Bioresource Technology Reports最新文献

{"title":"Flow visualisation in flat panel photobioreactors with optimised gas spargers using fluorescent dyes and microspheres to evaluate mixing mechanisms and microalgae growth","authors":"W.M.S. Dayanath ,&nbsp;Yi An Lim ,&nbsp;I.M.S.K. Ilankoon ,&nbsp;Meng Nan Chong ,&nbsp;Su Chern Foo","doi":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102301","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102301","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flat-panel photobioreactors (PBRs) are widely used for microalgae cultivation due to their high surface-area-to-volume ratio, efficient light distribution, and scalability. However, their efficiency is limited by suboptimal gas–liquid mixing and mass transfer, often caused by ineffective spargers. This study investigates flow patterns in a 10 L flat-panel PBR using optimised spargers that generate micro-size bubbles, aiming to improve mixing. Continuous and intermittent airflow conditions were tested at 0.5, 0.8, and 1 L min⁻¹. Two qualitative flow visualisations, fluorescent dye imaging and motion tracking with fluorescent microspheres, were employed. Flow pattern images were captured using a high-speed camera, while a UV lamp was used to illuminate the fluorescent dye and particles, enhancing visualisation for detailed image analysis. Results confirmed that the sintered metal sparger (5 μm pores), arranged in a novel double orientation with 1 L min⁻¹, provided optimal mixing, which was validated biologically as the most suitable configuration for <em>Chlorella sorokiniana</em> cultivation. Intermittent airflow (20 s ON, 10 s OFF) provided adequate culture mixing with 33 % lower energy. It resulted in improved <em>Chlorella sorokiniana</em> performance, yielding a higher specific growth rate (0.56 d⁻¹), shorter doubling time (1.24 days), greater biomass productivity (0.12 g L⁻¹ d⁻¹), and CO₂ fixation (0.21 g L⁻¹ d⁻¹) compared to continuous flow. This research advances the understanding of micro-mixing in PBRs and evaluates sparger designs for improved microalgae cultivation and carbon capture. Future studies should integrate computational fluid dynamics to validate the findings. The underlying mechanisms will contribute to developing sustainable and efficient PBRs for CO₂ sequestration and bioresource production in circular economy applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8947,"journal":{"name":"Bioresource Technology Reports","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 102301"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial heat reinforcement through enzyme–thermal coupling: A low-carbon biodrying approach for decentralized food waste management","authors":"Xiaoji Liu ,&nbsp;Xueting Sun ,&nbsp;Heng Xu ,&nbsp;Pengyu Zhao ,&nbsp;Teng Sun ,&nbsp;Xinyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Juan Luo ,&nbsp;Quan Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102299","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102299","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional biodrying of food waste (FW) is often constrained by limited microbial heat generation and high external energy demand, limiting decentralized applications. We developed an enzyme-thermal coupling strategy to enhance microbial thermogenesis and drying efficiency. FW was pretreated with a carbohydrase-protease-lipase blend, then biodried in insulated reactors under intermittent heating (IH) or continuous heating (CH), with microbial activity, moisture removal, and microbial community composition monitored. Enzymatic hydrolysis released over 60 % more soluble organic matter (SCOD increase from 193.4 mg/L to 325.8 mg/L within the first hour), which was associated with a shorter microbial lag phase, as indicated by earlier temperature rise and elevated OUR in the enzyme-treated group. Compared to CH, the IH strategy reduced energy consumption by 69.4 % (1.29 kWh/kg H₂O removed) while achieving a comparable final moisture content of 31.2 %. Carbon intensity decreased from 1.04 to 0.32 kg CO₂/kg FW. Microbial community analysis indicated shifts in composition and functional potential under IH, with enrichment of stress response and degradation pathways. βNTI analysis suggested a greater contribution of stochastic processes, which may support community diversity maintenance. Overall, the enzyme-thermal coupling approach leveraged microbial metabolism as an internal heat source, offering a promising low-carbon and energy-efficient solution for urban household-level organic waste treatment, with potential contributions to circular bioeconomy development and sustainable waste management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8947,"journal":{"name":"Bioresource Technology Reports","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 102299"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145098721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of structural and thermal characteristics of chitosan on the recovery of protein-rich biomass from shrimp processing wash water under various operating conditions","authors":"M.K. Rasweefali ,&nbsp;M.K. Raseel Rahman ,&nbsp;K. Shameem ,&nbsp;H. Habeebrehman ,&nbsp;S. Sabu","doi":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102289","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102289","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shrimp processing plants produce wastewater with a high organic load that requires treatment before discharge. This study investigated the recovery of protein-rich biomass from shrimp processing wash water (SPW) using chitosan with different properties to understand its role under different operating conditions. Chitosan samples with varying degrees of deacetylation (DD), molecular