Journal of glycomics & lipidomics最新文献

{"title":"Omega-3, Omega-6 and Omega-9 Fatty Acids: Implications for Cardiovascular and Other Diseases","authors":"Melissa Johnson, Chastity N. Bradford","doi":"10.4172/2153-0637.1000123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-0637.1000123","url":null,"abstract":"The relationship between diet and disease has long been established, with epidemiological and clinical evidence affirming the role of certain dietary fatty acid classes in disease pathogenesis. Within the same class, different fatty acids may exhibit beneficial or deleterious effects, with implications on disease progression or prevention. In conjunction with other fatty acids and lipids, the omega-3, -6 and -9 fatty acids make up the lipidome, and with the conversion and storage of excess carbohydrates into fats, transcendence of the glycome into the lipidome occurs. The essential omega-3 fatty acids are typically associated with initiating anti-inflammatory responses, while omega-6 fatty acids are associated with pro-inflammatory responses. Non-essential, omega-9 fatty acids serve as necessary components for other metabolic pathways, which may affect disease risk. These fatty acids which act as independent, yet synergistic lipid moieties that interact with other biomolecules within the cellular ecosystem epitomize the critical role of these fatty acids in homeostasis and overall health. This review focuses on the functional roles and potential mechanisms of omega-3, omega-6 and omega-9 fatty acids in regard to inflammation and disease pathogenesis. A particular emphasis is placed on cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States.","PeriodicalId":89585,"journal":{"name":"Journal of glycomics & lipidomics","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2153-0637.1000123","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70231258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolated Rat Adipocytes are Still Capable of Inducing Lipolysis after a Lipocryolysis-Like Thermic Stimulus","authors":"H. Pinto, D. Ricart-Jané, E. Pardina, G. Melamed","doi":"10.4172/2153-0637.1000122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-0637.1000122","url":null,"abstract":"Lipocryolysis has already been established as a safe and effective technology. Though there is broad consensus that lipocryolysisis not a harmful technology, very little has been said about the functionality of those adipocytes that remain in the body after the procedure. The aim of this study has been to roughly assess the lipolytic activity of the adipocytes that suffer lipocryolysis. Rat white adipocytes were isolated, tempered and exposed to isoproterenol and cell count and glycerol concentration were measured. We found that the adipocyte count was significantly higher in the samples not exposed to cold and that adipocytes were still capable of lipolysis after the treatment. These findings suggested that cold can damage adipocytes and that it may not impair lipolysis in the adipocytes that remain in the body after the treatment.","PeriodicalId":89585,"journal":{"name":"Journal of glycomics & lipidomics","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70231525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the Effects of Prescription Fish Oil, Supplemental Fish Oil and a Krill Oil Blend on Serum Lipids/Lipoproteins and the Omega-3 Index: A Pilot Study","authors":"BackesJM, Janelle F. Ruisinger, HarrisKA, C. Gibson, Harris Ws, P. Moriarty","doi":"10.4172/2153-0637.1000121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-0637.1000121","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous preparations containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are commercially available. We examined changes in serum lipids/lipoproteins and the omega-3 index with various EPA/DHA formulations. Dyslipidemic subjects (N=10/arm) were randomized to daily doses of prescription fish oil (3360 mg EPA+DHA), supplemental fish oil (3340 mg EPA+DHA) or a krill oil blend (960 mg EPA+DHA); in a 6-week, open-label trial. The fish oil preparations produced significant (p<0.05) and comparable reductions in triglycerides (∼-A¯Â€Â­25%); whereas the krill oil blend (KOB) resulted in a modest increase. Other lipoprotein changes were similar across treatments. The fish oil products each produced similar elevations in the omega-3 index, and more than the KOB, although all agents produced significant changes from baseline. When evaluated per gram of EPA+DHA dosed, the KOB increased the omega-3 index 2-fold more than the fish oil groups.Overall, the fish oil preparations provided comparable and favorable changes in triglycerides and the omega-3 index, which were significantly greater than those observed with the KOB.","PeriodicalId":89585,"journal":{"name":"Journal of glycomics & lipidomics","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2153-0637.1000121","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70230895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Informed Carbohydrate Active Enzyme Discovery within the Human Distal Gut Microbiome","authors":"Abbott Dw","doi":"10.4172/2153-0637.1000119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-0637.1000119","url":null,"abstract":"Next-generation sequencing of bacterial communities such as the human distal gut microbiome has generated a vast metagenomic sequence space. A common feature emerging from these analyses is that the genomes of intestinal bacteria are enriched with genes dedicated to the metabolism of indigestible dietary polysaccharides. Although cultureindependent techniques are unparalleled in their ability to probe and catalog carbohydrate active enzyme gene diversity within complex communities, downstream functional genomic approaches are still required to elucidate the mechanisms by which these enzymes and pathways function. Harnessing the potential of biocatalytic repositories, such as the human distal gut microbiome, will continue to facilitate the informed discovery of potent enzymes and help drive innovation towards the sustainable conversion of plant cell wall biomass.","PeriodicalId":89585,"journal":{"name":"Journal of glycomics & lipidomics","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2153-0637.1000119","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70230408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of N-Myristoyltransferases in Vertebrate Embryos by Using Zebrafish: Appearance of Low Molecular Weight N-Myristoyltransferase 1 in Early Development","authors":"Hajime Nakatani, Natsuki Nukada, Eriko Avşar-Ban, Hisayoshi Ishikawa, Shinichi Akiyama, Y. Tamaru","doi":"10.4172/2153-0637.1000120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-0637.1000120","url":null,"abstract":"For the first step to explore the biological characteristics of NMTs during vertebrate’s embryogenesis, we concentrated on zebrafish as a useful model of higher organisms. By in silico analysis of amino acid sequences, we found that zebrafish NMT1 (zNMT1) and zNMT2 which are translated from nmt1a and nmt2 genes had high homology to human or mouse NMT1 and NMT2, respectively. Expression analysis of nmt1a and nmt2 by RT-PCR and RNA blotting revealed that both genes were expressed during early development, and nmt2 expression was major initial developmental stages. Inhibition of zNMTs by 2-hydoroxymyristic acid (2-OHMyr) at early development resulted in embryonic lethal. Morpholino antisense oligo against nmt1a caused development arrest in early epiboly stage. Those results suggest that zNMTs are necessary for development after early epiboly stage. The recombinant zNMT1 was then prepared and its N-myristoyltransferases activity was confirmed. Finally, we analyzed expression of zNMT1 proteins in embryos at several developmental stages, and found that low molecular weight zNMT1 (29 kDa), which included N-terminal part of zNMT1, appeared specifically during embryonic development. Expression of full length zNMT1 fused to myc-His tag at its C-terminal resulted in production of low molecular weight protein (35 kDa). Detection of intact NMTs in protein extract from early embryos showed that there existed low molecular weight NMTs with substrate binding activity. From these findings, we concluded that zNMTs, like mammalian one, are also essential for zebrafish development, and low molecular weight zNMT1 appeared specifically in early developmental stage. Those isoforms might play important role in developmental processes in early embryos.","PeriodicalId":89585,"journal":{"name":"Journal of glycomics & lipidomics","volume":"41 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2153-0637.1000120","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70230565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Density Lipoprotein Functions: Lessons from the Proteomic Approach","authors":"S. Berthet, S. Spahis, E. Levy","doi":"10.4172/2153-0637.1000118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-0637.1000118","url":null,"abstract":"High density lipoprotein (HDL) is the smallest and densest lipoprotein in the blood circulation. HDL forms a heterogeneous family whose members may differ according to size, density, electrophoretic mobility, composition and form. Although reverse cholesterol transport is the main feature of HDL, various other functions have been described to HDL including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, anti-infection and anti-vaso-regulator roles. In this review, we have highlighted the mutifunctionality of HDL in association with protein composition. In particular, we have reported and criticized the dozen studies that analyzed the proteomics of HDL published in the last decade, which will make it possible in the future to consider the discovery of a protein signature specific to certain physiopathological conditions. This review will address the question whether HDL proteome signature may represent a central biomarker for pathophysiology conditions.","PeriodicalId":89585,"journal":{"name":"Journal of glycomics & lipidomics","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70230277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversity, Abundance and Distribution of O-linked Glycosylation Pathway Enzymes in Prokaryotes-A Comparative Genomics Study","authors":"Manjeet Kumar, P. Balajia","doi":"10.4172/2153-0637.1000117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-0637.1000117","url":null,"abstract":"In prokaryotes, the protein protein N- and O-glycosylation pathways (GlyPW) have been experimentally characterised in some of the organisms. Identifying GlyPWs in other prokaryotes is essential to understand the role of glycosylation. Herein we report a BLASTp and a hidden Markov model (HMM)-profile based comparative genomics approach to identify putative O-glycosylation enzymes in completely sequenced prokaryotic genomes using the experimentally characterized O-GlyPW enzymes as query sequences. Homologs for enzymes of all five categories viz., initiation, modification, extension, flippase and oligosaccharyltransferase are found in 128 organisms and no homolog is found for any of these in 52 organisms. A large number of organisms have homologs for all categories except oligosaccharyltransferases, which show high sequence diversity. Thus, O-GlyPW enzyme homologs are widely prevalent. Most of the 128 organisms are proteobacteria and more than half are pathogenic. The pattern of distribution of homologs indicates species- and strainspecific variations and acquisition of homologs by horizontal gene transfer.","PeriodicalId":89585,"journal":{"name":"Journal of glycomics & lipidomics","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2153-0637.1000117","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70230601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Brief Overview of Recent Advances in the Applications of Boro nic Acids Relevant to Glycomics","authors":"Simone Mi, Houston Ta","doi":"10.4172/2153-0637.1000E124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-0637.1000E124","url":null,"abstract":"BOH) have been utilised in a wide range of applications, including as reaction promoters and catalysts [1-4] as dyes,[5] as support for derivatisation and affinity purification of diols, sugars and glycosylated proteins,[6] as sensors for carbohydrates,[7-8] as protecting or activating groups in carbohydrate synthesis,[9-12] as separation or membrane transport tools,[13-15] and as a pharmacophore in medicinal chemistry.