Brain and Behavior最新文献

{"title":"The causal association between epilepsy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study","authors":"Yayong Cui,&nbsp;Junyu Chen,&nbsp;Hong Li,&nbsp;Dong Zheng,&nbsp;Xiaolei Shi","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70018","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Epilepsy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are common neurological disorders. The association between the two disorders has been raised in observational studies. However, it is uncertain to what extent they have mutual causal effects. In this study, we aimed to investigate their causal association using a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) method.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We performed a two-sample bidirectional MR analysis to evaluate the causal association of epilepsy with the risk of ALS. Publicly published genome-wide association study statistics for epilepsy and ALS were used in the study. The primary analysis included genetic variants with a <i>p</i> value of less than 1 × 10^–5 as instrumental variables. We applied several alternative methods, including inverse variance weighting, weighted median, simple mode, weighted mode, MR-Egger regression and MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier, and statistical graphs to assess the associations of epilepsy and its subtype with the risk of ALS. Reverse MR analyses were also performed to examine the association of ALS with the risk of epilepsy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The primary MR analysis found no causal effect of epilepsy on risk of ALS (odds ration [OR]: 1.133, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.964–1.332, <i>p</i> = .130). Among subtypes of epilepsy, it also failed to observe any causal association between general epilepsy and ALS (OR: 1.036, 95% CI: 0.969–1.108, <i>P</i> = .300). However, focal epilepsy contributed to an increase in the risk of ALS (OR: 1.177, 95% CI: 1.027–1.348, <i>p</i> = .019). Moreover, the investigation of reverse causalities did not reveal significant results.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The current study supports a causal influence of focal epilepsy on ALS risk. Future studies are needed to explore its potential role in ALS.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142328542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The relationship between menstrual cycle pattern and post-traumatic stress in women following the 2023 earthquake in Turkey","authors":"Sibel Kiyak,&nbsp;Serap Batı","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70034","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.70034","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the aftermath of natural disasters, understanding the intricate links between mental health and physiological responses, such as menstrual cycle patterns, becomes crucial. This study explores the relationship between post-traumatic stress and menstrual irregularities among women of reproductive age residing in regions affected by the 2023 earthquake in Turkey.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>309 women of reproductive age living in 11 provinces affected by the earthquake centered in Kahramanmaraş on February 6, 2023 and declared as disaster areas constituted the study sample. Data were collected online using Google forms nine months after the earthquake. The collected data were obtained using the Participant Information Form, Impact of Events Scale and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder-Short Form. In the data analysis, descriptive statistics such as count, percentage, median, minimum, and maximum were used, along with statistical tests including the Mann–Whitney <i>U</i> test, chi-squared test, multiple logistic regression analysis, and ROC analysis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the study, an increase in menstrual irregularities among women was observed following the earthquake (%14.3 to %44.8, <i>p</i> &lt; .001). Risk factors for menstrual irregularities included post-traumatic stress symptoms, comorbid chronic diseases, and smoking. The prevalence of PTSD was found to be 22.7% and this was associated with women with menstrual irregularities. Setting the cut-off score of the IES-R scale at 45.50 resulted in higher sensitivity for detecting irregular menstrual cycles.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Women's menstrual cycles are affected after an earthquake. Therefore, post-earthquake mental health recovery programs should specifically address the protection of women's physical and mental health. This comprehensive approach can reduce the effects of earthquake-induced stress and trauma.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70034","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142317815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the link between empathy, stress, altruism, and loneliness in university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study","authors":"Anders Larrabee Sonderlund,&nbsp;Sonja Wehberg,&nbsp;Elisabeth Assing Hvidt","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70049","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Empathy has been associated with a range of positive outcomes, including social connection, pro-social behavior, and mental health. Nonetheless, acknowledging the multidimensional aspects of empathy, budding research indicates that sometimes empathy may precipitate negative health outcomes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the present paper, we explore the extent to which the multidimensional aspects of empathy—as measured by the Interpersonal Reactivity Index—may relate to the experience of increased stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. We also examine potential behavioral moderators (altruism) and social mediators (loneliness) of any such effect.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We conducted a cross-sectional survey study of 2595 Danish university students and implemented linear regression analyses to determine the relationships between our key variables.