Angelica Julieta Alvillo-Rivera , Claudia Haydeé Mateo-Calvillo , Luis Gerardo Treviño-Quintanilla , Rosa Angelica Guillén-Garcés , Iván Emmanuel Villegas-Mendoza
{"title":"In vitro inhibitory effect of selected drugs on mycelial growth of the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus djamor","authors":"Angelica Julieta Alvillo-Rivera , Claudia Haydeé Mateo-Calvillo , Luis Gerardo Treviño-Quintanilla , Rosa Angelica Guillén-Garcés , Iván Emmanuel Villegas-Mendoza","doi":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102150","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102150","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Emerging contaminants are characterized by being substances that have gained importance in recent years due to their high consumption by both humans and animals, mainly drugs, which base their importance on being present in both drinking water bodies and wastewater as they are not completely assimilated by the body. In the present work, fifteen different media prepared with white potato without dextrose (PBA), white potato with dextrose (PBDA), potato and carrot (PZA), and eleven different cereals: wheat flour (HTA), corn flour (HMA), pumpkin flour (HCA), yellow bean flour (HFAA), black bean flour (HFNA), purple bean flour (HFMA), broad bean flour (HHA), oat flour (HAA), rice flour (HAZA), chickpea flour (HGA) and commercial wheat flour (HTCA) were evaluated to carry out the growth of two basidiomycete fungi <em>P. ostreatus</em> and <em>P. djamor</em>. Additionally, the adaptation capacity of these fungi to seven concentrations (1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 25 and 50 mg∙L<sup>−1</sup>) of five drugs (diclofenac, paracetamol, carbamazepine, ciprofloxacin and ampicillin) was determined. For this purpose, their radial growth and morphological characteristics were monitored daily. The results showed good growth for both fungi in media prepared with wheat flour and purple beans; and a tolerance capacity to the contaminants evaluated of up to 5 mg∙L<sup>−1</sup>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8947,"journal":{"name":"Bioresource Technology Reports","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 102150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144099282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Md Reazul Islam, Mohammad Tarikuzzaman, Joan G. Lynam
{"title":"Hydrothermal carbonization for extracting lignin from agricultural biomass rice husks and cotton gin trash","authors":"Md Reazul Islam, Mohammad Tarikuzzaman, Joan G. Lynam","doi":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102144","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102144","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rice husks (RH) and cotton gin trash (CGT), two abundant agricultural residues, were subjected to hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) to enhance lignin recovery. HTC was conducted at 220 °C, 250 °C, and 280 °C for reaction times ranging from 10 min to 6 h. The resulting hydrochars were characterized using higher heating value (HHV) measurements, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, fiber analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that increasing HTC temperature reduced lignin yield while improving its properties. The HHV of untreated RH and CGT were 14.13 MJ/kg and 14.59 MJ/kg, respectively, increasing by 43 % (RH at 280 °C) and 28 % (CGT at 250 °C) after HTC. Fiber analysis showed increasing acid insoluble lignin (AIL) concentration with temperature, whereas acid soluble lignin (ASL) decreased. Sugar content declined significantly (RH: 2948 ppm to 140 ppm; CGT: 930 ppm to 244 ppm), while the lignin-to-cellulose ratio increased (RH: 0.48 to 19.00; CGT: 0.39 to 0.75). Additionally, HTC led to a reduction in RH crystallinity index (0.460 to 0.445), increased thermal decomposition temperatures (RH: 364.63 °C to 437.14 °C; CGT: 340.70 °C to 451.94 °C), and elevated carbon content (RH: 25.85 % to 48.14 %; CGT: 50.98 % to 67.57 %). These results demonstrate that hydrochar produced at elevated HTC temperatures exhibits enhanced thermal stability, carbon enrichment, and improved lignin recovery, making it a promising material for energy and bioproduct applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8947,"journal":{"name":"Bioresource Technology Reports","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 102144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144083917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jean Jalin Eyinga Biwôlé , Achille Bernard Biwole , Pierre Marie Tefack , Eric Ntabé Ncharye , Evariste Fongnzossie Fedoung , Josias Georges Bessike , John Nwoanjia , Armel Edwige Mewoli , Antonio Pizzi , Salomé Ndjakomo Essiane , Joseph Zobo Mfomo
