BMC Ophthalmology最新文献

{"title":"The effects of mirabegron and anticholinergic treatment on anterior segment and pupillary responses in overactive bladder syndrome.","authors":"Utku Furuncuoglu, Serdar Ilguy, Rıdvan Ozbek, Sahin Pasali, Zubeyir Yozgat, Berire Seyma Durmus Ece, Erdem Yuksel","doi":"10.1186/s12886-026-05279-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-026-05279-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the effect of tolterodine and mirabegron on anterior chamber parameters and static pupillometry measurements in overactive bladder (OAB) patients and to compare these results with those of healthy controls.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study included 35 patients with OAB who were planned to be treated with tolterodine, 35 patients with OAB who were planned to be treated with mirabegron, and 35 healthy control subjects. All the participants underwent full ophthalmic examination and scanning with Sirius topographer (CSO, Firenze, Italy) before and at 1 and 3 months in both the control and the mirabegron and anticholinergic groups after treatment. In addition, central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber depth, angle, and volume were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean intraocular pressure (IOP) increased significantly in the first month of treatment after mirabegron (p = 0.034). Anterior chamber depth increased significantly in the mirabegron group at the third month of treatment compared to pretreatment (p = 0.039). Higher mesopic and photopic pupil diameters were found at 1 and 3 months after tolterodine compared to baseline (p < 0.05 for all). Higher scotopic pupil diameters were found at 1 month after mirabegron (p = 0.002). No statistical differences were found between pretreatment and posttreatment static pupillometry and anterior chamber parameter measurements in the control group (p > 0.05 for all).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study demonstrated that both tolterodine and mirabegron affected pupil diameters under different light conditions. They also caused changes in anterior chamber parameters. However, given the modest magnitude of these changes and the dynamic nature of pupil diameter, caution should be exercised in the clinical interpretation of the results.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13673798/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149206569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants of Pentacam-derived lens density in age-related cataract: the role of ocular dominance and lifestyle factors.","authors":"Shuo Wu, Jing Hou, Xianru Hou, Li Yuan, Kai Wang","doi":"10.1186/s12886-026-05270-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-026-05270-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pentacam-derived lens density provides an objective measure of lens opacity in cataract. However, the roles of ocular dominance and lifestyle-related factors in lens density variation remain unclear. This study investigated the association of ocular dominance and lifestyle factors with lens density in patients with age-related cataract.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study included 52 patients with age-related cataract recruited from Peking University People's Hospital between May 15 and June 30, 2026. Ocular dominance, Pentacam-derived lens density, pupil parameters, visual acuity, and lifestyle factors were assessed. Paired tests, Spearman correlation, and linear regression analyses were used for statistical analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of participants was 66.5 ± 7.8 years. Dominant eyes exhibited significantly higher Pentacam lens density than non-dominant eyes (P = 0.024). Dominant eyes also showed smaller pupil area (P = 0.024) and smaller pupil diameter (P = 0.019) than non-dominant eyes. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was significantly lower in dominant eyes than in non-dominant eyes (P = 0.007). Dynamic pupil variability did not differ significantly between eyes (P = 0.104). Greater interocular differences in lens density were significantly associated with greater interocular differences in BCVA (r = - 0.403, P = 0.003). In multivariable regression analysis, dominant-eye BCVA was associated with dominant-eye pupil area after adjustment (β = -7.314, P = 0.017). In multivariable linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, and available lifestyle variables, smoking (β = 15.304, P = 0.025), alcohol drinking (β = 12.955, P = 0.012), and reading or using a phone with lights off (β = 18.869, P < 0.001) were associated with higher dominant-eye lens density.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Ocular dominance was associated with lens density asymmetry in patients with age-related cataract. Higher dominant-eye lens density was related to worse dominant-eye visual acuity relative to the non-dominant eye. Smoking, alcohol drinking, and reading or using a phone with lights off were associated with higher dominant-eye lens density after adjustment for available covariates. These findings suggest that both ocular dominance and lifestyle-related factors may be relevant to lens opacity variation, although prospective studies are needed for confirmation.