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In both crude and adjusted regression models, our findings indicate positive associations between the IRI subscales Fantasy, Empathic Concern, and Personal Distress on self-reported stress and loneliness. Perspective Taking was marginally and inversely associated with stress but not loneliness. Altruism did not moderate these associations, but loneliness did mediate the effects of Fantasy, Empathic Concern, and Personal Distress on stress.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our results emphasize the importance of conceptualizing empathy in multi-dimensional terms. Further, our study highlights the potential negative health consequences of empathy in certain settings. These results may help focus future research in this area and feed into mental health interventions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70049","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between sensory processing skills and motor skills in 12-month-old infants","authors":"Ramazan Yildiz,&nbsp;Ayse Yildiz,&nbsp;Rabia Zorlular,&nbsp;Bulent Elbasan","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70052","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Identifying sensory processing problems of 12-month-old preterm and term children and defining their relationship with motor skills are essential for appropriate interventions and optimal sensory-motor development. This study aimed to determine sensory processing difficulties in 12-month-old babies and examine their relationship with motor skills.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods:</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This cross-sectional study included 61 infants (28 preterm and 33 full-term, ages 12 months). The infants' sensory processing skills were evaluated using the Test of Sensory Functions in Infants (TSFI), and their gross and fine motor skills were assessed with the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-2 (PDMS-2).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results:</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Sensory processing difficulties were more common in preterm babies. Multiple linear regression models indicated a significant positive association between PDMS-2 gross/fine motor scores and TFSI total scores, reactivity to tactile deep pressure, and ocular-motor control in the total sample. Furthermore, there was a relationship between gross motor and adaptive motor function, and fine motor scores were found to be associated with visual-tactile integration sensory scores.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Preterm babies are more likely than their full-term peers to have sensory processing problems around the age of one, which can affect their motor skills. The results support the relationship between children's sensory and motor processing skills. Practitioners such as occupational and physical therapists should be alert to this relationship in infants with sensory processing and motor problems. Taking this relationship into consideration when planning intervention programs can be a guide for an effective intervention.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70052","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Motor Interference Therapy on Distress Related to Traumatic Memories: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Feasibility Trial","authors":"Alonso Morales-Rivero,&nbsp;Daniel Crail-Meléndez,&nbsp;Lorena Reyes-Santos,&nbsp;Erik Bisanz,&nbsp;Jeffrey Bisanz,&nbsp;Angel Ruiz-Chow,&nbsp;Monica Maritza Chavarria-Medina","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70063","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Traumatic memories (TM) are a core feature of stress-related disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Treatment is often difficult, and specific pharmacological interventions are lacking. We present a novel non-pharmacological intervention called motor interference therapy (MIT) as a promising alternative for these symptoms.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To determine the feasibility of MIT, a brief, audio-delivered, and non-pharmacological intervention that uses cognitive and motor tasks to treat TM.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We designed a randomized, double-blind trial. Twenty-eight participants from an outpatient clinic with at least one TM were included to receive either MIT or progressive muscle relaxation (PMR). Spanish versions of the PTSD symptom severity scale (EGS), visual analog scale for TM (TM–VAS), and quality of life (EQ–VAS) were applied prior to intervention, 1 week, and 1 month following intervention.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Mean scores on all measures improved from baseline to posttest for both groups. MIT participants showed significantly more positive scores at 1 week and 1 month (TM–VAS baseline: 9.8 ± 0.4; immediate: 6.0 ± 2.0; 1 week: 3.8 ± 3.1 [<i>d</i> = 1.57]; 1 month 2.9 ± 2.8 [<i>d</i> = 1.93]) than PMR participants on measures of distress due to TM, trauma re-experiencing, anxiety, and a composite measure of PTSD.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>MIT is a simple, effective, and easy-to-use tool for treating TM and other stress-related symptoms. It requires relatively few resources and could be adapted to many contexts. The results provide proof-of-principle support for conducting future research with larger cohorts and controls to improve clinical effectiveness and research on brief interventions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Trial Registration</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03627078</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70063","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Affective neuroscience personality traits in opioid use disorder patients: The relationship with earlier onset of substance use, the severity of addiction, and motivational factors to quit opiate use","authors":"Gonca Aşut,&nbsp;Yasemin Hoşgören Alıcı,&nbsp;Selvi Ceran,&nbsp;Mustafa Danışman,&nbsp;Şafak Yalçın Şahiner","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70050","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study aims to explore the relationship between affective personality traits and opioid use disorder (OUD), including factors such as motivation to quit, addiction severity, and age of onset of drug use.