{"title":"Eyong wood (Eribroma oblonga), a good candidate for hydrothermal treatment: Optimization of its physical and colorometric properties under the determinant pH effect","authors":"Jean Jalin Eyinga Biwôlé , Achille Bernard Biwole , Pierre Marie Tefack , Eric Ntabé Ncharye , Evariste Fongnzossie Fedoung , Josias Georges Bessike , John Nwoanjia , Armel Edwige Mewoli , Antonio Pizzi , Salomé Ndjakomo Essiane , Joseph Zobo Mfomo","doi":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102148","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102148","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Study evaluates the impact of hydrothermal treatment on Eyong wood <em>(Eribroma oblonga)</em> at 145 °C, 160 °C, and 180 °C, focusing on its colorimetric, physical, and chemical properties. Treatment resulted to a progressive darkening (ΔE* = 17.72 ± 2.70 at 180 °C) with a decrease in brightness (L*), increased red hues (a*), decreased yellow hues (b*), a lower hue angle (h), and a decline in pH, enhancing its aesthetic appeal. Physically, reduced equilibrium moisture content (13.57 % to 7.40 %), volume shrinkage (10.45 % to 7.04 %), density (698.97 to 646.76 kg/m<sup>3</sup>), and water absorption (20.36 ± 2.43 % to 16.64 ± 1.14 %) improved dimensional stability. Chemically, lignin content increased (9.21 % to 13.01 %), while hemicelluloses decreased (44.84 % to 41.80 %), as confirmed by <sup>13</sup>C NMR. Compared to dry heat, chemical, silicone oil, and saturated steam treatments, hydrothermal treatment enhanced moisture resistance and durability, making it a promising method for outdoor applications where the structure is subject to color variations. Further research should optimize mechanical and biological resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8947,"journal":{"name":"Bioresource Technology Reports","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 102148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144084027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Monidipta Saha , Krishnendu Ray , Sarbaswarup Ghosh , Sudipta Tripathi , Prasenjit Kundu , Narayan Chandra Sahu
{"title":"Potentiality assessment of vermiwash as a soil microbial inoculum by physico-chemical and microbiological characterization","authors":"Monidipta Saha , Krishnendu Ray , Sarbaswarup Ghosh , Sudipta Tripathi , Prasenjit Kundu , Narayan Chandra Sahu","doi":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102147","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102147","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In contrast to vermicompost, vermiwash has not been considered as an economic, bio-compatible, bio-resource to promote soil biological health, though it is refused in considerable quantity as redundant waste. Comparatively, the information on biological functionality & its quality up scaling of vermiwash are limited. Addressing this issue, the earthworm coelomic extracts, vermiwash from two different substrate vermicomposting system (cow-dung & cow-dung+water hyacinth) and dairy wash liquid were microbiologically characterized to assess the efficacy. As first hand report, improved physico-chemical quality (high humic acid & nutrient content) and abundance of beneficial soil bacteria (phosphate and potassium solubilizing, N<sub>2</sub>-fixing, <em>Rhizobium</em>, ammonia and nitrite oxidizing) in vermiwash of water hyacinth incorporated vermicomposting system was registered. The richness of enzymes (Fluorescein diacetate hydrolyzing, dehydrogenase, catalase, <em>β</em>-glucosidase, phosphatase & aryl-sulphatase) with high biological index of fertility also indicated the potentiality of vermiwash to improve the soil biological health as a multi-species bio-active microbial inoculum.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8947,"journal":{"name":"Bioresource Technology Reports","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 102147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144071727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Economic and environmental assessment of fatty-acid-methyl-ester and hydrotreated vegetable oil biofuels viability for future marine engines","authors":"Olakunle Oloruntobi , Kasypi Mokhtar , Abdurrahman Faris Indriya Himawan , Adel Gohari , Vincent Onigbara , Norlinda Rozar , N.L. Balasudarsun","doi":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102146","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102146","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the viability of fatty-acid-methyl-ester (FAME) and hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) biofuels in reducing global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in marine engines, aligning with UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 13. Secondary data were used for impact assessment, sustainability, and optimization, as well as sensitivity analyses to address biofuel adoption challenges. It further assesses the biofuels' production, regulations, environmental, and life-cycle impacts, estimating their sustainable transition costs. A decade-long review from 2013 to 2024 found that HVO reduced carbon emissions by 90 %, outperforming Diesel and FAME. HVO's catalytic methanation costs $5 × 10<sup>6</sup>–$500 × 10<sup>6</sup> million (M) with a 1 × 10<sup>3</sup>–1 × 10<sup>5</sup> liters (L) production capacity per day and a 30-year lifespan. FAME costs $0.66/L, while second-generation HVO emits 8–48 gCO<sub>2</sub>e/MJ, considerably lower than marine gas oil (MGO)s 85–87 gCO<sub>2</sub>e/MJ. Both biofuels demonstrated prospects for reducing CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, but their adoption requires regulatory support, technological advances, and strategic planning to help the maritime sector lower its carbon footprint.