BMC OphthalmologyPub Date : 2025-09-30DOI: 10.1186/s12886-025-04162-0
Hassan A Aljaberi, Saeed Rahmani, Amel Muhson Naji
{"title":"Correlation between refractive errors and ocular biometric parameters at Al-Mustaqbal University, Iraq.","authors":"Hassan A Aljaberi, Saeed Rahmani, Amel Muhson Naji","doi":"10.1186/s12886-025-04162-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-025-04162-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To establish the relationship between ocular biometry and refractive errors in young adult Iraqis by analyzing three critical biometric ocular parameters, including axial length (AL), corneal radius (CR), and central corneal thickness (CCT).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted on individuals aged 18-33 years at Al-Mustaqbal University, Iraq, including 1841 participants (3682 eyes). Quantitative measurements of AL, CR, and CCT were obtained using an Auto Kerato-Refractometer, IOL Master, and pachymetry techniques. Statistical analyses included Pearson correlation, multiple linear regression, one-way ANOVA, and independent samples t-tests to compare biometric parameters between refractive error groups. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) were applied to account for the correlation between fellow eyes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall mean AL was 24.45 ± 1.10 mm, mean CR was 7.37 ± 0.77 mm, and mean CCT was 555.83 ± 50.83 μm. Myopic participants had a significantly longer AL (25.11 ± 0.42 mm) compared to hyperopic participants (22.71 ± 0.65 mm; p < 0.001). Likewise, myopic eyes had significantly thicker corneas (CCT: 565.62 ± 12.68 μm) than hyperopic eyes (495.42 ± 18.74 μm; p < 0.001), as determined by independent samples t-tests. Females exhibited slightly longer ALs than males across both myopic and hyperopic groups (p < 0.0001). Regression analysis showed that AL was the strongest predictor of spherical equivalent (SE), followed by CR and CCT. The regression model including AL and CR explained 94.5% of the variance in SE (R² = 0.945).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings confirm that AL and CCT are strongly associated with refractive errors, with AL being a primary determinant. This study highlights the role of gender differences in biometric ocular parameters and provides valuable insights into the prevalence of refractive errors in young adults in Iraq. These results can inform future public health initiatives aimed at addressing refractive errors in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"25 1","pages":"517"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12487542/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145198240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BMC OphthalmologyPub Date : 2025-09-30DOI: 10.1186/s12886-025-04360-w
Saud AlJohani, Abdulmajeed Al Khathami, Abdulaziz Al Shehri
{"title":"Factors influencing ophthalmology trainees' decision to pursue vitreoretinal surgery fellowship in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Saud AlJohani, Abdulmajeed Al Khathami, Abdulaziz Al Shehri","doi":"10.1186/s12886-025-04360-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-025-04360-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The demand for vitreoretinal surgery (VRS) specialists is increasing globally due to the rising prevalence of retinal diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. In Saudi Arabia, the burden of retinal diseases is particularly high, with diabetic retinopathy affecting about one-third of diabetic patients. Despite this, factors influencing ophthalmology trainees' decisions to pursue VRS fellowship remain underexplored. This study aimed to identify the key factors shaping career decisions among ophthalmology trainees in Saudi Arabia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted between July and December 2024, targeting senior ophthalmology residents and vitreoretinal surgery fellows across Saudi Arabia. A purposive sampling method was used, and data were collected via an online survey adapted from a validated tool and assessed for content validity. The survey explored exposure to VRS, research opportunities, mentorship, and career motivations using a 5-point Likert scale. Descriptive statistics and nonparametric Mann-Whitney U tests were applied.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 61 trainees participated, of whom 35 (57.4%) reported pursuing a VRS fellowship. Male trainees were significantly more likely to pursue VRS than females (88.6% vs. 46.2%, p < 0.001). Most VRS pursuers reported deciding during residency years R2-R3, and 40% had performed over 100 cataract procedures. Major motivators included strong interest in complex surgeries (74.3%), advanced technology (51.4%), and the perceived prestige of VRS (54.3%). Exposure to VRS, research opportunities, and program match success were significantly associated with career choice, while mentorship and work-life balance played a lesser role.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The decision to pursue vitreoretinal surgery among ophthalmology trainees in Saudi Arabia is primarily influenced by early exposure, surgical complexity, and perceived prestige. Gender disparities remain evident, with male trainees more likely to enter VRS, partly due to limited female mentorship. Enhancing mentorship opportunities and fostering early exposure may help address these disparities and sustain interest in the subspecialty.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"25 1","pages":"519"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12481938/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145198247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Outcome of silicone oil tamponade combined dexamethasone implantation in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and retinal detachment undergoing vitrectomy: a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial.","authors":"Yu Cao, Bohao Wang, Muzi Li, Aimin Sun, Tsung-I Wang, Jiyang Tang, Siying Li, Jinfeng Qu","doi":"10.1186/s12886-025-04344-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-025-04344-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To report the outcome of adjunctive intravitreal dexamethasone (Ozurdex) implantation in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and retinal detachment (RD) undergoing vitrectomy and silicone oil (SO) tamponade.