in response to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) during nearly isometric hand gripping tasks in 20 healthy subjects. Motor cortex TMS was applied during force ramps at different levels of voluntary force magnitude and yank. Yank robustly facilitated METs, maximally at lowest magnitudes of voluntary force, but this facilitation saturated at forces &gt; 50 % of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). At each level of force magnitude there was a linear relationship between the yank of voluntary force and MET amplitude. The slope of this relationship, representing the CS recruitment gain, decayed exponentially with increasing magnitude of force. Changes in CS recruitment gain associated with force magnitude and yank were better explained by METs than by MEPs. A positive yank resulted in larger estimated maximal MET at 0 % force compared to static contractions. These results suggest that METs capture a robust yank-related increase in CS recruitment gain, which is blunted by limited MU availability at high force magnitude. We showed that the estimation of maximal motor outputs is optimally achieved in tasks in which force production is achieved with high yank.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9083,"journal":{"name":"Brain Research","volume":"1872 ","pages":"Article 150090"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145686972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal profiling of endocytic regulators in the immunosuppressive TAM microenvironment of glioma","authors":"Shi Hua ,&nbsp;Yanhao Cheng ,&nbsp;Dai Chao ,&nbsp;Qimin Song ,&nbsp;Lei Han ,&nbsp;Hongyan Li ,&nbsp;Yucheng Lu ,&nbsp;Mingguang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.150086","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.150086","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Endocytosis plays a pivotal role in shaping the immunosuppressive landscape of gliomas, yet its spatial dynamics within the tumor microenvironment remain incompletely understood. Here, we integrated single-cell and spatial transcriptomic analyses to characterize endocytosis-related regulators involved in immune remodeling. Among them, FCGR2B, CLEC7A, and LYAR emerged as key modulators associated with the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and malignant cells. These genes displayed regionally elevated transcript levels from the tumor–normal interface toward perivascular and necrotic regions, accompanied by progressively stronger spatial co-localization with M2-like macrophages across multiple spatial scales. Cell–cell communication analysis revealed that these regulators were linked to activation of endocytosis-associated signaling pathways, including SPP1, GRN, and PSAP. A prognostic risk score derived from their expression effectively stratified patients by molecular subtype and clinical outcome, and SHAP-based model interpretation quantified the contribution of each gene to risk prediction. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses further validated their elevated protein expression in high-grade glioma tissues. Collectively, this spatial multi-omic framework delineates endocytosis-associated immune remodeling in glioma and identifies FCGR2B, CLEC7A, and LYAR as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for disrupting immunosuppressive niches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9083,"journal":{"name":"Brain Research","volume":"1872 ","pages":"Article 150086"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145695812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unforgettable food memories in overweight/obese individuals-Evidence from Think/No-Think experiment","authors":"Zhuoyu Zheng ,&nbsp;Chenrui Luo ,&nbsp;Peisen Yuan ,&nbsp;Ke Cui ,&nbsp;Li Luo ,&nbsp;Yong Liu ,&nbsp;Jia Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.150108","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.150108","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Appetite regulation is critically influenced by food-related memories, and the ability to inhibit retrieval of such mnemonic content may serve to attenuate cravings. While inhibitory control is often conceptualized in terms of motor response suppression, the specific mechanisms underlying the suppression of food-related memories remain poorly characterized in overweight and obese (OO) individuals. This study investigated the behavioral and neurophysiological correlates of direct memory suppression in this population. Forty-five young adults performed a Think/No-Think (TNT) task using highand low-calorie food images during electroencephalographic (EEG) recording. We analyzed event-related potentials (ERPs) and time-frequency representations (TFRs). Behaviorally, the OO group demonstrated enhanced memory accuracy for food cues compared to normal-weight (NW) controls, specifically during Think trials. Neurophysiological data revealed a significant modulation of the N200 component by calorie content (p = 0.008). the late positive potential (LPP) was sensitive to both instruction (Think/No-Think; p = 0.04) and group membership (p= 0.029). Timefrequency analysis demonstrated that beta-band oscillatory power differentiated between Think and No-Think conditions (p = 0.001) and revealed a significant group-bycalorie interaction (p = 0.007). Collectively, these findings indicate that OO individuals exhibit altered neural dynamics and heightened engagement of neurocognitive resources during the suppression of food-related memories. This work elucidates a potential mnemonic mechanism contributing to maladaptive eating behaviors and posits that interventions targeting memory inhibition could offer a novel pathway for mitigating obesity-related cognitive dysregulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9083,"journal":{"name":"Brain Research","volume":"1872 ","pages":"Article 