Biomedicines最新文献

{"title":"Clinical Utility of IFIT Proteins in Human Malignancies.","authors":"Armen Parsyan, Arpitha Kochiyanil, Anne C Bonvissuto, Vasudeva Bhat, Alison L Allan","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines13061435","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biomedicines13061435","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Interferon (IFN)-induced proteins with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFITs) are key interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), and in humans include IFIT1, IFIT2, IFIT3 and IFIT5. These proteins are primarily known for their role in the innate immune response to pathogens. However, growing evidence suggests that IFITs participate in a range of other cellular processes, including cancer development and progression. Notably, IFITs may behave in either a pro-oncogenic or tumor suppressive fashion depending on cancer types and emphasizing their potential dual function in tumorigenesis. Importantly, IFITs have shown potential to be utilized as clinical biomarkers in oncology. Their aberrant expression has been correlated with survival and other clinical outcomes, including resistance to radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted treatments and immunotherapy in various cancers. Additionally, they have also been reported to be a part of various clinical predictive models in cancers. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of IFIT proteins' involvement in cancers, with an emphasis on their emerging roles as clinically relevant biomarkers.</p>","PeriodicalId":8937,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicines","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12190704/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144494163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Managing Urethral Diverticulum During Pregnancy Utilizing Advanced Ultrasonographic Techniques: A Literature Review and Case Study.","authors":"Desirèe De Vicari, Marta Barba, Alice Cola, Matteo Frigerio","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines13061432","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biomedicines13061432","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Urethral diverticulum (UD) during pregnancy is a rare clinical condition, with limited literature available to guide standardized management. Fewer than a dozen well-documented cases have been reported, but they reflect a wide range of clinical approaches from antenatal surgery to postpartum intervention. We report the case of a 36-year-old woman diagnosed at 34 weeks of gestation with a 5.5 cm urethral diverticulum, presenting with suprapubic pain, urinary dribbling, and green vaginal discharge. Conservative management was pursued due to obstetric concerns, including multiple uterine fibroids and risk of preterm labor. Advanced ultrasonographic techniques-biplane transvaginal imaging, transperineal ultrasound, and 3D surface rendering-enabled a detailed anatomical assessment of parameters including the lesion's size, shape, and relationship to the urethra, without resorting to invasive diagnostics. The diverticulum was found to cause 90° urethral angulation and had a C-shaped configuration, with a volume of 11.5 cm³. Following antibiotic treatment, the patient's symptoms improved, and she remained clinically stable. She was scheduled for vaginal delivery followed by postpartum diverticulectomy. This case illustrates the diagnostic value of high-resolution ultrasound in pregnancy and supports literature recommendations favoring conservative treatment and delayed surgery to reduce maternal and fetal risk. Vaginal delivery remains a viable option in select UD cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":8937,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicines","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12190850/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144494244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response Duration During Treatment of Patients with Follicular Lymphoma.","authors":"Evelin Kiss, Árpád Illés, Ádám Jóna","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines13061433","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biomedicines13061433","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objective</b>: It is known that the duration of response to treatment in patients with follicular lymphoma decreases with advancing lines of treatment. Our current study investigated progression-free survival in patients with follicular lymphoma undergoing different lines of treatment, aiming to understand the factors influencing treatment response and outcomes. <b>Methods</b>: We retrospectively analyzed data from follicular lymphoma patients treated at the University of Debrecen between 2009 and 2023. We collected comprehensive data on patient demographics, disease characteristics, treatment regimens, and outcomes. <b>Results</b>: The analysis included 161 patients with follicular lymphoma. The median follow-up for first-line patients was 51 months (range, 3-204), with a median age of 56 years (range, 25-85). The duration of progression-free survival for the first and second lines coincided, while survival in the third line was indeed an 'unmet medical need'. Factors that influenced the outcome of the first-line treatment of follicular lymphoma patients have been published before by our working group. A univariate analysis of factors that may have influenced the outcome of second-line treatment was performed. A remarkable impact was found in patients undergoing autologous stem cell transplantations and medium-dose treatment. Another important factor was the presence of B-symptoms at the start of second-line treatment. <b>Conclusions</b>: Our study confirmed the interesting coincidence of the first- and second-line duration of response in follicular lymphoma patients, which can be explained with the high number of patients undergoing stem cell transplantation and medium-dose treatment in the second line.