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>A one-year, single-center, prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 30 people (34 eyes) with PDR and RD who need vitrectomy and silicone oil tamponade were randomly assigned as 1:1 to study group and control group. Eyes in study group were injected with Ozurdex after vitrectomy and just before silicone oil tamponade. Primary outcome was the changes of epiretinal proliferative membranes area from 1 month to 12 months after the first operation. Anatomical and functional outcomes were also assessed during follow-up.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was no significant difference in baseline characteristics between the two groups. The incidence of preretinal proliferation progression from 1-month to 12-months follow-up in the study group was significantly lower than that in the control group (23.5% vs. 88.2%, p=0.000). The area of preretinal proliferation in the study group was significantly smaller than that in the control group at 1-month, 3-months, 6-months, and 12-months follow-up and this difference increased with the prolongation of follow-up time. During the follow-up period, the incidence of macular epiretinal membrane in the study group (11.8%) was significantly lower than that in the control group (41.2%) (p=0.024). The mean best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) between the two groups only showed a significant difference at 12-months follow-up, with better BCVA in study group (0.61±0.70 logMAR) than in the control group (1.02±1.00 logMAR) (p=0.024). The mean central retinal thickness (CRT) of the study group at 1 and 6 months were 225.9 ± 106.9 µm and 223.0±118.9 µm respectively which was significantly lower than that of the control group (450.8 ± 301.4 µm and 275.5±131.9 µm, p=0.008 and 0.024, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In patients with proliferative diabetes retinopathy complicated with retinal detachment, the combination of vitrectomy with silicone oil tamponade and dexamethasone implantation can reduce the incidence of preretinal proliferative membrane and macular epiretinal membrane and improve the visual outcome during 1 year follow-up.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"25 1","pages":"523"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12486658/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145198209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Autoimmune retinopathy in patients with myasthenia gravis: cases series and literature review.","authors":"Yiqiao Chen, Yexin Zhang, Jia Luo, Miaomiao Liu, Min Lin, Wenhua Zhu, Wenjun Xiong, Peiquan Zhao, Jianying Xi, Ping Fei","doi":"10.1186/s12886-025-04357-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-025-04357-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Previous studies showed a higher frequency of concurrent autoimmune disease (AD) in patients with Myasthenia gravis (MG), but very few cases on MG patients complicated with AIR have been reported in preview literature. The goal of this study was to present three cases of autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) with myasthenia gravis (MG), conduct a literature search, and summarize the clinical characteristics of this entity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Case series and literature review.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The seven AIR patients with MG were six females and a male with a mean age of 41.29(± 15.22)years old. Five had thymoma, and two had no tumor. Their symptoms of MG improved after treatment. The main ocular manifestations of AIR were bilateral, subacute, painless vision loss. The fundus examinations showed diffuse pigmentary retinopathy and atrophy of retina. Electroretinography (ERG) showed dysfunction of rod and cone cell. Hereditary retinopathy was ruled out. ARA (anti-retinal antibody) testing showed positive result for anti-retinal antibodies (ARAs), confirming the diagnosis of AIR.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>There is a certain frequency of concurrent MG and AIR. Patients with AIR have distinct features in the course of the disease, multimodal auxiliary examination and ARA testing. Suspected cases of MG should be comprehensively screened for early diagnosis and treatment of AIR.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"25 1","pages":"521"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12487295/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145198218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BMC OphthalmologyPub Date : 2025-09-30DOI: 10.1186/s12886-025-04322-2
Fawad A Khan, Alaa Malik, Evan Nelson, Kian Fahimdanesh, Karmveer Kaur, Jasmine Elison, Mohamed Sayed
{"title":"Permanent visual impairment following a Behçet's disease flare while on calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist therapy: a case report.","authors":"Fawad A Khan, Alaa Malik, Evan Nelson, Kian Fahimdanesh, Karmveer Kaur, Jasmine Elison, Mohamed Sayed","doi":"10.1186/s12886-025-04322-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-025-04322-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Behçet's disease (BD) is a chronic, relapsing, systemic vasculitis that can involve both arteries and veins. Ocular involvement, including non-granulomatous panuveitis and occlusive retinal vasculitis, is common and a significant cause of morbidity. Erenumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor approved for migraine prevention Although it is generally well tolerated, recent concerns have emerged regarding its vasoconstrictive potential in patients with underlying vascular disorders.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>We report a case of a 44-year-old woman with a history of BD, well-managed with azathioprine and methotrexate, who developed painless, bilateral subacute visual loss eleven days after receiving her second monthly dose of erenumab. This occurred during a BD flare marked by oral ulcers and severe migraine. Despite corticosteroid treatment, visual acuity did not improve. Erenumab was discontinued, but at her following visit four weeks later, vision remained impaired and visual fields showed blind spot enlargement and nonspecific defects.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We hypothesize that the patient's visual loss was due to secondary ischemia from BD-associated small-vessel vasculitis, potentially exacerbated by CGRP receptor blockade from erenumab, which may have impaired compensatory vasodilation in the optic nerve or retinal circulation. This case represents the first report of permanent bilateral visual impairment associated with CGRP antagonist use in a patient with BD. Recent FDA labeling updates for CGRP-targeting agents now caution against use in patients with preexisting vascular disease, including risk of hypertension and Raynaud's phenomenon. This case underscores the need for heightened caution when prescribing CGRP inhibitors to patients with systemic vasculitic disorders and highlights the importance of further investigation to better define the safety profile of these agents in individuals with underlying vascular disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"25 1","pages":"518"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12487509/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145198225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BMC OphthalmologyPub Date : 2025-09-30DOI: 10.1186/s12886-025-04364-6
