Biofabrication最新文献

{"title":"Implementing microfluidic flow device model in utilizing dural substitutes as pulp capping materials for vital pulp therapy.","authors":"Min-Yong Lee, Hi-Won Yoon, Sun-Il Kim, Jae-Sung Kwon, Su-Jung Shin","doi":"10.1088/1758-5090/ad6cf8","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1758-5090/ad6cf8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vital pulp therapy (VPT) has gained prominence with the increasing trends towards conservative dental treatment with specific indications for preserving tooth vitality by selectively removing the inflamed tissue instead of the entire dental pulp. Although VPT has shown high success rates in long-term follow-up, adverse effects have been reported due to the calcification of tooth canals by mineral trioxide aggregates (MTAs), which are commonly used in VPT. Canal calcification poses challenges for accessing instruments during retreatment procedures. To address this issue, this study evaluated the mechanical properties of dural substitute intended to alleviate intra-pulp pressure caused by inflammation, along with assessing the biological responses of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), both of which play crucial roles in dental pulp. The study examined the application of dural substitutes as pulp capping materials, replacing MTA. This assessment was conducted using a microfluidic flow device model that replicated the blood flow environment within the dental pulp. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were employed to ensure that the fluid flow velocity within the microfluidic flow device matched the actual blood flow velocity within the dental pulp. Furthermore, the dural substitutes (Biodesign; BD and Neuro-Patch; NP) exhibited resistance to penetration by 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HEMA) released from the upper restorative materials and bonding agents. Finally, while MTA increased the expression of angiogenesis-related and hard tissue-related genes in HUVEC and hDPSCS, respectively, BD and NP did not alter gene expression and preserved the original characteristics of both cell types. Hence, dural substitutes have emerged as promising alternatives for VPT owing to their resistance to HEMA penetration and the maintenance of stemness. Moreover, the microfluidic flow device model closely replicated the cellular responses observed in live pulp chambers, thereby indicating its potential use as an<i>in vivo</i>testing platform.</p>","PeriodicalId":8964,"journal":{"name":"Biofabrication","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141905828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Droplet-based microfluidics for engineering shape-controlled hydrogels with stiffness gradient.","authors":"Bram G Soliman, Ian L Chin, Yiwei Li, Melissa Ishii, Minh Hieu Ho, Vinh Khanh Doan, Thomas R Cox, Peng Yuan Wang, Gabriella C J Lindberg, Yu Shrike Zhang, Tim B F Woodfield, Yu Suk Choi, Khoon S Lim","doi":"10.1088/1758-5090/ad6d8e","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1758-5090/ad6d8e","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Current biofabrication strategies are limited in their ability to replicate native shape-to-function relationships, that are dependent on adequate biomimicry of macroscale shape as well as size and microscale spatial heterogeneity, within cell-laden hydrogels. In this study, a novel diffusion-based microfluidics platform is presented that meets these needs in a two-step process. In the first step, a hydrogel-precursor solution is dispersed into a continuous oil phase within the microfluidics tubing. By adjusting the dispersed and oil phase flow rates, the physical architecture of hydrogel-precursor phases can be adjusted to generate spherical and plug-like structures, as well as continuous meter-long hydrogel-precursor phases (up to 1.75 m). The second step involves the controlled introduction a small molecule-containing aqueous phase through a T-shaped tube connector to enable controlled small molecule diffusion across the interface of the aqueous phase and hydrogel-precursor. Application of this system is demonstrated by diffusing co-initiator sodium persulfate (SPS) into hydrogel-precursor solutions, where the controlled SPS diffusion into the hydrogel-precursor and subsequent photo-polymerization allows for the formation of unique radial stiffness patterns across the shape- and size-controlled hydrogels, as well as allowing the formation of hollow hydrogels with controllable internal architectures. Mesenchymal stromal cells are successfully encapsulated within hollow hydrogels and hydrogels containing radial stiffness gradient and found to respond to the heterogeneity in stiffness through the yes-associated protein mechano-regulator. Finally, breast cancer cells are found to phenotypically switch in response to stiffness gradients, causing a shift in their ability to aggregate, which may have implications for metastasis. The diffusion-based microfluidics thus finds application mimicking native shape-to-function relationship in the context of tissue engineering and provides a platform to further study the roles of micro- and macroscale architectural features that exist within native tissues.