Journal of glycomics & lipidomics最新文献

{"title":"Lipidomics Techniques and its Applications in Medical Research","authors":"Honglei Huang","doi":"10.4172/2153-0637.1000115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-0637.1000115","url":null,"abstract":"Lipids are diverse families of biomolecules that are involved in essential structural as well as signalling roles in \u0000biology. The analytical measurement of lipids and their identification & quantitation has become a major research area, in \u0000particular in biomedical science as many human pathologies are associated with lipid metabolism disorders. This review \u0000provides a brief overview over experimental workflows of lipid isolation and mass spectrometry based detection methods \u0000robust enough to study lipid profiles in a clinical context.","PeriodicalId":89585,"journal":{"name":"Journal of glycomics & lipidomics","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70230332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Detailed Structural Characterization of Chemically Modified Glycosaminoglycans is Absolutely Essential to Explain Potential Biological Effects","authors":"Katharina Lemmnitzer, J. Schiller","doi":"10.4172/2153-0637.1000E122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-0637.1000E122","url":null,"abstract":"The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex, highly organized tissue that is omnipresent in all vertebrates. Although the ECM is studied since many years by biochemical and biophysical methods [1] from the viewpoint of basic sciences, the increasing interest in ECM is nowadays coming from the considerable medical relevance of the ECM [2] and the increasing relevance of “regenerative medicine” [3]. In addition to obvious injuries such as skin burns, bone fractures, or mechanical cartilage injuries, many ECM-related diseases are also accompanied by inflammatory processes. Physicians define the “cardinal” symptoms of inflammation as the occurrence of pain, swelling, redness, heat, and loss of tissue function. From a more (bio) chemical view point, however, inflammatory processes are initiated by the infiltration of typical inflammation cells such as macrophages or neutrophils: these cells generate upon stimulation “reactive oxygen species” (ROS) such as hydroxyl radicals (HO•) or hypochlorous acid (HOCl) in addition to the release of a multitude of proteolytic enzymes such as elastase or collagenase which are all capable of degrading the different components of the ECM [4]. Despite the significant socioeconomic relevance [4], there is so far no perfect cure of ECM-related diseases!","PeriodicalId":89585,"journal":{"name":"Journal of glycomics & lipidomics","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70234094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prospective Application of Lipidomics in Prostate Cancer","authors":"Xinchun Zhou","doi":"10.4172/2153-0637.1000114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-0637.1000114","url":null,"abstract":"Lipidomics, a rapidly developing research field, has been widely studied in many non-cancer areas, and in some \u0000cancers. Taking prostate cancer as an example, this article has concisely reviewed applications of lipidomics in cancer \u0000research. Lipidomics is able to identify a few out of thousands individual lipid species in bio-fluids as biomarkers in \u0000diagnosis of prostate cancer with high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. This technology has been also used in studying \u0000the pathogenesis of prostate cancer by combining data of lipid profiling with lipid metabolites and pathways strategy. \u0000Importantly, lipidomics can provide details of lipid compositions different between prostate cancer and benign prostate, \u0000which will greatly help to make strategy in prevention and treatment of prostate cancer.","PeriodicalId":89585,"journal":{"name":"Journal of glycomics & lipidomics","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70230203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia “Rare Disease”.","authors":"Giuliana Mombelli, S. Castelnuovo, C. Pavanello","doi":"10.4172/2153-0637.1000E121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-0637.1000E121","url":null,"abstract":"Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) is an inherited disorder caused by homozygous mutations in the lowdensity lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) gene. The genetic basis of this autosomal co-dominant disorder is distinguished by loss of function mutations in both LDL-R gene loci, resulting in reduced uptake and clearance of circulating low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) by the liver. The LDL-R gene is located on chromosome 19 and more than 1,000 mutations, affecting the function of the receptor, have been described [1]. The resulting defects refer to different functions, i.e. ligand binding, transport, internalization, recycling, or total lack of receptors [2]. Types of LDL-R