Naif Alsuliman, Shahad Alruwaili
{"title":"Post-corneal tattooing trigeminal nerve-distributed hyperpigmentation: a case report.","authors":"Naif Alsuliman, Shahad Alruwaili","doi":"10.1186/s12886-025-04364-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-025-04364-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>keratopigmentation is a proven cosmetic and surgical intervention for corneal irregularities or opaqueness, notably in blind eye. postoperative skin hyperpigmentation localized to a trigeminal nerve distribution has not been documented in any previous research.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>We present a rare case of trigeminal nerve-distributed hyperpigmentation following corneal tattooing in a patient with a history of multiple procedures. Over the years, he underwent multiple ocular and periocular reconstructive surgeries. The patient initially underwent corneal tattooing in December 2014 for cosmetic rehabilitation, which yielded satisfactory results with no complaints. However, following an augmentation of the corneal tattoo in 2023, he developed hyperpigmentation of the skin localized to the ophthalmic (V1) division of the trigeminal nerve.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This case showcases an uncommon but noteworthy dermatologic reaction following ocular tattooing, raising questions about potential pigment migration, neural-mediated skin responses, or localized inflammatory sequelae.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"25 1","pages":"526"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12486738/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145198182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ophthalmological signs and sensorimotor evaluation in mitochondrial chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia: a multidisciplinary prospective study.","authors":"Gustavo Savino, Federico Giannuzzi, Valentina Cima, Davide Brando, Claudia Fossataro, Serenella Servidei, Maria Cristina Savastano, Guido Primiano","doi":"10.1186/s12886-025-04194-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-025-04194-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Primary mitochondrial myopathies (PMM) are disorders that involve defects in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and impair mainly, but not exclusively, skeletal muscles. Progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO), eyelid ptosis, exercise intolerance and skeletal muscle weakness are the most common symptoms of myopathy in mitochondrial diseases, impairing ocular motility and visual abilities.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-five patients underwent complete ophthalmological examination, including best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), ptosis evaluation, dilated fundus examination, and orthoptic examinations, including cover and cover-uncover test, ocular motility analysis, fusional amplitude (FA) vergence for near and for distance, Bagolini striated glasses test (BSGs) and Worth four-dot lights test (WFDT).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean age at evaluation was of 47,2 ± 16.07 years. Twenty-two (88%) out of 25 patients had a PEO disease, while three (12%) of them a Kearn-Sayre syndrome (KSS). Ocular motility impairment was found in 92% of the population. Fifteen patients (60%) didn't complain of double vision in casual seeing condition despite some of them showed manifest strabismus both at far (53%) and at near (60%). A compensation sensorial mechanism, mainly suppression, was detected through sensory tests. The near and distance fusional capabilities in convergence and in divergence (CFAs and DFAs) were absent in 68 and 72% of the whole sample respectively. PEO manifests at an older age than KSS (p = 0.003), diplopia does not correlate with disease duration (p = 0.06) and no predictive factors for diplopia can be identified.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A significant number of patients not complaining of double vision in casual seeing state showed manifest or latent/manifest strabismus at FAoD and NAoD. Most strabismic patients had a monocular suppression or alternate diplopia and suppression at sensory tests (BSGs and WFDT). The pathophysiology of these sensory adaptations in an adult visual system can only be hypothesized. A multidisciplinary approach is essential for proper clinical management and to analyze an understand clinical features pathogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"25 1","pages":"520"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12487612/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145198217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BMC OphthalmologyPub Date : 2025-09-30DOI: 10.1186/s12886-025-04330-2
Sang Min Park, Daeun Shin, Chul Gu Kim, Jae Hui Kim
{"title":"Characteristics of geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration in Korean patients.","authors":"Sang Min Park, Daeun Shin, Chul Gu Kim, Jae Hui Kim","doi":"10.1186/s12886-025-04330-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-025-04330-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"25 1","pages":"516"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12487059/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145198244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BMC OphthalmologyPub Date : 2025-09-30DOI: 10.1186/s12886-025-04335-x
Wenkai Zhou, Tianyu Ye, Jingxiao Du, Tianwei Qian, Zhihua Zhang
{"title":"Effects of age and sex on the early visual outcomes of small-incision lenticule extraction for myopia correction.","authors":"Wenkai Zhou, Tianyu Ye, Jingxiao Du, Tianwei Qian, Zhihua Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s12886-025-04335-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-025-04335-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"25 1","pages":"513"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12487197/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145198238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}