</p>","PeriodicalId":8964,"journal":{"name":"Biofabrication","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141911581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient fabrication of 3D bioprinted functional sensory neurons using an inducible Neurogenin-2 human pluripotent stem cell line.","authors":"Mitchell St Clair-Glover, Rocio K Finol-Urdaneta, Marnie Maddock, Eileen Wallace, Sara Miellet, Gordon Wallace, Zhilian Yue, Mirella Dottori","doi":"10.1088/1758-5090/ad69c4","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1758-5090/ad69c4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Three-dimensional (3D) tissue models have gained recognition for their improved ability to mimic the native cell microenvironment compared to traditional two-dimensional models. This progress has been driven by advances in tissue-engineering technologies such as 3D bioprinting, a promising method for fabricating biomimetic living tissues. While bioprinting has succeeded in generating various tissues to date, creating neural tissue models remains challenging. In this context, we present an accelerated approach to fabricate 3D sensory neuron (SN) structures using a transgenic human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-line that contains an inducible Neurogenin-2 (NGN2) expression cassette. The NGN2 hPSC line was first differentiated to neural crest cell (NCC) progenitors, then incorporated into a cytocompatible gelatin methacryloyl-based bioink for 3D bioprinting. Upregulated NGN2 expression in the bioprinted NCCs resulted in induced SN (iSN) populations that exhibited specific cell markers, with 3D analysis revealing widespread neurite outgrowth through the scaffold volume. Calcium imaging demonstrated functional activity of iSNs, including membrane excitability properties and voltage-gated sodium channel (Na<i>_V</i>) activity. This efficient approach to generate 3D bioprinted iSN structures streamlines the development of neural tissue models, useful for the study of neurodevelopment and disease states and offering translational potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":8964,"journal":{"name":"Biofabrication","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141858961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Embedded three-dimensional printing of thick pea-protein-enriched constructs for large, customized structured cell-based meat production.","authors":"Iris Ianovici, Yedidya Zagury, Noa Afik, Moran Hendel, Neta Lavon, Shulamit Levenberg","doi":"10.1088/1758-5090/ad628f","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1758-5090/ad628f","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent 3D-printing research showed the potential of using plant-protein-enriched inks to fabricate cultivated meat (CM) via agar-based support baths. However, for fabricating large, customized, structured, thick cellular constructs and further cultivation, improved 3D-printing capabilities and diffusion limit circumvention are warranted. The presented study harnesses advanced printing and thick tissue engineering concepts for such purpose. By improving bath composition and altering printing design and execution, large-scale, marbled, 0.5-cm-thick rib-eye shaped constructs were obtained. The constructs featured stable fibrous architectures comparable to those of structured-meat products. Customized multi-cellular constructs with distinct regions were produced as well. Furthermore, sustainable 1-cm-thick cellular constructs were carefully designed and produced, which successfully maintained cell viability and activity for 3 weeks, through the combined effects of void-incorporation and dynamic culturing. As large, geometrically complex construct fabrication suitable for long-term cellular cultivation was demonstrated, these findings hold great promise for advancing structured CM research.</p>","PeriodicalId":8964,"journal":{"name":"Biofabrication","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141598279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bone-on-a-chip simulating bone metastasis in osteoporosis.","authors":"Sunghan Lee, Young Gyun Kim, Hyo-Il Jung, Ji Seok Lim, Ki Chang Nam, Han Seok Choi, Bong Seop Kwak","doi":"10.1088/1758-5090/ad6cf9","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1758-5090/ad6cf9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Osteoporosis is the most common bone disorder, which is a highly dangerous condition that can promote bone metastases. As the current treatment for osteoporosis involves long-term medication therapy and a cure for bone metastasis is not known, ongoing efforts are required for drug development for osteoporosis. Animal experiments, traditionally used for drug development, raise ethical concerns and are expensive and time-consuming. Organ-on-a-chip technology is being developed as a tool to supplement such animal models. In this study, we developed a bone-on-a-chip by co-culturing osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts in an extracellular matrix environment that can represent normal bone, osteopenia, and osteoporotic conditions. We then simulated bone metastases using breast cancer cells in three different bone conditions and observed that bone metastases were most active in osteoporotic conditions. Furthermore, it was revealed that the promotion of bone metastasis in osteoporotic conditions is due to increased vascular permeability. The bone-on-a-chip developed in this study can serve as a platform to complement animal models for drug development for osteoporosis and bone metastasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":8964,"journal":{"name":"Biofabrication","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141905826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spermatogenesis in mouse testicular organoids with testis-specific architecture, improved germ cell survival and testosterone production.","authors":"Guillaume Richer, Cleo Goyvaerts, Lorna Marchandise, Tamara Vanhaecke, Ellen Goossens, Yoni Baert","doi":"10.1088/1758-5090/ad618f","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1758-5090/ad618f","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study presents a biphasic approach to overcome the limitations of current testicular organoid (TO) cultures, including histological heterogeneity, germ cell loss