Brain Research最新文献

{"title":"Combination of rTMS and oxytocin agonist attenuate depression-like behavior after postpartum depression in mice","authors":"Nashwa Amin ,&nbsp;Azhar B. Hussein ,&nbsp;Qing Ye ,&nbsp;Shijia Chen ,&nbsp;Fei Wu ,&nbsp;Xia Yuan ,&nbsp;Irum Naz Abbasi ,&nbsp;Javaria Sundus ,&nbsp;Zhiying Hu ,&nbsp;Marong Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.149459","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.149459","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) categorizes postpartum depression (PPD) as a subtype of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) with peripartum onset, generally arising within the initial trimester following delivery. This acute psychiatric condition is characterized by feelings of worthlessness, insomnia, extreme anxiety, or maternal neglect. Intranasal oxytocin (OT) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have the potential to address impaired social cognition; nonetheless, their neuronal underpinnings, along with their safety and efficacy, are little comprehended. This study examines the effects of rTMS stimulation with an oxytocin agonist or antagonist in a PPD model. We employed the maternal separation with early weaning (MSEW) strategy for 21 days to attain our objective. Oxytocin acetate (agonist) and atosiban (antagonist) were administered by injection twice daily for three consecutive days following the model according to the established protocol. A single session of rTMS involved the application of high-frequency stimulation (20 Hz) one hour following the final injection. Behavioral testing and brain collection were conducted 12 h post-rTMS. The results indicated that treatment with OT followed by rTMS stimulation decreased neuronal cell death and microglial activation, meanwhile enhancing synaptic plasticity through the upregulation of PSD95, Synapsin I, and Synaptophysin. Simultaneously, both OT therapy and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation demonstrated a significant capacity to alter autophagy activity and astrocyte function. Nonetheless, OTA therapy followed by rTMS did not exhibit the same pattern of outcomes. Our findings indicate that the combination of rTMS stimulation and an oxytocin agonist in a PPD model may mitigate depression-like behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9083,"journal":{"name":"Brain Research","volume":"1851 ","pages":"Article 149459"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142999361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the effect of combined rehabilitation training and transcutaneous vagus nerve electrical stimulation on promoting central nervous system remodeling in stroke patients","authors":"Jun Zhang,&nbsp;Yingru Xing,&nbsp;Weixiang Du,&nbsp;Liping Liu,&nbsp;Xiaoxia Di","doi":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.149460","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.149460","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To explore the effect of combined rehabilitation training and transcutaneous vagus nerve electrical stimulation (t-VNS) on promoting central nervous system remodeling and neurological function recovery in stroke patients.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 124 S patients admitted to our hospital from January to December 2023 were included in this study. The therapeutic effects were evaluated using the Modified Barthel Index (MBI) and the simplified Fugl-Meyer Assessment Scale (sFMA) to measure patients’ activities of daily living and motor function recovery. Additionally, neurophysiological assessments, including electromyography (EMG) and motor evoked potentials (MEPs), were conducted to evaluate changes in neuromuscular and central nervous system function. Changes in neural activity in the frontal lobe and motor cortex were assessed through transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation and electroencephalography. Moreover, all adverse events were recorded.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>After treatment, patients in the t-VNS combined with rehabilitation training group showed significant improvements in sFMA and MBI scores compared to the pure rehabilitation training group (P &lt; 0.05). In terms of neurophysiology, patients in the combined treatment group exhibited significant increases in electromyographic activity and MEPs (P &lt; 0.05). EEG results indicated enhanced neuroplasticity of the frontal lobe and motor cortex with t-VNS treatment. The incidence of skin stimulation and ear pain in the combined treatment group was significantly higher than that in the pure rehabilitation training group.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Combined rehabilitation training and transcutaneous vagus nerve electrical stimulation have significant effects on neurological function recovery and central nervous system remodeling in stroke patients, effectively improving patients’ motor function and activities of daily living.