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8947,"journal":{"name":"Bioresource Technology Reports","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 102146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144071728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Microplastics in waste management systems: An invisible threat to environmental and public health","authors":"Mohammad Toha , R-Rafiul Rahman , Mahbub Alam","doi":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102141","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102141","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ongoing plastic pollution crisis has significantly increased microplastics (MPs) in waste management systems, posing an invisible yet critical threat to ecosystems and public health. Despite growing research efforts, the application of advanced treatment methods in waste management systems and their tangible effects on human health and other species remain uncertain, particularly in developing countries. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the MPs in solid and liquid wastes of developing and developed nations, estimate the potential risk and address the advanced approaches systematically. This study found that plastic packaging wastes and textile fibers are significant sources of MP pollution in solid and liquid wastes. MPs in solid waste in developing nations are documented to be 3.68 times more MPs than in developed nations in this review. Although developed countries can successfully remove 85-98 % of MPs through wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), advanced treatment facilities remain scarce in developing countries. As a result, the MPs eventually end up in surrounding environmental compartments in developing nations. This study also discovered that human exposure rates to MPs were 3.23 times greater in developing nations than in developed nations. These findings indicate that exposure to MPs and other emerging contaminants may seriously affect human health. As a result, this systematic study focuses on implementing sophisticated treatment systems and MP source reduction measures to achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs) 6 and 11.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8947,"journal":{"name":"Bioresource Technology Reports","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 102141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143948275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Saikat Mandal , Debdipta Banik , Praveen K. Pandey , Raju K. Gupta , K. Mondal
{"title":"The effect of cattle manure extract on the corrosion of SS304 in different aqueous corrosives","authors":"Saikat Mandal , Debdipta Banik , Praveen K. Pandey , Raju K. Gupta , K. Mondal","doi":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102140","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102140","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The quest for smart management in combination with sustainable development has brought numerous value-added products from different agricultural solid wastes, including cattle manure. The abundance of cattle manure as a renewable solid waste, along with its phytochemical-rich characteristics, has led to a significant interest in cattle manure utilization as different commercial potent products in various industries. One such approach explores the application of cattle manure as a green corrosion inhibitor. The present work investigates the effect of cattle manure extract (CME) on the corrosion protection ability against pitting corrosion on stainless steel SS304 in aggressive chloride and strong H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> solutions. The SS304 alloy is characterized using Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD), while CME is analyzed via Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV–Vis spectroscopy to identify active constituents. A comprehensive set of electrochemical tests is performed to emphasize the efficacy of CME and its effectiveness as a corrosion inhibitor. The results reveal inhibition efficiencies of 83 % in NaCl and 65 % in H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, attributable to CME's ability to modify the metal-electrolyte interfacial activities and develop a protective surface film. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) imaging and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) responses confirmed changes in surface morphologies consistent with inhibitor involvement and film development in both electrolytes. In conclusion, CME significantly improves the active-passive behavior in H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and pitting resistance against chloride attacks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8947,"journal":{"name":"Bioresource Technology Reports","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 102140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144071725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Noor Juma Al Balushi , Abdullah Al-Mamun , Zahra Al Hasani , Zeinab Yavari , Ahmed Sana , Bipro Ranjan Dhar