mutations include single amino acid substitutions, premature stop codons, large rearrangements, mutations affecting the promotor region and splicing of pre-messenger RNA. Rarely, similar clinical phenotypes occur with a recessive pattern of inheritance i.e. autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia (ARH). In this case the mutations are located on chromosome 1. The differential diagnosis can be done only with genetic analysis [3]. The accumulation of cholesterol after birth produces several clinical manifestations, including xanthomas located on the hands, elbows, feet, Achilles tendons and cardiovascular complications, such as aortic valve disease. The combination of high total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-C can lead to early-onset accelerated atherosclerosis and premature coronary death, usually before the patient turns 30 years old. The diagnosis of this disease is performed during the first decade of life. In patients with HoFH, the main cause of morbidity and mortality is represented by coronary arteries disease. The majority of patients with HoFH will not achieve sufficient reductions in LDL-C levels even with the maximal doses of statin and non-statin therapies. These patients often require additional therapy such as LDL-C apheresis. This is an effective way to lower LDL-C levels in patients with FH who are not responsive to or are intolerant to drug therapy. Unlike statins, apheresis also lowers Lp(a) levels [4-6]. Apheresis is a procedure that physically remove plasma lipoproteins from the blood using dextran sulfate cellulose adsorption (DSA), heparin-induced extracorporeal LDL-C precipitation (HELP), immunoadsorption, double filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP), or direct adsorption of lipoproteins [7]. Unfortunately many patients with HoFH do not achieve the desired reduction of lipoproteins and the LDL-C levels return to pre-treatment levels within 2 to 4 weeks [7]. Specific recommendations exist for the management of children and adolescents with HoFH. The NLA Expert Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolemia recommends initial treatment for pediatric patients with statin therapy beginning at the age of 8 years, although patients with HoFH may require treatment at an earlier age [8]. The majority of pediatric patients with HoFH will require apheresis to achieve","PeriodicalId":89585,"journal":{"name":"Journal of glycomics & lipidomics","volume":"228 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70233893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Analytical Methods to Detect Polysialic Acid","authors":"C. Sato","doi":"10.4172/2153-0637.1000113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-0637.1000113","url":null,"abstract":"Polysialic acid (polySia) is a highly anionic polymer of sialic acid that mostly modifies the neural cell adhesion molecule \u0000(NCAM), and involved in brain functions such as learning, memory, circadian rhythm, and social behaviors, through making \u0000repulsive and attractive fields on the cell surface. Recently, polySia has been reported to have relationships with some \u0000diseases such as psychiatric disorders and cancers. To understand functions of polySia and to apply evaluation methods \u0000of polySia structures to the diagnosis of diseases, the comparison of the methods for determining the quality and quantity \u0000of polySia structures would be important and necessary. In this study, two monoclonal antibodies, 12E3 and 735, of distinct \u0000binding properties were chosen for immunochemical methods by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a \u0000Western-blotting. Two chemical methods, mild acid hydrolysis-fluorometric anion exchange chromatography (MH-FAEC) \u0000analysis, and fluorometric C7/C9 analysis were also chosen. These methods were applied to a small amount of crude adult \u0000and embryonic brain homogenates to evaluate the quantity and quality of polySia structure. The quantity of polySia can \u0000be evaluated using anti-polySia antibodies by ELISA. In addition, MH-FAEC can be also applied to the evaluation of both \u0000quantity and quality (chain length) of polySia chain. Biochemical characters of polySia-NCAM in crude homogenates can \u0000be analyzed using a mono Q-anion exchange chromatography. Combinational analyses of these methods could help our \u0000further understanding of polySia structure, and the quantity and quality of polySia will become criteria useful for diagnosis \u0000of diseases.","PeriodicalId":89585,"journal":{"name":"Journal of glycomics & lipidomics","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70229699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Genome Sequencing in the Identification of Novel Therapeutic Targets","authors":"K. Alharbi, I. Khan, Y. Tejaswini, Y. A. Devi","doi":"10.4172/2153-0637.1000112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-0637.1000112","url":null,"abstract":"Remarkable technological innovations