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13673820/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149191130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictors of time to diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a survival analysis study.","authors":"Zohre Foroozanfar, Akram Ghadiri-Anari, Reyhaneh Azizi, Akram Mehrabbeik","doi":"10.1186/s12886-026-05260-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-026-05260-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and a major cause of visual impairment. Despite the high prevalence of T2DM in Iran, longitudinal evidence on DR is limited. This study aimed to investigate the incidence and predictors of DR among patients with T2DM in Yazd, Iran.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cohort study used routinely collected clinical data from 753 adults with T2DM who attended the Diabetes Center of Yazd, Iran, between 2012 and 2024. Participants were followed from their first clinic visit until the development of DR, loss to follow-up, death, or the end of the study period. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate time to DR and identify associated risk factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 753 subjects with T2DM, 208 (27.6%) developed DR during follow-up. The overall incidence rate was 5.01 per 1,000 patient-months (95% CI: 4.37-5.74). The mean time to DR development was 99.23 months, with a median of 108 months. Also, increasing age (adjusted HR = 1.02; 95% CI: 1.002-1.04), longer duration of diabetes (adjusted HR = 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01-1.05), and higher HbA1c levels (adjusted HR = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.08-1.32) were significantly associated with increased risk of DR. Systolic blood pressure showed a borderline association after adjustment. Whereas lipid parameters were not significantly associated.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Longer duration of diabetes, poor glycemic control, and older age were independently associated with an increased risk of DR. Systolic blood pressure showed a borderline association after adjustment, while lipid parameters were not significantly associated. These findings highlight the importance of early risk stratification and strict metabolic control to help prevent or delay DR.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13523244/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148849678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improvement of uncorrected visual acuity and contrast sensitivity using Aurovue Vivid Continuous Focus Vision (CFV) lens in cataract patients at RSCM Kirana.","authors":"Irma Suwandi Sadikin, Jessica Zarwan, Syska Widyawati, Faraby Martha, Rio Rhendy, Syougie Ali","doi":"10.1186/s12886-026-05264-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-026-05264-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The primary goal of cataract surgery has evolved beyond visual restoration toward comprehensive refractive outcomes. In aging yet functionally active populations such as Indonesia, access to premium multifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) remains limited, creating demand for cost-effective extended-depth-of-focus (EDOF) alternatives.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate visual performance, contrast sensitivity, defocus profile, IOL stability, and patient-reported outcomes following implantation of the Aurovue Vivid Continuous Focus Vision (CFV) IOL.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective interventional case series included 25 eyes of 19 patients undergoing phacoemulsification with Aurovue Vivid CFV implantation. Assessments included uncorrected distance (UCDVA), intermediate (UCIVA), and near (UCNVA) visual acuity, corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) at one month, binocular defocus curve, photopic contrast sensitivity, ultrasound biomicroscopy for tilt/decentration, and patient satisfaction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All eyes completed follow-up. Statistically significant improvements were observed: UCDVA from 1.06 ± 0.49 to 0.18 ± 0.16 logMAR (p < 0.001), UCIVA from 0.97 ± 0.41 to 0.35 ± 0.23 logMAR (p < 0.001), UCNVA from 1.05 ± 0.49 to 0.55 ± 0.16 logMAR (p < 0.001), postoperative CDVA of 0.00 (range 0.0-0.4) logMAR with 76% of eyes achieving 0 logMAR and photopic contrast sensitivity from 1.05 (range 0-1.65) to 1.65 (range 1.35-1.85) log units (p < 0.001). The binocular defocus curve demonstrated a peak acuity of 0.06 logMAR at 0 D defocus (distinct from the routine postoperative UCDVA of 0.18 logMAR), with maintained acuity (≤ 0.20 logMAR) up to approximately - 2.0 D. IOL stability was excellent: mean tilt angles 90.30°-90.50° and median decentration 0.06 mm. Patient satisfaction reached 100% with 76% spectacle independence; mild non-functional glare was reported by 20%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this short-term exploratory case series, the Aurovue Vivid CFV achieved satisfactory visual outcomes across all distances, with preserved contrast sensitivity, stable IOL positioning, and high patient-reported comfort. These preliminary data suggest the lens may represent a viable, cost-effective option to bridge the gap between monofocal and premium multifocal solutions; longer-term, comparative studies are warranted to confirm durability and relative performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13520328/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148839301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk factor profiles and visual outcomes of non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy in younger Chinese patients.","authors":"Chunxia Zhang, Jinfeng Li, Binghui Han, Wenjie Xu, Qingxu Wang, Guangwei Yu","doi":"10.1186/s12886-026-05272-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-026-05272-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) predominantly affects the elderly, although onset before age 50 is not uncommon. Systemic vascular diseases are the main risk factors in elderly patients, whereas ocular structural abnormalities may be associated with early-onset NAION. This study compared risk factor profiles and visual outcomes between young NAION patients and a selected contemporary comparison group of older patients consisting of consecutively enrolled cases within a predefined study period in China, to assess age-related differences.