weights (Mw) and thermal properties were prepared, designated as CS76H (76.14 ± 0.80 % DD and a high-Mw of 226.79 ± 0.90 kDa), CS85M (85.72 ± 1.63 % DD and a medium-Mw of 38.05 ± 0.33 kDa), and CS88L (88.90 ± 0.57 % DD and a low-Mw of 2.84 ± 0.21 kDa). Optimal conditions for protein recovery were pH 5.5, chitosan concentration of 200 mg/L, temperature of 80 °C and a settling time of 60 min. Under these conditions, CS85M achieved the highest turbidity removal efficiency (99.62 ± 0.20 %), outperforming CS76H (92.19 ± 0.40 %) and CS88L (98.51 ± 0.29 %). This superior performance is attributed to its moderate-Mw and high DD, which promote particle bridging, electrostatic attraction and protein aggregation. The resulting supernatant had optical clarity comparable to clear water, indicating effective removal of soluble proteins. The Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis showed that CS85M exhibited the highest peak temperature (<em>T</em>_<em>p</em> = 314.60 °C), indicating superior thermal stability, which correlates with its enhanced performance in flocculation due to better structural integrity and functional group availability. These results demonstrate the potential of chitosan with optimized structural and thermal properties for efficient SPW treatment, offering a promising approach to sustainable wastewater management in the seafood processing sector.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8947,"journal":{"name":"Bioresource Technology Reports","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 102289"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145098720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Production of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) from papaya tree stem as a potential reinforcement in bionanocomposite manufacturing","authors":"Md. Mahmudur Rahman ,&nbsp;Md. Ismail Hossain ,&nbsp;Md. Elius Hosen Pk ,&nbsp;Md. Al-amin ,&nbsp;Salah Knani ,&nbsp;Md. Waliullah ,&nbsp;Md. Abdul Gafur ,&nbsp;Bijoy Chandra Ghos","doi":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102284","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102284","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nowadays, to fabricate polyfunctional bionanocomposite CNCs is very attractive to researchers due to its outstanding properties and eco-friendly features. But in general, CNCs are produced from primary plant-derived fibers, which have several advantageous applications in other sectors. Therefore, to diminish the extreme pressure on primary plants, it is crucial to discover alternative sources of CNCs from secondary plants. While the waste biomass of the papaya tree stem would be an innovative and beneficial candidate for the production of CNCs as a reinforcing agent. In this study, dew retting was applied to extract raw fiber from the papaya tree stem then scouring, alkali modification, chlorite bleaching, H₂SO₄ hydrolysis reactions were directed for the production of CNCs. To explore the overall purity and structural belongings of the newly produced CNCs they were categorized by XRD, TGA/DTA/DTG, FTIR-ATR, UV–vis-NIR, FESEM, STEM, EDX, DLS, and zeta potential analysis. The outcomes recommended that the produced CNCs have extensive binding sites, greater thermal stability, higher crystallinity (84.51 ± 0.18 %), well-organized mesoporous honeycomb-like microstructure along with a negative surface charge around −19.30 mV. So, this papaya stem-derived CNCs would be constructively applied as a reinforcement to produce polyfunctional bionanocomposites for various uses in several industrial, engineering, and biomedical sectors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8947,"journal":{"name":"Bioresource Technology Reports","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 102284"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145004106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitrogen removal performance, microbiological characteristics, and functions of bioreactor based lignocellulosic substrate in recirculating aquaculture system","authors":"Zhao Chen ,&nbsp;Jian Li ,&nbsp;Jitao Li ,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102290","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102290","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, to remove nitrate from the recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) for <em>Litopenaeus vannamei</em>, lignocellulose was utilized to construct solid-phase denitrification reactors (SPDRs) outside or inside the culture tanks. Continuous water quality monitoring showed that lignocellulose could remove approximately 90 % of total nitrogen (TN) in the aquaculture water. According to the nitrogen budget of the culture system, 52.82–56.68 % of the input nitrogen was removed by lignocellulose. The denitrification rate of the SPDR was 35.63–36.21 mg/(L medium day), as determined by the stable isotope method. Metagenomic analysis revealed that the aquaculture systems possessed nitrogen removal functions such as nitrification, complete nitrification, and denitrification, while also exhibiting functions that were detrimental to nitrogen removal, such as dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) and nitrogen fixation. In the SPDR, <em>Ruegeria</em>, <em>Draconibacterium</em>, etc., were the dominant denitrification bacteria according to their high contributions to <em>nirS</em> and <em>norB</em>, respectively; <em>Clostridium</em> and <em>Spirochaeta</em> were the dominant DNRA bacteria according to their high contributions to the <em>nirB</em> and <em>hcp</em>, respectively. In addition, SPDR also had a lot of nitrifiers including <em>Nitrospina</em>, <em>Nitrospira</em>, <em>Nitrosococcus</em>, and <em>Nitrosomonas</em>. In terms of substrate degradation, the functional bacterial community analysis of cellulose-degrading enzymes showed that the SPDR contained a rich variety of cellulose-degrading bacteria, including <em>Ruminiclostridium</em>, <em>Paenibacillus</em>, <em>Draconibacterium</em>, <em>Spirochaeta</em>, <em>Bacteroides</em>, etc. These results demonstrated that, lignocellulose coupled with the synergistic action of cellulose-degrading bacteria and nitrogen-cycling functional bacteria, was an effective means for nitrogen regulation in this RAS, regardless of whether they are applied in situ or ex situ.