</p>","PeriodicalId":8937,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicines","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12190409/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144494300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Long-Term Statin Therapy on Incidence and Severity of Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Real-World Data Analysis.","authors":"Diana Toledo, Àurea Cartanyà-Hueso, Rosa Morros, Maria Giner-Soriano, Àngela Domínguez, Carles Vilaplana-Carnerero, María Grau","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines13061438","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biomedicines13061438","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objectives:</b> This study aims to evaluate the impact of chronic statin therapy on the incidence of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and the rate of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions associated with CAP. <b>Methods</b>: Two population-based dynamic cohorts, consisting of individuals exposed and unexposed to statins, were followed from 2010 to 2019. Participants were older than 60 years, with frail patients excluded. The primary outcomes were the incidence of CAP and ICU admissions due to CAP, serving as a proxy for complicated cases. The exposed cohort included new statin users with at least two pharmacy invoices within 90 days of the recruitment period. Adjusted risk ratios (aRRs) for CAP incidence and CAP-associated ICU admissions were calculated using Poisson regression. <b>Results</b>: This study analyzed a sample of 639,564 individuals, evenly divided into exposed (319,782) and unexposed (319,782) groups, with a mean age of 71 years (standard deviation of 8 years) and 57% women. New statin users had a higher incidence of CAP [42.1 (95% confidence interval: 41.9-42.2) vs. 36.6 (36.5-36.8) per 1000 person-years] and ICU admissions [11.5 (11.5-11.6) vs. 10.1 (10.0-10.1) per 1000 person-years] compared to non-users. The adjusted analysis indicated that statin treatment reduced CAP risk by 6% [aRR: 0.94 (0.91-0.96)] and ICU admission by 7% [aRR: 0.93 (0.88-0.98)]. <b>Conclusions</b>: Prior statin therapy was associated with a clinically significant reduction in the incidence of CAP and ICU admissions due to CAP, despite the greater vulnerability of new users at the start of treatment compared to non-users.</p>","PeriodicalId":8937,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicines","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189959/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144494219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Poorly Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Pancreas: A Comparative Analysis of Primary Versus Secondary Tumors-A Literature Review.","authors":"Aleksandr Markov, Akriti Pokhrel, Jen Chin Wang","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines13061437","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biomedicines13061437","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Poorly differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas (pd-PNETs) are very rare tumors. Differentiating primary pd-PNET from neuroendocrine carcinomas, which metastasize to the pancreas, can be difficult. We will refer to any neuroendocrine carcinoma with pancreatic metastasis as secondary pd-PNETs. This study evaluates the differences in incidence, clinical picture, outcomes, and treatment between primary and secondary pd-PNETs. <b>Methods:</b> A comprehensive search of the pd-PNET database was performed to gather data on incidence, race, age, gender, clinical picture, and outcomes for primary and secondary pd-PNETs. The emphasis was on small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) due to their associations with secondary pd-PNET. Additional data from the PubMed database were analyzed, and 12 case reports of primary pd-PNETs were added for clinical characteristic analysis. <b>Results:</b> Primary and secondary pd-PNETs exhibit highly similar profiles in terms of age, gender, race, and clinical features. However, treatment strategies are significantly different. Primary pd-PNETs are managed with tumor resection and platinum-based chemotherapy. Primary tumors usually have poor prognosis, with a median survival of 12 months. Treatment for secondary pd-PNETs varies based on the primary tumor. The treatment strategy for metastatic MCC was changed to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and survival improved. Tarlatamab also recently showed a good response in the management of SCLC. These findings highlight the need for accurate and timely diagnosis to provide correct treatment. <b>Conclusions:</b> Patients with primary and secondary pd-PNETs exhibit similar clinical presentations and epidemiological characteristics. However, when a poorly differentiated neuroendocrine pancreatic mass is identified, it is critical to exclude MCC or small-cell lung carcinoma metastasis, as treatments may be different and prognosis may also be different.