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this single-center retrospective cohort study, patients diagnosed with NAION enrolled between May 2022 and February 2026 were stratified into a young group (aged < 50 years, n = 102) and a selected contemporary comparison group of older patients (aged ≥ 50 years, n = 111). Crucially, this older comparison group comprised consecutively enrolled cases within this predefined study period, rather than representing a random sample of all eligible older NAION patients. All patients underwent 6-month follow-up. Demographic, systemic, and ocular data, including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), visual field index (VFI), mean deviation (MD), and pattern standard deviation (PSD), were collected. Intergroup and intragroup comparisons were performed, and multivariable linear regression using a hybrid selection strategy (mandatory clinical covariates plus univariate screening) identified independent predictors of visual recovery.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The young group included more males, had fewer bilateral cases, and exhibited higher smoking rates compared with this older comparison cohort (all P < 0.05). Conversely, this older comparison cohort had a higher prevalence of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structure (PHOMS) (all P < 0.05). Inferior hemifield defects predominated in young patients, whereas diffuse defects were more common in this older comparison cohort. Significant within-group improvements in BCVA, VFI, MD and PSD were observed only in the young group (all P < 0.01), with between-group differences reaching significance only for MD. Multivariable analysis showed that younger age, shorter onset-to-presentation time, and better baseline BCVA were factors associated with greater BCVA recovery, though these associations should be interpreted cautiously given study limitations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Younger and older NAION patients exhibit distinct risk profiles and visual field defect patterns. While younger patients demonstrated significant within-group visual improvement, only the change in mean deviation (MD) differed significantly between groups, necessitating cautious interpretation of age-related recovery differences.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13573339/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148966488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term visual outcomes and development of retinal pigment epithelial and outer retinal atrophy in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a comparison of conventional and novel classifications.","authors":"Debabrata Hazra, Yohei Tomita, Atsuro Uchida, Soshi Kato, Norihiro Nagai, Misa Suzuki, Sakiko Minami, Hiromitsu Kunimi, Norimitsu Ban, Toshihide Kurihara, Hajime Shinoda, Yoko Ozawa, Kazuno Negishi","doi":"10.1186/s12886-026-05255-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-026-05255-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Retinal pigment epithelial and outer retinal atrophy (RORA) and complete RORA (cRORA) are major determinants of long-term vision in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), but their development across subtypes is poorly defined, especially in Asian populations, in whom pachychoroid-driven disease is common. We compared long-term visual outcomes and atrophy burden between the conventional and novel nAMD classifications.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>One hundred twenty eyes of 120 treatment-naïve patients with nAMD followed at least six years were classified by conventional (typical nAMD [tAMD], polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy [PCV], retinal angiomatous proliferation [RAP]) and novel (drusen type, pachychoroid type, mixed type, other type) schemes. All eyes received three loading anti-VEGF injections followed by a pro re nata regimen. RORA within the central 1 mm was graded on optical coherence tomography; lesions ≥ 250 μm were defined as cRORA. Visual acuity (VA) retention, atrophy prevalence, and VA around atrophy onset were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean age was 78.0 ± 9.2 years and overall VA retention was 71%. VA retention did not differ among conventional subtypes, but under the novel classification was significantly lower in the drusen type and higher in the pachychoroid type (P < 0.01). VA declined significantly after both RORA and cRORA onset (both P < 0.001). Final RORA/cRORA prevalence was 44.4%/29.6% in tAMD, 50.0%/28.3% in PCV, 83.3%/50.0% in RAP and 76.9%/61.5% in the drusen type, in which cRORA was highest (P < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The novel classification distinguished long-term visual outcomes that the conventional classification did not: the drusen type showed the poorest VA retention and highest cRORA prevalence, whereas the pachychoroid type fared best.