have emerged in recent years allowing for rapid and cost-effective whole genome direct sequencing. This generation of massive amounts of genomic data was made with the assumption that the better understanding of the Genomics would aid in the identification of new causes for genetic disorders, as well as discovering new therapeutic targets. Due to this assumption, many genomes from different organisms, including humans, have been sequenced, resulting in an immense amount of genetic data. However, in order to best use this data, a similar expansion in our ability to process and analyze the data on a large scale will be necessary. The present review focuses on the impact of genome sequencing projects on the identification of novel genes and proteins, with a special focus on the role of sequencing pathogenic genomes in potential drug development.","PeriodicalId":89585,"journal":{"name":"Journal of glycomics & lipidomics","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70230083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lipid Raft and Platelet SNARE Machinery","authors":"F. Khasawneh, Zubair A. Karim","doi":"10.4172/2153-0637.1000E119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-0637.1000E119","url":null,"abstract":"Lipid rafts are defined as insoluble areas in the cell membrane, resistant to non-ionic detergents. These areas, which are also called detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs), and are enriched in glycosphingolipids, saturated phospholipids and cholesterol, have been identified in several cell types including platelets. Initially, they were believed to be responsible for the intercellular transport of glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins to the apical surface in polarized cells [1,2]. However, over the decades, rafts have increasingly been recognized as membrane microdomains, and found to play a critical role in the control of several cellular activation processes. Thus, very divergent proteins such as Src family kinases, caveolins, palmitoylated proteins such as G proteins, GPI-anchored proteins such as Thy-1 and alkaline phosphatases, tetraspannin proteolipids and various signaling molecules have all been shown to be associated with lipid rafts. Different types of rafts coexist at the plasma membrane with functionally distinct lipid composition [3]. Furthermore, lipid rafts are not only found at the plasma membrane, but also as part of the internal membrane of granules, Golgi complex and even phagosomes [4,5]. Evidence for a functional role of lipid rafts in platelets is very recent: Gousset et al. [6] have shown that during cold-induced platelet activation, rafts cluster into larger aggregates, a reversible process depending on platelet activation. These authors showed raft aggregation to be dependent on the presence of cholesterol in the membrane, and further identified the presence of CD36 in DRMs. Using fluorescence microscopy of platelets being activated with thrombin and collagen, large fluorescent clusters of lipid rafts were formed, leading these investigators to conclude that raft aggregation is triggered by platelet activation, suggestive of a role for microdomains in platelet signaling [6].","PeriodicalId":89585,"journal":{"name":"Journal of glycomics & lipidomics","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70233818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Characterization of Protein O-linked Mannose β-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1 in Zebrafish","authors":"Y. Tamaru, Eriko Ban, H. Manya, T. Endo, Shinichi Akiyama","doi":"10.4172/2153-0637.1000111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-0637.1000111","url":null,"abstract":"Muscular dystrophies are genetic diseases characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and muscular weakening. Defects in glycosylation of α-dystroglycan are responsible for certain congenital muscular dystrophies to be called α-dystroglycanopathies. The structure of glycans in α-dystroglycan is Siaα2-3Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1- 2Manα1-Ser/Thr and required for binding basal lamina proteins. The first step of O-mannosyl glycan synthesis on α-dystroglycan is catalyzed by protein O-mannosyltransferases (POMT1 and POMT2), and detect in POMT1 or POMT2 result in Walker-Warburg syndrome one of the α-dystroglycanopathies. Next step is catalyzed by O-mannose β-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1 (POMGnT1) and it is responsible for muscle-eye-brain disease. We have previously reported that protein O-mannosylation is necessary for normal embryonic development in zebrafish and revealed that zebrafish is a useful model for α-dystroglycanopathies. In this study, we focused on zebrafish POMGnT1. Zebrafish POMGnT1 revealed high level of expression in ovary and ubiquitously throughout early developmental stage as well as zebrafish POMT1 and POMT2. Morpholino experiments of zebrafish POMGnT1 in juvenile zebrafish showed several phenotypes of