</p>","PeriodicalId":8937,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicines","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12190234/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144494274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Photodynamic Therapy (3rd Edition).","authors":"Stefano Bacci","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines13061441","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biomedicines13061441","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was first demonstrated in 1903 by Von Tappeiner and Jesionek, combining light therapy with a photosensitizer and oxygen [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":8937,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicines","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12191376/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144494146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Validation of a Multi-Epitope mRNA Vaccine Construct Against Human Monkeypox Virus (hMPXV) by Annotating Protein of Intracellular Mature Virus (IMV) Form of hMPXV.","authors":"Mohammad Asrar Izhari, Siraj B Alharthi, Raed A Alharbi, Ahmad H A Almontasheri, Wael A Alghamdi, Abdulmajeed Abdulghani A Sindi, Ahmad Abdulmajed Salem, Ali Mahzari, Fahad Alghamdi, Ahmed R A Gosady","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines13061439","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biomedicines13061439","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;/b&gt;: hMPXV poses a major public health risk due to its human-to-human transmissibility, severe complications, especially in immunocompromised individuals, and global spread, necessitating effective surveillance and stringent prophylactic measures to mitigate its colossal impact. &lt;b&gt;Objective&lt;/b&gt;: The study aimed to annotate hMPXV(IMV) proteins to propose a potential reverse vaccinology-based vaccine against hMPXV. &lt;b&gt;Methods&lt;/b&gt;: The target MPXV(IMV) protein's sequences, formatted in FASTA, were sourced from genome/proteome databases (BV-BRC and UniProt) (accessed on 6 November 2024), followed by CD-Hit-based redundancy removal. Epitope prediction for B-cells (lymphocytes), cytotoxic T-cells or cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs), and helper T-cells (HTLs) was executed using ABCpred, IEDB's ANNs 4.0, and an artificial neural network-based alignment tool (NN-align 2.3)/ML-based tool (NetMHCII 2.3). Various immunoinformatics filters (antigenicity, toxicity, and allergenicity) were applied to substantiate the potency and safety of the formulated vaccine candidate. The constructed vaccine's physiochemical and structural features (secondary and tertiary), with structural stability (confirmed by molecular docking followed by dynamic simulation with TLRs (TLR4 & TLR2) and MHCs), were determined. Additionally, cloning (using pET-28a(+) vector) was conducted to verify the vaccine's expression potential and translation efficiency. The construct's population coverage was also ascertained. &lt;b&gt;Results&lt;/b&gt;: The MPXV-2-Beta vaccine constructs, of the six initially designed constructs, was identified as the most promising candidate, signifying nonallergenic profile and nontoxic features, with a predicted antigenicity score (PAS) = 0.7202, 407 residues, a molecular weight of 43,102.1 Da, pI of 9.2, and favorable stability parameters (AI: 65.65, GRAVY: -0.597, I-i: 25.92). It showed high solubility (score: 0.942). The ProSA Z-score of -9.38 confirmed the structural stability, reliability, and precision of the MPXV-2-Beta 3D model, which is comparable to experimental structures. Furthermore, 98.8% of all the residues nested within favored or allowed regions in a critical Ramachandran plot signified the model's exceptional structural integrity and quality. Docking and dynamic simulation of MPXV-2-Beta with TLRs (TLR4 & TLR2) and MHCs demonstrated stiffer docking stability (strong polar and nonpolar interaction) and negative eigenvalue value (during dynamic simulation), suggesting its ability to enhance immune receptor activation under physiological conditions. MPXV-2-Beta was predicted to trigger a robust immune response (IR) with comprehensive world population coverage (98.55%, SD = 10.41). &lt;b&gt;Conclusions&lt;/b&gt;: Based on the evaluated parameters, the MPXV-2-Beta designed in this study exhibited significant potential as an effective candidate against hMPXV. This study establishes a foundation for developing an efficient vaccine against hMPXV, requiring ","PeriodicalId":8937,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicines","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12190101/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144494139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune Dysregulation at the Maternal-Fetal Interface Exacerbates Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in an Inflammatory Arthritis Murine Model.","authors":"Chenxi Yang, Wenjuan Li, Xinxin Liu, Zijun Ma, Jun Chen, Quan Gong, Zachary Braunstein, Xiaoquan Rao, Yingying Wei, Jixin Zhong","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines13061440","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biomedicines13061440","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective<b>:</b></b> Inflammatory arthritis (IA) has been linked to a number of adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs), but the mechanisms linking IA-related immune dysregulation to compromised reproductive success remain poorly understood. This project will examine how IA affects pregnancy outcomes and alters the associated immune microenvironment using SKG (ZAP70^W163C) mice, a mouse model that suffers from arthritis resembling human IA. <b>Methods:</b> IA was induced in SKG mice on a C57BL/6J background via mannan exposure. Wild-type C57BL/6 mice served as controls. Pregnancy rates, conception time, embryo resorption rates, and immune parameters (cytokine levels and splenic/lymph node/placental immune cell subsets) were analyzed. Joint pathology was evaluated via histology (HE is staining) and anti-CCP antibody levels. Flow cytometry was used to analyze