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13531900/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148863638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sympathetic ophthalmia complicating proliferative diabetic retinopathy: diagnostic and therapeutic challenges during pregnancy.","authors":"Norah Alshabib, Motazz Alarfaj, Abdullah Albahlal, Nora A Alyousif","doi":"10.1186/s12886-026-05199-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-026-05199-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sympathetic ophthalmia is a rare, bilateral granulomatous uveitis that typically follows penetrating ocular trauma or intraocular surgery. Its coexistence with proliferative diabetic retinopathy is uncommon and complicates diagnosis and treatment.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 27-year-old woman with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes developed sympathetic ophthalmia in the fellow eye ten weeks after repair of a penetrating ocular injury. The sympathizing eye showed keratic precipitates, vitritis, papillitis, and exudative retinal detachment superimposed on proliferative diabetic retinopathy. High-dose intravenous methylprednisolone was initiated, followed by an oral taper and early introduction of adalimumab to reduce the risk of corticosteroid-induced hyperglycemia. After inflammatory control, panretinal photocoagulation was augmented. Visual acuity improved from 20/100 to 20/25 with marked resolution of subretinal fluid and partial regression of neovascularization. The clinical course was further complicated by a second pregnancy. The patient developed recurrent vitreous hemorrhage and progressive tractional changes that required postpartum pars plana vitrectomy; the eye remained quiet with a flat retina and visual acuity of 20/40 at last follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This case underscores the importance of recognizing sympathetic ophthalmia as a potential inflammatory trigger for worsening diabetic retinopathy. Severe intraocular inflammation may exacerbate retinal ischemia and neovascular activity, whereas controlling sympathetic ophthalmia systemically can facilitate regression of diabetic changes. Early recognition and prompt, pregnancy-appropriate immunomodulatory therapy are critical to preserve vision and stabilize both inflammatory and microvascular disease components.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13501681/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148811944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding clinical features, predictors of late presentation, and caregiver perspectives and awareness of strabismus in children: a cross-sectional study in a sub-Saharan African setting.","authors":"Doreen Frimpong, Yaw Akye Essuman, Vera Mawusime Beyuo, Lauretta Pinamang Owusu-Asare, Dziffa-Bella Imelda-Odille Ofori-Adjei, Seth Lartey, Naa Naamuah Tagoe, Vera Adobea Essuman, Benjamin Abaidoo","doi":"10.1186/s12886-026-05220-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-026-05220-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Childhood strabismus is a common eye disorder with visual and psychosocial implications. Late presentation remains frequent, influenced by clinical and demographic factors, as well as caregiver knowledge, awareness, and perceptions in sub-Saharan Africa. This study sought to analyze the clinical features, predictors of late presentation, and caregiver perspectives and awareness of strabismus among children attending the Eye Department at Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A hospital-based analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 282 children aged 3-15 years. Data on the demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants were analyzed using SPSS Version 20. The chi-square test was used to examine the associations between late presentation and demographic and clinical features. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the predictors of late presentation of strabismus, with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) calculated. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 282 children with strabismus, with a mean age at onset of 4.0 ± 1.2 years and a mean age at presentation of 10.1 ± 9.4 years. The majority (148/282, 54.5%) were males. There was a predominance of a left eye deviation (166/282, 58.9%); esotropia predominated (204/282, 72.3%), with 50% inward deviation, 83.3% constant deviation, and 85.5% equal vision in both eyes. 83% of patients presented late. Predictors of late presentation were: having no knowledge about strabismus (p = 0.01, OR = 2.6, CI: 1.3-5.5), low parental education (p = 0.013, OR = 2.3, CI: 1.2-4.4), and having no relative with strabismus (p = 0.003, OR = 3.7, CI: 1.5-8.6). Most parents (189/282, 67.30%) were aware of strabismus, with hospitals being the main source of information (87/189, 46.0%). While 133/282 (47.2%) believed that it was treatable, 149/282 (52.8%) held misperceptions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Esotropia was the most common type of strabismus, with left eye deviation being the most prevalent. Having no knowledge about strabismus, low parental education, and having no relative with strabismus predicted late presentation. Even with caregiver awareness, misperceptions persisted, highlighting the need to strengthen public education and early intervention strategies.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial number: </strong>Not applicable.