and absence of spermatogenesis. Agarose microwells were utilized to create TOs from prepubertal C57BL/6 J testicular cells. First emphasis was on improving germ cell survival during the initial 2-week reorganization phase by comparing<i>α</i>-MEM + 10% knockout serum replacement (KSR) medium, known to support TO generation in mice, to three optimized media (1-3). Cell densities and culture dynamics were also tested to recreate histological resemblance to testes. After optimizing germ cell survival and cell organization, the effect of growth factors and immunomodulation through CD45⁺immune cell depletion or dexamethasone (DEX) supplementation were assessed for enhancing spermatogenesis during the subsequent differentiation phase. Testicular cells self-reorganized into organoids resembling the testicular anatomical unit, characterized by one tubule-like structure surrounded by interstitium. Media 1-3 proved superior for organoid growth during the reorganization phase, with TOs in medium 3 exhibiting germ cell numbers (7.4% ± 4.8%) comparable to controls (9.3% ± 5.3%). Additionally, 37% ± 30% demonstrated organized histology from 32 × 10³cells under static conditions. Switching to<i>α</i>-MEM + 10% KSR during the differentiation phase increased formation efficiency to 85 ± 7%, along with elevated germ cell numbers, testosterone production (3.1 ± 0.9 ng ml^-1) and generation of<i>γ-</i>H2AX⁺spermatid-like cells (steps 8-11, 1.2% ± 2.2% of the total). Adding differentiation factors to the<i>α</i>-MEM increased spermatid-like cell numbers to 2.9% ± 5.9%, confirmed through positive staining for CREM, transition protein 1, and peanut agglutinin. Although, these remained diploid with irregular nuclear maturation. DEX supplementation had no additional effect, and immune cell depletion adversely impacted TO formation. The manipulability of TOs offers advantages in studying male infertility and exploring therapies, with scalability enabling high-throughput chemical screening and reducing animal usage in reproductive toxicity and drug discovery studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":8964,"journal":{"name":"Biofabrication","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141578860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A nasal airway-on-chip model to evaluate airflow pre-conditioning during epithelial cell maturation at the air-liquid interface.","authors":"Amanda C Walls, Manon van Vegchel, Abigail Lakey, Hemali Gauri, Joshua Dixon, Laís A Ferreira, Ishita Tandon, Kartik Balachandran","doi":"10.1088/1758-5090/ad663d","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1758-5090/ad663d","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The function of a well-differentiated nasal epithelium is largely affected by airflow-induced wall shear stress, yet few<i>in vitro</i>models recapitulate this dynamic condition. Models which do expose cells to airflow exclusively initiate flow after the differentiation process has occurred.<i>In vivo</i>, basal cells are constantly replenishing the epithelium under airflow conditions, indicating that airflow may affect the development and function of the differentiated epithelium. To address this gap in the field, we developed a physiologically relevant microphysiological model of the human nasal epithelium and investigated the effects of exposing cells to airflow during epithelial maturation at the air-liquid interface. The nasal airway-on-chip platform was engineered to mimic bi-directional physiological airflow during normal breathing. Primary human nasal epithelial cells were seeded on chips and subjected to either: (1) no flow, (2) single flow (0.5 dyne cm^-2flow on Day 21 of ALI only), or (3) pre-conditioning flow (0.05 dyne cm^-2on Days 14-20 and 0.5 dyne cm^-2flow on Day 21) treatments. Cells exposed to pre-conditioning showed decreased morphological changes and mucus secretions, as well as decreased inflammation, compared to unconditioned cells. Our results indicate that flow exposure only post-differentiation may impose acute stress on cells, while pre-conditioning may potentiate a properly functioning epithelium<i>in vitro</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":8964,"journal":{"name":"Biofabrication","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141747401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formation and culture of cell spheroids by using magnetic nanostructures resembling a crown of thorns.","authors":"Shijiao Li, Jingjiang Qiu, Zhongwei Guo, Qiulei Gao, Chen-Yu Huang, Yilin Hao, Yifan Hu, Tianshui Liang, Ming Zhai, Yudong Zhang, Bangbang Nie, Wei-Jen Chang, Wen Wang, Rui Xi, Ronghan Wei","doi":"10.1088/1758-5090/ad6794","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1758-5090/ad6794","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In contrast to traditional two-dimensional cell-culture conditions, three-dimensional (3D) cell-culture models closely mimic complex<i>in vivo</i>conditions. However, constructing 3D cell culture models still faces challenges. In this paper, by using micro/nano fabrication method, including lithography, deposition, etching, and lift-off, we designed magnetic nanostructures resembling a crown of thorns. This magnetic crown of thorns (MCT) nanostructure enables the isolation of cells that have endocytosed magnetic particles. To assess the utility of this nanostructure, we used high-flux acquisition of Jurkat cells, an acute-leukemia cell line exhibiting the native phenotype, as an example. The novel structure enabled Jurkat cells to form spheroids within just 30 min by leveraging mild magnetic forces to bring together endocytosed magnetic particles. The size, volume, and arrangement of these spheroids were precisely regulated by the dimensions of the MCT nanostructure and the array configuration. The resulting magnetic cell clusters were uniform in size and reached saturation after 1400 s. Notably, these cell clusters could be easily separated from the MCT nanostructure through enzymatic digestion while maintaining their integrity. These clusters displayed a strong proliferation rate and survival capabilities, lasting for an impressive 96 h. Compared with existing 3D cell-culture models, the approach presented in this study offers the advantage of rapid formation of uniform spheroids that can mimic<i>in vivo</i>microenvironments. These findings underscore the high potential of the MCT in cell-culture models and magnetic tissue enginerring.