immune populations within the spleen along with the associated lymphatic nodes. <b>Results:</b> Synovial hyperplasia, elevated anti-CCP, and systemic inflammation were all observed in IA mice. Compared to controls, IA mice demonstrated a reduced mating success rate, prolonged conception time, decreased pregnancy rates, and increased embryo resorption. IA mice showed elevated Th1/Th17 cytokines-IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17, and an expansion of pro-inflammatory immune cells, including NK cells, CD11b+ myeloid cells, neutrophils, M1 macrophages, and Tc1, in the spleen/lymph nodes. Placental immune dysregulation featured increased NKT, NK, and CD4+ cell infiltration. Conversely, anti-inflammatory subsets, such as M2 macrophages and dendritic cells, were reduced. <b>Conclusions:</b> IA increased APOs and skewed the immune microenvironment toward a pro-inflammatory state dominated by Th1/Th17/Tc1 responses and cytotoxic cell activation. These findings highlight immune dysregulation as a key driver of IA-associated pregnancy complications, providing mechanistic insights for therapeutic intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":8937,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicines","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12190359/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144494214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Animal Models of Spinal Cord Injury.","authors":"Vladislav E Sobolev, Yuriy I Sysoev, Tatiana V Vyunova, Pavel E Musienko","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines13061427","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biomedicines13061427","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most frequent causes of disability, accompanied by motor and postural impairments, as well as autonomic and behavioural disorders. Since the beginning of the last century, researchers have been developing and refining experimental models of SCI to study pathogenesis and find therapies. Since the beginning of the 20th century, quite a wide range of methods have been developed for contusion and compression injury, complete and partial transection of the spinal cord, and many others. The choice of model subject in such studies was not limited to mammals, but also included amphibians, lampreys, and even fish. Many functional tests have been proposed to assess functional recovery after injury in laboratory animals, ranging from simple rating scales to locomotion kinematics or recording of spinal neuronal activity. This review describes existing models of SCI in most animal species used in neurobiology. Their key characteristics are discussed, which determine the choice of model and model animals depending on the experimental tasks. Each experimental model of SCI has its own advantages and disadvantages determined by species-specific features of spinal cord anatomy and physiology, the speed of recovery from injury, and the ratio of the necrosis zone to the penumbra. The applicability and availability of the proposed methods for assessing the speed and completeness of recovery is also an important factor.</p>","PeriodicalId":8937,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicines","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12191375/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144494128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New and Emerging Biomarkers in Chronic Kidney Disease.","authors":"Mikołaj Dopierała, Nadja Nitz, Oliwia Król, Karolina Wasicka-Przewoźna, Krzysztof Schwermer, Krzysztof Pawlaczyk","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines13061423","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biomedicines13061423","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a major and widespread global health challenge. It affects over 800 million people worldwide, which is approximately 13% of the world's population. Over the past 20 years, it has consistently ranked among the leading causes of death. As a result of its typically painless and asymptomatic presentation in the early stages of the disease, CKD is frequently diagnosed late, when the patient is already suffering from serious complications. In recent years, studies have identified novel biomarkers associated with the pathophysiology of CKD, including chronic inflammation, tubular injury, and CKD-related outcomes such as bone and mineral metabolism disorders, cardiovascular events, and all-cause mortality. Identifying and using these emerging biomarkers-like kidney injury molecule, N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase, ficolins, the NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3) inflammasome, soluble suppression of tumorigenicity-2, galectin-3, growth differentiation factor-15, soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor, sclerostin, the Dick-kopf proteins, and indexes such as the systemic inflammation response index-may lead to a significant advancement in early diagnosis, risk stratification, and personalized treatment strategies for CKD patients. Despite their potential, the routine clinical use of these novel biomarkers remains limited due to challenges such as high costs and the lack of standardized testing methods. There is still considerable room for advancement in both the diagnosis and management of CKD. Hopefully, increasingly more new biomarkers will become usable in clinical practice, ultimately improving care quality and outcomes for patients with CKD.</p>","PeriodicalId":8937,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicines","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12190258/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144494233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}