bended body, small eyes and edematous pericardium. More importantly, morpholino-injected zebrafish had reduction of the reactivity to the monoclonal antibody IIH6 that recognizes a glycosylated α-dystroglycan. Furthermore, phenotypes observed by knockdown of zebrafish POMGnT1 were similar to zebrafish POMT2 rather than zebrafish POMT1. Finally, in order to measure POMGnT1 activity, we cloned and expressed zebrafish POMGnT1 in human embryonic kidney 293T cells. As a result, zebrafish POMGnT1 had the enzymatic activity to transfer GlcNAc from UDP-GlcNAc to O-mannosyl peptide, indicating that O-mannosylation pathway of α-dystroglycan is conserved in zebrafish.","PeriodicalId":89585,"journal":{"name":"Journal of glycomics & lipidomics","volume":"2014 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70229965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can Microfluidics boost the Map of Glycome Code","authors":"G. Simone","doi":"10.4172/2153-0637.1000110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-0637.1000110","url":null,"abstract":"Proteins carry out pivotal functions in cells. Less appreciated is that the proteins are sugar coated and that glycosylation affects how the immune system recognizes the protein, as being friend or foe. Unlike proteomics, glycomics is not identified by structures and sequence of the single units is not predefined. This makes difficult and tricky the study of glycosylation and glycoproteomics. However, the role of glycome code on cellular mechanisms cannot be neglected. Glycosylation of proteins is a major event in posttranslational processing along their route, cell surface proteins are mainly glycoproteins. Hence, glycosylation changes and glycan-protein interactions feature malignant transformation and tumor progression. The distance between glycomics and proteomics is still far and it is missed the methodological approach to pinpoint the site where glycosylation takes place. \u0000Here, glycomics and glycoproteomics are analyzed and the role that microfluidics can play in research is investigated by the description of the already reported application. The margins of improvement of microfluidics are still wide. Here, analyzing the structural hierarchical levels, we intend critically discuss the role that microfluidics might have in boosting knowledge and progress in glycoscience.","PeriodicalId":89585,"journal":{"name":"Journal of glycomics & lipidomics","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70229923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sialic Acid (N-Acetylneuraminic Acid) as the Functional Molecule for Differentiation between Animal and Plant Kingdom","authors":"Cheorl-Ho Kim","doi":"10.4172/2153-0637.1000E116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-0637.1000E116","url":null,"abstract":"Organisms synthesize saccharides for carbohydrates, amino acids for proteins, fatty acid for lipids and nucleotides for nucleic acids for the basic molecules. Recently, carbohydrates have been recognized as the 3rd life chain molecule in eukaryotic cells. One of the biggest differences between the plant and animal kingdom would be the existence of the 9-carbon monosaccharide, sialic acid or N-acetylneuraminic acids (Neu5Ac) (Figure 1). Even some enterobacterial species produce the sialic acids, although their origins are postulated to be probably derived from the bacteria-host interactions during long evolution. Some sialic acid-like saccharides such as legionaminic acid were also found in bacteria. The interesting point will be then what is the motivation of the acquisition of the 9-carbon sialic acid from the carbohydrate biosynthesis and functional distribution of these animals and bacteria. This fundamental question is linked to the paradoxical question why do not the plants contain the sialic acids? Interestingly, these two organisms of bacterial and animals can move to place to place as the behavioral characters, where the process is indeed called “biological adaptation” or “evolution”. The organism’s movement process needs their consideration, thought, memory, learning and education, as these processes are specialized for the mobile organisms. Actually the contents of sialic acids of human brain is the most highest among those of the current organisms through all the animals, as human is the mostly evolved organism. The more the content of sialic acids is high the more the organism is evolved. Then the sialic acids are thought to be the movement-related molecules. How do the molecules play their roles in cells, tissues, organs, and organisms If the sialic acids are such functional? The prospective answer will be based on the molecular interactions of the sialic acids and their counterparts in each specific cell or site of each organism [1-3]. Biological functionof Sialic Acids","PeriodicalId":89585,"journal":{"name":"Journal of glycomics & lipidomics","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70233162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}