150108"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145740590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Invariant response to faces in ASD: Unexpected trajectory of oculo-pupillometric biomarkers from childhood to adulthood","authors":"Camille Ricou ,&nbsp;Yassine Mofid ,&nbsp;Laetitia Roché ,&nbsp;Maria Rosa Bufo ,&nbsp;Emmanuelle Houy-Durand ,&nbsp;Joëlle Malvy ,&nbsp;Mathieu Lemaire ,&nbsp;Jean-Claude Elian ,&nbsp;Joëlle Martineau ,&nbsp;Frédérique Bonnet-Brilhault ,&nbsp;Nadia Aguillon-Hernandez ,&nbsp;Claire Wardak","doi":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.150070","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.150070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Human faces contain a large amount of information, capturing our attention and inducing physiological engagement. Oculometric (visual exploration) and pupillometric (physiological reactivity) parameters quantified by eye-tracking are potent tools for exploring attraction to human faces from an early age. Autistic people have particularities in visual exploration and physiological reactivity to faces, with reduced time spent on the eyes associated with reduced pupil dilation. To date, no study has assessed the age differences of oculo-pupillometric parameters in response to faces. This study aimed to characterize these parameters in neurotypical (n = 150) and autistic (n = 109) populations (3–34 years old). Visual stimuli were organized along a social saliency gradient, from objects to faces. Oculo-pupillometric responses to faces appear invariant across age in the autistic population, contrary to the neurotypical population that shows an increasing attentional focus on the eye region with age, and a larger pupillary sensitivity to social salient stimuli at an early age. Our results highlight an apparent lack of maturation of face processing in autism<!--> <!-->spectrum disorder (ASD) at the population level, possibly hiding atypical and complex individual trajectories. However, these findings also point to age windows in which specific parameters could be used as discriminating biomarkers of ASD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9083,"journal":{"name":"Brain Research","volume":"1871 ","pages":"Article 150070"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145622787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of semantic features in word production","authors":"Yufang Wang ,&nbsp;Jurriaan Witteman ,&nbsp;Niels O. Schiller","doi":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.150065","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.150065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>According to Levelt’s language production model, to name an object, speakers must first conceptualize and lexicalize the object before it can be named. Conceptualization is conducted through the semantic network, with concepts activating lexical items at the lemma level, i.e., lexicalization. So far, research has focused on the roles of semantic categories (i.e., semantic category interference) and single semantic features (i.e., semantic feature interference) but less so on the number of overlapping features. To investigate the role of the number of overlapping features in language production, we conducted a picture-word interference study in Mandarin Chinese, varying the semantic category and shape congruency whilst controlling for classifier congruency. We also recorded behavioural and electrophysiological responses. We observed a main effect of semantic category that was stronger than a main effect of shape (i.e., a semantic feature). That is, the reduction in naming accuracies, the increase in naming latencies, and the increase in ERP amplitudes between 275 – 575 ms post-stimulus onset (N400 effect) for congruent vs. incongruent conditions were larger for semantic category than for shape. In addition, we found an interaction effect between semantic category and the semantic feature ‘shape’ regarding naming accuracies and also at the electrophysiological level. We conclude that, with increasing feature overlap between word pairs, there may be more spreading of activation between such pairs in word production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9083,"journal":{"name":"Brain Research","volume":"1871 ","pages":"Article 150065"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145595917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trait hostility modulates the impact of cathodal tDCS on frustration-induced aggression","authors":"Takeshi Hirono ,&nbsp;Hiyori Horii ,&nbsp;Sean Draine ,&nbsp;Ryusuke Suzuki ,&nbsp;Rika Yano ,&nbsp;Inaho Shishido ,&nbsp;Yuji Inagaki ,&nbsp;Taisuke Miyazaki ,&nbsp;Daisuke Sawamura","doi":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.150062","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.150062","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aggression, particularly reactive aggression, is a key contributor to violence and public health burdens. The left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) is central to downregulating and eliciting aggression, and its influence varies with trait hostility, a dispositional tendency toward mistrust and resentment. We aimed to examine whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the left VLPFC alters frustration-induced aggression and whether its impact is moderated by trait hostility. Ninety-nine healthy right-handed men were randomized in a double-blind, sham-controlled trial to receive anodal, cathodal, or sham tDCS while completing an unsolvable number-sequence task. Aggression was quantified using a competitive reaction time task and physiological measurements. Although frustration induction was successful across all groups, no significant group-level differences were observed in aggression or physiological responses. However, trait hostility moderated the effect of stimulation on aggressive behavior: aggression was suppressed among