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9083,"journal":{"name":"Brain Research","volume":"1851 ","pages":"Article 149460"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142999339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction of brain age models based on structural and white matter information","authors":"Xinghao Wang ,&nbsp;Zaimin Zhu ,&nbsp;Xinyuan Xu ,&nbsp;Jing Sun ,&nbsp;Li Jia ,&nbsp;Yan Huang ,&nbsp;Qian Chen ,&nbsp;Zhenghan Yang ,&nbsp;Pengfei Zhao ,&nbsp;Xinyu Huang ,&nbsp;Marcin Grzegorzek ,&nbsp;Yong Liu ,&nbsp;Han Lv ,&nbsp;Fangrong Zong ,&nbsp;Zhenchang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.149458","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.149458","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Brain aging is an inevitable process in adulthood, yet there is a lack of objective measures to accurately assess its extent. This study aims to develop brain age prediction model using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which includes structural information of gray matter and integrity information of white matter microstructure. Multiparameter MRI was performed on two population cohorts. We collected structural MRI data from T1- and T2-sequences, including gray matter volume, surface area, and thickness in different areas. For diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), we derived four white matter parameters: fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity. To achieve reliable brain age prediction based on structure and white matter integrity, we employed LASSO regression. We successfully constructed a brain age prediction model based on multiparameter brain MRI (Mean absolute error of 3.87). Using structural and diffusion metrics, we identified and visualized which brain areas were notably involved in brain aging. Simultaneously, we discovered that lateralization during brain aging is a significant factor in brain aging models. We have successfully developed a brain age estimation model utilizing white matter and gray matter metrics, which exhibits minimal errors and is suitable for adults.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9083,"journal":{"name":"Brain Research","volume":"1851 ","pages":"Article 149458"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142999745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exercise preconditioning increases circulating exosome miR-124 expression and alleviates apoptosis in rats with cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury","authors":"Wenjing Song ,&nbsp;Lili Teng ,&nbsp;Haoran Wang ,&nbsp;Ruifeng Pang ,&nbsp;Runyu Liang ,&nbsp;Luwen Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.149457","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.149457","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Exercise as a non-pharmacological intervention can exert beneficial effects directly through exosomes crossing the blood–brain barrier and reduce apoptosis after cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion injury (CI/RI). miRNA-124 (miR-124) is present in exosomes and plays an important role in regulating cerebral neurological activity; however, the mechanism of the relationship between exercise and the activity of exosomes and apoptosis after CI/RI remains unclear. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of exercise preconditioning on CI/RI from the perspective of exosomal miR-124 and apoptosis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) model was established by blocking the middle cerebral artery, and a motorized running wheel was chosen as the method of exercise preconditioning for rats, the morphology, particle concentration and particle size distribution of the exosome samples were identified at the 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h time points. RT-PCR, western blotting, immunohistochemistry, TUNEL staining, TTC staining and mNSS scores were used to investigate the effects of exercise preconditioning on apoptosis in MCAO/R rats.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The results showed exercise reduced neurological dysfunction and infarct size, increased the content of plasma exocrine miR-124 at 24 h, which inhibited the expression of STAT3, increased the expression of the anti-apoptotic BCL-2, and decreased the expression of the pro-apoptotic BAX, thereby reducing apoptosis.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our findings indicated that exercise preconditioning can enhance the anti-apoptotic capacity of tissues in the rat ischemic penumbra and reduce apoptosis after CI/RI via the exosomal miR-124, STAT3, BCL-2/BAX pathway.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9083,"journal":{"name":"Brain Research","volume":"1851 ","pages":"Article 149457"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142999711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive impairment and hippocampal degeneration in aged rat models of type 2 diabetes with induced glycemic fluctuation: A pilot study","authors":"Wei Yang ,&nbsp;Si-Cong Si ,&nbsp;Hong-Yu Luo,&nbsp;Yi-Xin Ma,&nbsp;Huan Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.149452","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.149452","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Effective methods for establishing an aged animal model of diabetes and glycemic fluctuation have rarely been investigated. The aim of the study was to explore the feasibility of inducing glycemic fluctuation in aged Sprague–Dawley rats and to evaluate the corresponding changes in cognitive function.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Male rats aged 48 weeks were fed a high-fat and high-glucose diet and given streptozotocin intraperitoneally to establish a rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Then, glycemic fluctuation was induced via three different protocols: (1) intraperitoneal injection of glucose; (2) sequential fasting, insulin injection, and normal diet; and (3) intermittent intraperitoneal injections of glucose and insulin.