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study included 141 patients with opioid addiction (OAP) and 160 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC). OAP were interviewed and diagnosed according to DSM-5 criteria. HC were screened for past or current drug use. Participants completed sociodemographic forms and the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scale (ANPS), and the OAP group also completed the Addiction Profile Index (API).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>SEEK, PLAY, and SADNESS were identified as different affective personality traits between OAP and HC groups. Addiction severity was positively correlated with SADNESS and ANGER, while the age of onset of drug use was correlated with ANGER. Risk factors for OA include family history of substance abuse, low education, and low PLAY scores, whereas risk factors for earlier substance use onset are childhood trauma and high ANGER scores.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study highlights the importance of understanding affective personality traits in OUD. These findings may deepen our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of OUD. The identification of these affective systems may have implications for the development of personalized prevention and treatment strategies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70050","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-reported immune status and COVID-19 associated subjective cognitive functioning in post-COVID-19 syndrome: Examination of an Irish cohort","authors":"Jessica Holland,&nbsp;Sinead Brown,&nbsp;Susan O'Flanagan,&nbsp;Stefano Savinelli,&nbsp;Kathleen McCann,&nbsp;Keith Gaynor,&nbsp;Patrick Mallon,&nbsp;Eoin Feeney,&nbsp;Grace Kenny,&nbsp;Christine Boyd,&nbsp;Fiadhnait O'Keeffe,&nbsp;Jessica Bramham","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70027","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.70027","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cognitive changes are very frequently reported by people with post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS), but there is limited understanding of the underpinning mechanisms leading to these difficulties. It is possible that cognitive difficulties are related to immune status and/or low mood. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between immune status and cognitive functioning in PCS, while considering whether depression symptoms also influence this association.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Participants were recruited in an online study of cognitive and psychological consequences of PCS, involving individuals attending a post-COVID clinic in an acute general hospital in Ireland, and a comparison sample of age- and sex-matched community controls who had also been infected with COVID-19 but had not experienced PCS. Participants with PCS (<i>n</i> = 71) and community controls (<i>n</i> = 50) completed the immune status questionnaire, Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue Scale (FACIT-F).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Significant differences were observed between groups in terms of perceived immune status, perceived cognitive function, depression scores, and fatigue, with the “PCS” group reporting lower immune status, more cognitive difficulties, and higher levels of depression and fatigue. Regression analysis in the PCS group indicated that immune status and depression significantly contributed to variance in subjective cognitive functioning, with immune status remaining a significant predictor of cognitive functioning scores even when accounting for depression, fatigue, and other covariates related to PCS, such as Body Mass Index (BMI).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings suggest that subjective cognitive functioning is influenced by self-reported immune status in PCS, emphasising the importance of immune status, cognitive, and mood screening as part of routine clinical care in PCS.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142317817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-COVID dysphagia requires exclusion of SARS-CoV-2–associated brainstem encephalitis, vasculitis, polyneuritis cranialis, and myositis","authors":"Josef Finsterer","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70032","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.70032","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;We read with interest the article by Kim et al. about three patients with dysphagia 7–14 days after SARS-CoV-2 infection (SC2I) and elevated antibodies against GD1b (patient-1), GQ1b (patient-2), and GM1 (patient-3) suggesting a Guillain–Barre syndrome (GBS) subtype (Kim et al., &lt;span&gt;2024&lt;/span&gt;). Comprehensive rehabilitation with speech therapy led to only slight (patient-1), no (patient-2), or significant improvement in dysphagia as assessed by FEES after 7 months (patient-1), 4 weeks (patient-2), and 4 months (patient-3) of the follow-up (Kim et al., &lt;span&gt;2024&lt;/span&gt;). The study is impressive, but some points require further discussion.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The first point is that the dysphagia in the three patients was explained either by the presence of GBS or by cross-reactivity between anti-ganglioside antibodies and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (Kim et al., &lt;span&gt;2024&lt;/span&gt;), but it remained unclear by which criteria GBS was diagnosed. Was the diagnosis GBS made using the Brighton criteria (Fokke et al., &lt;span&gt;2014&lt;/span&gt;), the Leonhard criteria (Leonhard et al., &lt;span&gt;2019&lt;/span&gt;), or the EAN criteria (van Doorn et al., &lt;span&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;)?