[16-17] Here, the authors would like to focus on the most recent advances (mainly the past 5 years) in the applications of boronic acids important to the “glycosciences” and related fields.Fluorescence-based saccharide sensing using boronic acid-based entities has been investigated for nearly 25 years[18-21] because it is recognized that boronic acids have the potential to afford semi-invasive or non-invasive monitoring of carbohydrate levels in a variety of medical conditions, including cancer and diabetes. Glucose-level monitoring is of paramount importance to limit the long-term consequences of diabetes mellitus (e.g. damage to the heart, eyes, kidneys, nerves and other organs caused by malign glycation of vital protein structures). [22] A number of challenges still require improvement, including increased discrimination between monosaccharides, functioning under physiological conditions and sensor stability towards photobleaching or oxidation. [23,24] The relative binding constants (K) of monosaccharides with boronic acids reveal glucose to be a weak boronic acid binder,[25] and D-fructose a strong binder which presents a problem in the development of glucose-selective artificial receptors. This issue has been partially ameliorated by the utilization of diboronates. However, these bulkier sensors tend to be less water soluble than their monoboronate counterparts. [23-24] Increasing the sensor’s water solubility profile, whilst still retaining the low pKa values for binding at neutral pH, has been achieved by introduction of a pyridiniumboronic acid unit in the sensor molecule [26-27].Recent advances in this field include the bisanthracene diboronic acids (e.g. 1, figure 1) developed by Wang and co-workers,[28] which showed that the careful balance of orientation and distance between the two boronic acids results in sensors, such as 2, that can bind selectively to D-glucose over D-fructose (K = 1472 M","PeriodicalId":89585,"journal":{"name":"Journal of glycomics & lipidomics","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2153-0637.1000E124","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70233924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eating the Right Kind of Fats","authors":"R. Siddiqui, K. Harvey, E. Bammerlin","doi":"10.4172/2153-0637.1000E123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-0637.1000E123","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the wide belief that saturated fat intake is associated with the risk of coronary heart disease, authors from a recent study published in the Annals of Internal Medicine, analyzed data from 72 unique studies with over 600,000 participants from 18 nations and concluded: “current evidence does not clearly support cardiovascular guidelines that encourage high consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids and low consumption of total saturated fats [1].” Other recent studies have similarly created doubt in the link between dietary saturated fat and heart disease. A study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, which evaluated this association, does not support the notion that saturated fats increase the risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, or peripheral vascular disease [2]. Another study published in the same journal found that the replacement of saturated fats with high glycemic index carbohydrates significantly increases the risk of heart attacks [3]. These recent findings suggest that the dietary intake of butter and animal fats is not as bad as previously believed.","PeriodicalId":89585,"journal":{"name":"Journal of glycomics & lipidomics","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2153-0637.1000E123","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70233720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Site-Specific Classification of N -Linked Oligosaccharides of the Extracellular Regions of Fcγ Receptor IIIb Expressed in Baby Hamster Kidney Cells","authors":"Koichi Kato","doi":"10.4172/2153-0637.1000116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-0637.1000116","url":null,"abstract":"Human Fcγ receptor III (FcγRIII) consists of two isoforms that are encoded by two individual genes: transmembrane FcγRIIIa and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked FcγRIIIb. Both isoforms can exist as a soluble form (sFcγRIII), which is composed of their extracellular region produced by proteolytic cleavage. FcγRIII-mediated immunological functions such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and phagocytosis critically depend on the N-glycosylation of FcγRIII molecules. In our previous study, high-performance liquid chromatography-based profiling indicated that N-linked oligosaccharides released from the NA2 allele of human sFcγRIIIb expressed in baby hamster kidney cells are composed of high-mannose-type oligosaccharides and core-fucosylated complex-type oligosaccharides. Here we successfully classified the N-glycans of this glycoprotein into these two types at each of the six N-glycosylation sites by liquid chromatography (LC)-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry analysis combined with endoglycosidase treatments. Our results indicated that four sites of sFcγRIIIb, Asn38, Asn74, Asn162, and Asn169, expressed only complex-type oligosaccharides, while the remaining two sites, Asn45 and Asn64 (both are not conserved in the NA1 allele), were occupied by not only complextype oligosaccharides but also high-mannose-type oligosaccharides, which are thought to be involved in the interaction of FcγRIIIb with complement receptor type 3. Together with the previously reported site-specific N-glycosylation profiling of recombinant sFcγRIIIa, this study underlines that both sFcγRIIIa and sFcγRIIIb produced in different production vehicles express core-fucosylated complex-type oligosaccharides as the major glycoforms at Asn74 and Asn162. These finding provide insights into the design and development of therapeutic antibodies because the Asn162 N-glycan significantly contributes to immunoglobulin G binding.","PeriodicalId":89585,"journal":{"name":"Journal of glycomics & lipidomics","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70230438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}