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>All three protocols were effective at inducing glycemic fluctuation in aged rats with T2DM, with successful modeling rates of 60 %, 90 %, and 70 %, respectively. Aged T2DM rats with glycemic fluctuation showed significant increases in glycemic variability compared with controls, including in the mean blood glucose, postprandial glycemic excursion, largest amplitude of glycemic excursion, and standard deviation of blood glucose values (all <em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Additionally, rats with glycemic fluctuation had more severe insulin resistance and dyslipidemia (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Morris water maze testing showed a trend of longer escape latency in the navigation test for rats in the glycemic fluctuation groups, suggesting impaired cognitive function. Pathological analysis showed degenerative changes in the CA1 hippocampal region of rats in the glycemic fluctuation groups. Finally, differential gene expression analysis revealed 1323 significantly altered genes in the GV group, with 691 upregulated and 632 downregulated. The dysregulated genes were predominantly associated with the axon guidance pathway and potassium channel regulation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The proposed protocols were effective at establishing an aged T2DM rat model with glycemic fluctuation, and rats with glycemic fluctuation exhibited diminished cognitive function.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9083,"journal":{"name":"Brain Research","volume":"1850 ","pages":"Article 149452"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142999975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of talker variability and individual differences on word learning in adults","authors":"Sandy Abu El Adas ,&nbsp;Ivy Yen ,&nbsp;Susannah V. Levi","doi":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.149454","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.149454","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Studies have shown that exposure to multiple talkers during learning is beneficial in a variety of spoken language tasks, such as learning speech sounds in a second language and learning novel words in a lab context. However, not all studies find the multiple talker benefit. Some studies have found that processing benefits from exposure to multiple talkers depend on factors related to the linguistic profile of the listeners and to the cognitive demands during learning (blocked versus randomized talkers). The current study examines whether scaffolding talker variability (blocked versus randomized) supports word-learning and whether individual differences in language ability, reading ability, and phonological working memory influence word-learning in adults. One hundred and fifty-two listeners were randomly assigned to four conditions: (1) single talker, (2) maximal scaffolding (blocked two-then-two talkers), (3) minimal scaffolding (blocked by four-talkers), and (4) multiple-talker mixed (four-talker randomized). Listeners completed a word-learning task in which they learned to associate nonsense words with novel objects, and were then tested on their ability to name the objects. Our results showed that listeners performed similarly across all talker conditions, with no evidence for a benefit of talker variability. In addition, participants with better language and phonological working memory skills performed better on the word-learning task. These results suggest that blocking and manipulating the presentation of talkers may not support word-learning in adults and that variability benefits may depend on a variety of experimental factors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9083,"journal":{"name":"Brain Research","volume":"1850 ","pages":"Article 149454"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142982793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Auditory research across time: Insights from an interdisciplinary publishing platform","authors":"Andréanne Sharp","doi":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.149453","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.149453","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9083,"journal":{"name":"Brain Research","volume":"1850 ","pages":"Article 149453"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic traumatic brain injury induces neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and cognitive deficits in a T cell-dependent manner","authors":"Leyre Ayerra ,&nbsp;Kirill Shumilov ,&nbsp;Allen Ni ,&nbsp;Maria S. Aymerich ,&nbsp;Stuart H. Friess ,&nbsp;Marta Celorrio","doi":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.149446","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.149446","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can lead to chronic neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration associated with long-term cognitive deficits. Following TBI, the acute neuroinflammatory response involves microglial activation and the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines which induce the recruitment of peripheral immune cells such as monocytes and ultimately T cells. Persistent innate and adaptive immune cell responses can lead to chronic neurodegeneration and functional deficits. Therefore, understanding the dynamic interaction between chronic immune responses and TBI-related pathogenesis and progression of the disease is crucial. We hypothesized that T cells have an essential role in TBI severity and recovery. We used generic T cell deletion mice (TCRβ^−/−δ^−/−) vs Wild-type mice that underwent controlled cortical impact assessing behavioral, histological, and immune system response outcomes at 3 months post-TBI. The absence of T cells reduced neurodegeneration and was associated with improved neurological outcomes 3 months post-injury. Furthermore, the absence of T cells enhanced an anti-inflammatory phenotype in peripheral myeloid cells in the injured brain. Collectively, these data indicate that T cells promote persistent neuropathology and functional impairments chronically after TBI.