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The second point is that myositis has not been discussed as a possible cause of dysphagia. It is known that myositis is a common complication of SC2I, and myositis can manifest as dysphagia (Aoyagi et al., &lt;span&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The third point is that it remained unclear whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed with or without contrast medium. Brainstem encephalitis or radiculitis of the lower cranial nerves as the cause of dysphagia can only be ruled out by an MRI with contrast medium (Dukkipati et al., &lt;span&gt;2022&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The fourth point is that cerebral vasculitis has not been discussed as a possible cause of dysphagia. Several cases of SC2I-associated cerebral vasculitis have been reported (Rhodes et al., &lt;span&gt;2024&lt;/span&gt;), and cerebral vasculitis can be complicated by dysphagia. One method of diagnosing cerebral vasculitis is imaging with contrast medium and angiography.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The fifth point is that patient-2 had elevated GQ1b antibodies, which is pathognomonic for Miller–Fisher syndrome. Therefore, we should know whether there was evidence of ataxia, areflexia, or ophthalmoparesis in this particular patient. It is also imperative to consider the pharyngeal-cervical-brachial variant of GBS (Randhawa et al., &lt;span&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The sixth point is that patient-1 already had diabetes and that diabetic cranial neuropathy could not be sufficiently ruled out. Since patients with pre-existing polyneuropathy can more easily develop GBS with more severe manifestations, it would have been important to know whether diabetes was well controlled or whether HbA1c values were significantly elevated. What was the cause of demyelinating polyneuropathy in patient-2? Was it GBS?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The seventh point is that patient-1 required mechanical ventilation, but it was not taken into account that","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142317809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Masking level differences under two different measurement conditions: A normative study of young adults","authors":"Sule Cekic,&nbsp;Banu Mujdeci,&nbsp;Kursad Karakoc,&nbsp;Banu Bas","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70011","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.70011","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The objective of this study was to determine the gender-specific normative values of masking level difference (MLD) in healthy young adults for two different measurement conditions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>One hundred young adults between the ages of 19 and 25 were included. Tympanometry, pure tone audiometry, and MLD were performed. In the first MLD measurement condition, the threshold level where the signal was out of phase and the noise was in phase (SπNo) was subtracted from the threshold level where the signal and noise were in phase (SoNo). In the second MLD measurement condition, the threshold level where the signal was in phase and the noise was out of phase (SoNπ) was subtracted from the threshold level where the signal and noise were in phase (SoNo). The mean test scores were obtained in decibels. Comparisons were made in terms of gender and conditions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The mean MLD for SoNo-SπNo condition was 10.3 ± 1.99 dB. For SoNo-SoNπ condition, the mean MLD was 6.72 ± 2.38 dB. A significant difference was determined between the MLD under two different measurement conditions (<i>p</i> &lt;.05). There was no significant difference in terms of gender (<i>p</i> &gt;.05).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Mean normative values of MLD test scores in gender-specific healthy young adults for two different measurement conditions are presented.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142267007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroprotective effects of salvianolic acids combined with Panax notoginseng saponins in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion rats concerning the neurovascular unit and trophic coupling","authors":"Hongyang Chen,&nbsp;Zhen Liu,&nbsp;Lei Zhao,&nbsp;Zhuangzhuang Jia","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70036","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.70036","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The neurovascular unit (NVU) and neurovascular trophic coupling (NVTC) play a key regulatory role in brain injury caused by ischemic stroke. Salvianolic acids (SAL) and Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) are widely used in China to manage ischemic stroke. Neuroprotective effects of SAL and PNS, either taken alone or in combination, were examined in this research.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Wistar rats were randomly divided into the following groups: Sham group (Sham), cerebral ischemia/reperfusion group (I/R), I/R with SAL group (SAL), I/R with PNS group (PNS), I/R with SAL combined with PNS (SAL + PNS), and I/R with edaravone group (EDA). Treatment was administered once daily for two days after modeling of middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Compared with the I/R group, SAL, PNS, or SAL + PNS treatment reduced infarct size, improved neurological deficit score, reduced Evans blue extravasation, increased expression of CD31 and tight junction proteins (TJs), including zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), zonula occludens-2 (ZO-2), and junctional adhesion molecule-1 (JAM-1). Furthermore, SAL, PNS, or SAL + PNS suppressed the activations of microglia and astrocyte and led to the amelioration of neuron and pericyte injury. Treatment also inhibited NVU dissociation of GFAP/PDGFRβ and Collagen IV/GFAP while upregulated the expression level of BDNF/TrkB and BDNF/NeuN.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>SAL and PNS have significantly remedied structural and functional disorders of NVU and NVTC in I/R injury. These effects were more pronounced when SAL and PNS were combined than when used separately.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70036","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142267012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}