</p>","PeriodicalId":8964,"journal":{"name":"Biofabrication","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141756980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>In vitro</i>osteogenesis of hMSCs on collagen membranes embedded within LEGO^®-inspired 3D printed PCL constructs for mandibular bone repair.","authors":"Daphne van der Heide, Luan Phelipe Hatt, Sylvie Wirth, Maria E Pirera, Angela R Armiento, Martin J Stoddart","doi":"10.1088/1758-5090/ad6931","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1758-5090/ad6931","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The field of bone tissue engineering aims to develop an effective and aesthetical bone graft substitute capable of repairing large mandibular defects. However, graft failure resulting from necrosis and insufficient integration with native tissue due to lack of oxygen and nutrient transportation remains a concern. To overcome these drawbacks, this study aims to develop a 3D printed polycaprolactone layered construct with a LEGO^®-inspired interlocking mechanism enabling spatial distribution of biological components. To highlight its<i>in vitro</i>osteogenic potential, human mesenchymal stromal cells are cultured onto Bio-Gide^®Compressed collagen (Col) membranes, which are embedded within the layered construct for 28 d. The osteogenic response is assessed through the measurement of proliferation, relevant markers for osteogenesis including alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, expression of transcriptional genes (SP7, RUNX2/SOX9) as well matrix-related genes (COL1A1, ALPL IBSP, SPP1), osteoprotegerin secretion.<i>In vitro</i>osteogenic differentiation results showed increased levels of these osteogenic markers, indicating the layered construct's potential to support osteogenesis. In this study, a novel workflow of 3D printing a patient-specific LEGO^®-inspired layered construct that can spatially deliver biological elements was successfully demonstrated. These layered constructs have the potential to be employed as a bone tissue engineering strategy, with particular focus on the repair of large mandibular defects.</p>","PeriodicalId":8964,"journal":{"name":"Biofabrication","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141854661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel membrane-on-chip guides morphogenesis for the reconstruction of the intestinal crypt-villus axis.","authors":"Sara Sibilio, Raffaele Mennella, Vincenza De Gregorio, Alessia La Rocca, Francesco Urciuolo, Giorgia Imparato, Paolo A Netti","doi":"10.1088/1758-5090/ad6599","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1758-5090/ad6599","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reconstructing the microscale villous organisation and functionality of the small intestine is essential for developing<i>in vitro</i>platforms tailored for absorption studies as well as for investigating intestinal morphogenesis in development and disease. However, the current fabrication techniques able to mimic the villus-crypt axis poses significant challenges in terms of reconstruction of the complex 3D microarchitecture. These challenges extend beyond mere structural intricacies to encompass the incorporation of diverse cell types and the management of intricate fluid dynamics within the system. Here, we introduce a novel microfluidic device called<i>In-Crypts</i>, which integrates a cell-instructive membrane aimed at inducing and guiding Caco-2 cells morphogenesis. Patterned topographical cues embossed onto the porous membrane induce the formation of a well-organized intestinal epithelium, characterized by proliferating crypt-like domains and differentiated villus-like regions. Notably, our cell-instructive porous membrane effectively sustains stem cells development, faithfully replicating the niche environment of<i>in vivo</i>intestinal crypts thus mirroring the cell biogeography observed<i>in vivo</i>. Moreover, by introducing dynamic fluid flow, we provide a faithful recapitulation of the native microenvironmental shear stress experienced by the intestinal epithelium. This stress plays a crucial role in influencing cell behaviour, differentiation, and overall functionality, thus offering a highly realistic model for studying intestinal physiology and pathology. The resulting intestinal epithelium exhibits significantly denser regions of mucus and microvilli, characteristic typically absent in static cultures, upregulating more than 1.5 of the amount expressed in the classical flattened configuration, enhanced epithelial cell differentiation and increased adsorptive surface area. Hence, the innovative design of<i>In-Crypts</i>proves the critical role of employing a cell-instructive membrane in argument the physiological relevance of organs-on-chips. This aspect, among others, will contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of organism function, directly impacting drug discovery and development.</p>","PeriodicalId":8964,"journal":{"name":"Biofabrication","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141726837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}