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9083,"journal":{"name":"Brain Research","volume":"1850 ","pages":"Article 149446"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142969589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glymphatic system impairment in normal tension glaucoma evaluated by diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space","authors":"Ting Li ,&nbsp;Qian Wang ,&nbsp;Bingbing Yang ,&nbsp;Xiaoxia Qu ,&nbsp;Weiwei Chen ,&nbsp;Huaizhou Wang ,&nbsp;Ningli Wang ,&nbsp;Junfang Xian","doi":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.149450","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.149450","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Disruption of the glymphatic system plays a vital role in pathogenesis of neurodegeneration in normal tension glaucoma (NTG). We evaluated the impairment of glymphatic system of NTG patients by diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS), and explored the correlation between the ALPS index and dysfunction of visual cortices in resting state. DTI-ALPS was applied to 37 normal controls (NCs) and 37 NTG patients. Multidirectional diffusivity maps and fractional anisotropy (FA) maps were reconstructed to calculate ALPS index. The Amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) in visual cortices (V1-V5) were calculated using resting-state fMRI. Clinical data and ALPS indexes were compared between the groups. Lateralization of ALPS indexes and differences in visual field of two eyes were analyzed. Subsequently, regression analyses between ALPS indexes and mean deviation (MD) values of bilateral eyes and ALFF of visual cortices were performed. The bilateral ALPS indexes of NTG patients decreased significantly. In NCs and NTG patients, ALPS indexes in right hemisphere were lower than that in left hemisphere. The right ALPS indexes of NTG patients were positively correlated with the MD values of the left eyes. In NTG patients, decreased ALFF was detected in right V1 and bilateral V2-5, and the left ALPS indexes were positively correlated with ALFF in bilateral V1, V2, V5, and right V3V area. The ALPS index decreased in NTG patients, correlated with visual defects and ALFF, indicating impairment of the glymphatic system and the potential to be a biomarker in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9083,"journal":{"name":"Brain Research","volume":"1850 ","pages":"Article 149450"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142963761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Astragaloside IV promotes neuronal axon regeneration by inhibiting the PTEN/AKT pathway","authors":"Luning Lin ,&nbsp;Chenyang Zhao ,&nbsp;Huijuan Lv ,&nbsp;Liangrong Zhu ,&nbsp;Wangen Wang ,&nbsp;Xintian Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.149451","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.149451","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Neuronal survival and regeneration are critical aspects of recovery from ischemic brain injuries. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), a saponin extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Astragalus membranaceus, has shown promise in promoting neuronal health. This study investigates the effects of AS-IV on neuronal survival and apoptosis post-oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), focusing on the modulation of the PTEN/AKT signaling pathway.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Rat primary neuronal cells were isolated and subjected to OGD to simulate ischemic conditions. Afterwards, cells were treated with low and high doses of AS-IV. Neuronal viability and apoptosis were assessed using MTT and flow cytometry (FCM) assays. Immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses were performed to evaluate the expression of neuronal markers and proteins involved in the PTEN/AKT pathway.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Post-OGD, neuronal cells exhibited decreased viability and increased apoptosis, which were significantly mitigated by AS-IV. Immunofluorescence showed enhanced Tuj1 expression, indicating increased neuronal purity and survival, enhanced NF200 expression, indicating increased axon lengths. FCM results revealed reduced apoptosis rates, particularly with higher doses of AS-IV. Western blot analysis confirmed inhibition of PTEN and activation of AKT, facilitating enhanced neuronal survival and axona regeneration. Additionally, overexpression of PTEN negated the anti-apoptotic effects of AS-IV, underscoring the critical role of the PTEN/AKT pathway in AS-IV mediated neuroprotection.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>AS-IV enhances neuronal survival and axona regeneration by modulating the PTEN/AKT pathway, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent for ischemic brain injuries. These findings suggest that targeting this pathway could be a strategic focus for developing effective neuroprotective therapies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9083,"journal":{"name":"Brain Research","volume":"1850 ","pages":"Article 149451"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142963755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}