{"title":"Architectures of microbial electrosynthesis cell for acetate extraction: A mini review","authors":"Noor Juma Al Balushi , Abdullah Al-Mamun , Zahra Al Hasani , Zeinab Yavari , Ahmed Sana , Bipro Ranjan Dhar","doi":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102135","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102135","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Large-scale application of microbial electrosynthesis (MES) demands the extraction of a single product from other by-products. Acetate is one of the most valuable products produced in MES. Therefore, many recent studies investigated several aspects of optimizing acetate production in MES. However, none of the previous studies provided a summary of acetate extraction in MES. This review provides an overview of acetate extraction methods in MES, introducing future improved designs that combine efficient production and extraction processes. Sorption, membrane electrolysis, and electrodialysis were found to be highly efficient technologies for acetate extraction in MES. However, the energy input for these techniques was high. Therefore, an integrated architecture of MES reactors for acetate extraction is crucial for system performance and economic viability. Innovations in in-situ extraction show promise in addressing current limitations. However, further research on adsorbent and membrane fouling, and energy optimization, is needed to make MES sustainable technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8947,"journal":{"name":"Bioresource Technology Reports","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 102135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144071726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nico G. Dumandan, Ranelle D.P. Acda, Caren R. Tumambing, Annie Cita T. Kagaoan
{"title":"Insights into metabolic transformations during solid-state fermentation of copra meal by Aspergillus niger FSPL104 as affected by different nitrogen sources supplementation","authors":"Nico G. Dumandan, Ranelle D.P. Acda, Caren R. Tumambing, Annie Cita T. Kagaoan","doi":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102142","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102142","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solid-state fermentation has emerged as a promising bioprocessing strategy for enhancing the nutritional value of agricultural by-products. This study investigates the metabolic transformations of copra meal fermented with <em>Aspergillus niger</em> FSPL104 under different nitrogen supplementation conditions. Three treatments were studied: no nitrogen supplementation (T1), ammonium sulfate supplementation (T2), and peptone supplementation (T3). Time-course metabolic profiling and β-mannanase activity analysis revealed that nitrogen supplementation significantly influenced microbial metabolism, enzyme activity, and metabolite production. The highest β-mannanase activity (4.79 U/g) was recorded in T3 after 6 days, followed by T2 (4.39 U/g) and T1 (4.47 U/g). The release of reducing sugars and increased β-mannanase activities during fermentation of nitrogen-supplemented treatments indicate enhanced microbial fiber breakdown. Nitrogen supplementation also upregulated amino acid biosynthesis, particularly in T2 and T3, suggesting enhanced protein metabolism and improved nutrient availability in the fermented substrate. Ammonium sulfate promoted rapid microbial growth and enzyme production, while peptone resulted in a sustained and diverse metabolic response due to its complex composition. In contrast, no nitrogen supplementation limited metabolic flexibility and nutrient transformation. Notably, elevated <em>N</em>-acetylmannosamine levels in nitrogen-supplemented treatments suggest its potential as a biomarker for fermentation dynamics. These findings highlight the critical role of nitrogen sources in optimizing solid-state fermentation processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8947,"journal":{"name":"Bioresource Technology Reports","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 102142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144069946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recent development of biomass derived carbon dots in fluorescent sensing applications","authors":"Bilipang Mahilary , Khemnath Patir , Sanjay Basumatary","doi":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102137","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102137","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon dots (CDs) are flexible and promising family of nanomaterials that have gained attention due to the rapidly developing field of nanotechnology. The biomass derived carbon dots (BCDs) are sustainable materials obeying green chemistry principles and are derived from abundant and renewable natural resources. Due to modern industrialization, waste generated and disposed to the environment causes pollution which in turn has negative effects on human and animal life. It is crucial to build sensor systems that can detect contaminants and helps in controlling water pollution. In this context, fluorescent BCDs are appropriate sensor materials due to their outstanding selectivity and sensitivity for recognizing analytes, providing an efficient and reliable method for monitoring the environment as compared to other techniques. This work presents the recent advancement of eco-friendly BCDs from natural sources with remarkable fluorescence properties and its application in detection of different analytes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8947,"journal":{"name":"Bioresource Technology Reports","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 102137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143941764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}