individuals with low hostility but was enhanced among those with high hostility, particularly under cathodal stimulation. These findings suggest that trait hostility critically influences the behavioral impact of tDCS on aggression. Taken together, these findings underscore the dual function of the left VLPFC in anger regulation and highlight the importance of tailoring neuromodulatory interventions to individual hostility levels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9083,"journal":{"name":"Brain Research","volume":"1871 ","pages":"Article 150062"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145573224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid metabolomes with vascular dementia and its subtypes: A Mendelian randomization study","authors":"Xingkai Zhang ,&nbsp;Yue Dong ,&nbsp;Zhihao Zou ,&nbsp;Ling Chen ,&nbsp;Wen Li ,&nbsp;Li Wang ,&nbsp;Kai Li ,&nbsp;Jiang He ,&nbsp;Qinghai Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.150060","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.150060","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and Objective</h3><div>Vascular dementia (VaD) is one of the most common subtypes of dementia after Alzheimer’s disease. Investigating body fluid metabolites is critical for understanding VaD pathophysiology and identifying potential therapeutic targets. This study employs Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to explore the causal relationship between body fluid metabolites and VaD.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Data for VaD were retrieved from the FinnGen database. 1,400 plasma metabolites were collected from the GWAS Catalog. 338 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) metabolites data were obtained from a subset of participants in the WADRC and WRAP studies. The inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method was used to explore causal relationships between plasma/CSF metabolites and VaD, with supplementary analyses using Weighted mode, MR-Egger, and Weighted median methods. Multiple sensitivity analyses were conducted for robustness.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Following strict validation and FDR correction, significant associations (p_fdr &lt; 0.05) were identified exclusively in plasma metabolites. The most significant metabolite was N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAAG), with higher NAAG levels linked to reduced risks of VaD of acute onset and SVaD. Metabolonic lactone sulfate also showed significant associations across multiple disease groups, with elevated levels associated with lower disease risk, supported by FDR correction and sensitivity analyses. No significant CSF metabolites were identified after FDR correction. Disparities between CSF and plasma metabolites in disease-risk expression were observed, with only partial overlap in causal relationships (IVW, p &lt; 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study identified fluid metabolite biomarkers associated with VaD through Mendelian randomization, offering new insights and strategies for the prediction and treatment of VaD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9083,"journal":{"name":"Brain Research","volume":"1871 ","pages":"Article 150060"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145594691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suanzaoren decoction improving chronic insomnia with little effects on functional connectivity within the sensorimotor network","authors":"Ping Yao ,&nbsp;Zhiguo Guo ,&nbsp;Yiding Han ,&nbsp;Haohao Yan ,&nbsp;Wuhong Lin ,&nbsp;Ziliang Han ,&nbsp;Min Liu ,&nbsp;Min Chen ,&nbsp;Jie Li ,&nbsp;Xingyan Guo ,&nbsp;Long-Biao Cui ,&nbsp;Wenbin Guo ,&nbsp;Dongsheng Lv","doi":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.150037","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.150037","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This study aimed to investigate the sensorimotor network (SMN) alterations in chronic insomnia disorder (CID) following treatment with Suanzaoren decoction (SZRD) or estazolam, and to explore their associations with clinical variables and genetic variations.</div></div><div><h3>Patients and methods</h3><div>SMN functional connectivity (FC), effective connectivity (EC) and transcription-neuroimaging association analyses were conducted in 82 CID patients and 54 healthy controls (HCs). CID patients received either Suanzaoren decoction (SZRD), or estazolam treatment for six weeks. Subsequently, transcriptome-neuroimaging correlation analysis utilizing the Allen Human Brain Atlas was performed to identify gene profiles and neurotransmitter distributions linked to changes in FC/EC values.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>SZRD treatment effectively improved sleep quality. Significant differences were found in the FC and EC of SMN in patients with CID compared with HCs at baseline. The FC and EC values in the CID were associated with multiple neurotransmitter systems, including dopaminergic (DAT), cholinergic (VAChT, α4β2), and glutamatergic (NMDA) systems. Patients showed altered EC from the right fusiform gyrus to the left lateral SMN after estazolam treatment. Furthermore, we identified genes associated with FC and EC in CID, which were enriched in biological processes such as synaptic and ion transmission.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our findings indicate that CID patients exhibit abnormal SMN-related intrinsic function and associated biological correlates. Aberrant SMN activity is a distinctive neuroimaging feature of CID. While estazolam affects SMN activity, SZRD has little influence on SMN-related alterations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9083,"journal":{"name":"Brain Research","volume":"1871 ","pages":"Article 150037"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145622785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}