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8947,"journal":{"name":"Bioresource Technology Reports","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 102290"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145044386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From tannery waste to sustainable fuel: An integrated optimized experimental-simulation approach for biodiesel synthesis with mass- heat synergy and comprehensive financial feasibility analysis","authors":"Moatasem Kamel ,&nbsp;Mohsen A. Hashem ,&nbsp;Ibrahim Ashour","doi":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102291","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102291","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The tannery industry produces significant leather fleshing waste (LFW), posing environmental concerns. This study explores LFW for sustainable biodiesel production. Extracted oil was degummed to enhance quality, reducing viscosity by 29 % and acid value by 18 %, then transesterified using calcium oxide. Process parameters—molar ratio, catalyst loading, and temperature—were optimized via response surface methodology (RSM), achieving a 96.38 % yield under optimal conditions (9:1 molar ratio, 6 wt% CaO, 60 °C, 3 h). The quadratic model (R² = 0.999) showed high predictive accuracy. Aspen Plus simulation confirmed scalability, and heat/mass integration improved efficiency—cutting energy demand by 51.9 % and enabling methanol reuse by 66 % through recycling. The biodiesel met ASTM/EN standards, with a cetane number of 64.2 and a higher heating value of 44.1 MJ/kg. Economic analysis showed strong feasibility: $42.81 million NPV, 39 % IRR, and 3.69-year payback. This work demonstrates LFW's potential as a cost-effective and eco-friendly biodiesel source.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8947,"journal":{"name":"Bioresource Technology Reports","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 102291"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145057079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The circular value of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) bioplastic production from sludge at a large-scale wastewater treatment plant","authors":"Cormac Ó Maoldúin ,&nbsp;Alexander Compeer ,&nbsp;Jappe de Best ,&nbsp;Laurence W. Gill ,&nbsp;Muhammad Ali ,&nbsp;John Gallagher","doi":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102272","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102272","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents the circular performance of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) bioplastic production to operate in parallel with an anaerobic digestion system for a municipal wastewater treatment plant sludge in Ireland. The circularity assessment quantified that 98.1 % of process inflows were derived from circular sources, 83.0 % of system outflows were recirculated to the biological cycle, and 44.2 % of energy requirements was derived from circular sources. A complementary Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) presented a net benefit for ecosystem quality (EQ), human health (HH) and natural resources (NR) as endpoint indicators. Currently, anaerobic digestion has a greater benefit across all impact categories than PHA production; however, a greener 2030 electricity grid mix leads to PHA production providing greater EQ and HH benefits. An optimised system between PHA production and anaerobic digestion in 2030 was estimated at a 3:1 ratio, outlining the future scope to realise this potential through full-scale demonstration of a coupled system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8947,"journal":{"name":"Bioresource Technology Reports","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 102272"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144932319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative evaluation of humic substance production from organic wastes in tropical vermicomposting using Eisenia foetida","authors":"Cristy Carolina Castro Niebles ,&nbsp;Hugo Hernández ,&nbsp;Karen Muñoz Salas ,&nbsp;Andreas Hasse ,&nbsp;Claudete Gindri Ramos","doi":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102292","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102292","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The valorization of organic waste through vermicomposting has emerged as a sustainable strategy for producing humic substances, which are critical for improving soil fertility and reducing dependence on chemical fertilizers. This study compared the efficiency of humic and fulvic acid production from six organic wastes: bovine, equine, ovine, and rabbit manure, vegetable waste, and a 50:50 mixture of bovine and equine manure using <em>Eisenia foetida</em> under tropical conditions. All substrates underwent aerobic pre-composting (16–28 days), followed by 30 days of vermicomposting. Key parameters influencing humification included substrate porosity, aeration, and carbon/nitrogen ratios ranging from 12:1 to 50:1. Statistical analysis showed significant differences among treatments (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). The bovine-equine mixture