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13501821/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148811880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eyelid and tear-film factors associated with contact lens discomfort symptom burden among wearers attending after-care in Kisumu County, Kenya: a clinic-based cross-sectional study.","authors":"Seth Muga, Emmanuel Elochukwu Okenwa-Vincent, Alfred Ragot, Isabel Signes-Soler","doi":"10.1186/s12886-026-05253-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-026-05253-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Contact lens discomfort (CLD) is a major cause of reduced wearing time and discontinuation of contact lens wear. However, many wearers continue using contact lenses despite persistent symptoms, and evidence from sub-Saharan Africa on the clinical correlates of symptom burden remains limited. This study examined associations between routinely assessed eyelid and tear-film characteristics and CLD symptom burden among contact lens wearers attending after-care in Kisumu County, Kenya.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This clinic-based cross-sectional study included 118 contact lens wearers attending after-care services in Kisumu County. CLD symptom burden was measured using the continuous Contact Lens Dry Eye Questionnaire-8 (CLDEQ-8) total score. Univariable and multivariable linear regression models with HC3 heteroscedasticity-robust standard errors estimated mean differences in CLDEQ-8 scores. The adjusted model included age, sex, blink rate, Schirmer's test, tear breakup time (TBUT), lid-parallel conjunctival folds (LIPCOF; ≥2 vs. 0-1 folds), and meibomian gland function. A sensitivity analysis used the established CLDEQ-8 threshold of ≥ 12 as a binary outcome.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean CLDEQ-8 score was 17.2 (SD 6.3). In univariable analysis, participants with ≥ 2 LIPCOF folds had CLDEQ-8 scores 3.28 points higher than those with 0-1 folds (95% CI 0.94 to 5.62; p = 0.007). The association remained after adjustment (mean difference 2.92 points, 95% CI 0.50 to 5.33; p = 0.018). Blink rate, Schirmer's test, TBUT, and meibomian gland function showed no clear adjusted associations with symptom burden. Excluding TBUT from the model produced an essentially unchanged LIPCOF estimate. In the binary sensitivity analysis, no factor was independently associated with a CLDEQ-8 score ≥ 12. The LIPCOF estimate attenuated in an exploratory model additionally adjusting for lens type and wearing characteristics.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Greater LIPCOF was associated with higher CLDEQ-8 symptom burden in the primary analysis, whereas blink rate and routine tear-film measures showed no clear independent associations. LIPCOF may provide useful supplementary information during contact lens after-care but should not be interpreted as a standalone marker of discomfort. Structured symptom assessment should remain central, and longitudinal studies are needed to clarify directionality and the influence of lens and wearing characteristics.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13501862/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148811957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Achieving low intraocular pressure in normal-tension glaucoma with the Preserflo MicroShunt: comparison with primary open-angle glaucoma and the XEN-45 Gel Stent.","authors":"Emil Nasyrov, Lasse Wolfram, Felix F Reichel, Caroline J Wenzel, Bogomil Voykov","doi":"10.1186/s12886-026-05254-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-026-05254-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Achieving low intraocular pressure (IOP) while minimizing surgical risk remains a central challenge in the management of normal-tension glaucoma (NTG). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the Preserflo MicroShunt (PMS) in NTG compared with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and the XEN-45 Gel Stent.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this retrospective dual-comparison study, the primary outcomes were 2-year complete success (≥ 30% reduction in IOP from baseline and ≤ 12 mmHg without medication) and hazard ratios (HRs) for surgical failure. Kaplan-Meier analyses and univariate Cox models were used to compare NTG PMS and POAG PMS patients (1:1 matched cohort; PMS analysis) and exploratory multivariable models for consecutive NTG PMS and NTG XEN-45 patients (NTG analysis). Secondary outcomes included bleb revision and complication rates.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the PMS analysis, 50 NTG patients were matched to 50 POAG patients. Two-year success rates were 69% and 45%, respectively (p = 0.0277). NTG diagnosis was associated with a lower risk of failure (HR 0.48, 95% CI 0.24-0.96) and fewer bleb revisions. In the NTG analysis, 45 PMS patients were compared with 23 XEN-45 patients. Two-year success rates were 71% and 17%, respectively (p < 0.0001). PMS implantation was associated with a lower risk of failure (HR 0.25, 95% CI 0.12-0.53) and fewer needling procedures. No sight-threatening complications occurred in any group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>PMS implantation enabled a high rate of sustained low IOP control, with significantly higher success rates than in matched POAG patients and NTG XEN-45 patients, while requiring fewer postoperative interventions. These findings indicate that the PMS might achieve lower IOP thresholds in NTG than previously expected requiring evaluation in larger prospective studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13505109/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148811935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}