yielded the highest humic acid concentration (24 %), followed by equine (21.8 %) and rabbit manure (18.9 %). Ovine manure produced the highest fulvic acid content (3.3 %), while bovine and vegetable waste had the lowest yields. These findings demonstrate that substrate blending enhances microbial activity and humification efficiency. Vermicomposting provides an effective and low-cost solution to convert organic waste into humic-rich biofertilizers, supporting circular agriculture and sustainable soil management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8947,"journal":{"name":"Bioresource Technology Reports","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 102292"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145059875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel photosynthesis-based strategy for improved sewage treatment","authors":"Que Nguyen Ho ,&nbsp;Takahiro Fujioka ,&nbsp;Ikeyu Kyo ,&nbsp;Taira Hidaka ,&nbsp;Mukhlis A. Rahman ,&nbsp;Woei Jye Lau ,&nbsp;Naoko Yoshida","doi":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102288","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102288","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photosynthesis provides a cost-effective and straightforward approach to wastewater treatment (WWT) with the potential for nutrient recovery via biomass accumulation. To overcome biomass recovery challenges in traditional systems, this study proposes a photosynthesis post-treatment following microbial fuel cells (MFCs) treatment, using biomass immobilized on polypropylene fiber carriers. This approach reduces centrifugation volume, improves biomass recovery, and enhances contaminant removal. An MFCs-photosynthesis treatment system, comprising two identical 50-L photosynthesis reactors (F1 and F2), was installed in a WWT plant and operated for over 300 days in two phases: phase I with undisturbed biomass precipitation and phase II with the precipitate removed. Up to 99 % NH₄⁺ removal was achieved in both reactors, primarily through assimilation by photosynthetic microorganisms during phase I at hydraulic retention times (HRTs) exceeding 300 h and via nitrification in phase II, when the HRT was reduced by half. Organic matter (OM) removal efficiencies averaged 70 % for chemical oxygen demand and 92 % for biochemical oxygen demand across the two reactors at HRTs exceeding 150 h. A nanofiltration process was implemented to remove residual phosphate remaining after the MFC and photosynthesis treatments. Using a commercial NF90 membrane, the system achieved approximately 99 % PO₄³⁻ removal at a constant permeate flux of 1.3 mL/min. Microbial analysis of the biomass in the photosynthetic reactors identified <em>Chlamydomonas</em> and <em>Cyanobacterium</em> as dominant genera, key in NH₄⁺ and OM removal and nutrient-to-biomass conversion. Overall, this approach represents a sustainable and efficient strategy for WWT and resource recovery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8947,"journal":{"name":"Bioresource Technology Reports","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 102288"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction by a modified severity factor in FeCl₃-catalyzed hydrothermal fractionation of coconut husk: Enhancing hemicellulose hydrolysis and enzymatic digestibility of cellulose","authors":"Candra Wijaya ,&nbsp;Ningsi Lick Sangadji ,&nbsp;Maktum Muharja ,&nbsp;Tri Widjaja ,&nbsp;Lieke Riadi ,&nbsp;Elaine Elaine ,&nbsp;Raymond Lau ,&nbsp;Arief Widjaja","doi":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102282","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102282","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrothermal pretreatment (HTP) is essential for producing valuable hemicellulosic sugars and enhancing the enzymatic digestibility of lignocellulosic biomass for biofuel and biochemical production. However, conventional methods are often limited by high energy demands and low sugar yields. This study explores the catalytic role of ferric chloride (FeCl₃) as a less corrosive, high-catalytic activity, and cost-effective alternative to inorganic acids in the HTP of coconut husk (CCH), with the goal of improving hemicellulose hydrolysis and subsequent enzymatic conversion. The pretreatment was carried out at 120–180 °C with FeCl₃ concentrations ranging from 20 to 100 mM. A mathematically derived Combined Hydrolysis Factor (CHF) was applied to unify pretreatment conditions and correlate them with xylan hydrolysis, hemicellulosic sugar yield, compositional changes in CCH, and improvements in enzymatic digestibility. The results showed that FeCl₃-HTP enabled substantial to near-complete hemicellulose removal, exhibited a strong correlation between xylan removal and xylose release, and significantly enhanced enzymatic digestibility, as confirmed by XRD, SEM, and FTIR analyses. Mass balance analysis identified the optimal condition at 150 °C and 60 mM FeCl₃, yielding 22.04 g of total sugar per 100 g of raw CCH, 5.34 times higher than the yield from non-catalyzed pretreatment at the same temperature. These findings confirm the effectiveness of FeCl₃ as catalytic agent and establish CHF as a reliable predictive parameter for optimizing sugar recovery in scalable biomass conversion processes, highlighting its potential applicability to other lignocellulosic biomass as transferrable parameter under similar catalytic system, such as oil palm empty fruit bunches, for high-value bioproduct production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8947,"journal":{"name":"Bioresource Technology Reports","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 102282"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145004107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}