Biomedicines最新文献

{"title":"Prior Aerobic Exercise Training Fails to Confer Cardioprotection Under Varying Exercise Volumes in Early Post-Infarction Cardiac Remodeling in Female Rats.","authors":"André Rodrigues Lourenço Dias, Ednei Luiz Antonio, Helenita Antonia de Oliveira, Ighor Luiz Azevedo Teixeira, Larissa Emília Seibt, Andrey Jorge Serra","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines13092221","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biomedicines13092221","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: There is no information on how the dose of exercise training prior to myocardial infarction (MI) affects cardioprotection. <b>Objective</b>: This study aimed to evaluate the cardioprotective role of different volumes of exercise training prior to MI. <b>Methods</b>: Wistar female rats were allocated to one of the following groups: SHAM (not trained and undergoing simulated MI surgery), NT+MI (untrained and undergoing MI surgery), T60+MI (trained 60 min per session and undergoing MI surgery), T90+MI (trained 90 min per session and undergoing MI surgery), and T180+MI (trained 180 min per session and undergoing MI surgery). The training protocol was performed in a swimming pool for eight weeks. On the seventh day after MI, the animals underwent left ventricular (LV) structural and functional evaluation and were euthanized for molecular analyses. <b>Results</b>: Exercise training groups had greater VO₂peak and LV mass than did the SHAM group. The MI size did not differ statistically among the experimental groups. Compared with the SHAM group, all the MI groups presented a lower LV shortening fraction. LV systolic pressure was significantly lower in the T60+MI group than in the SHAM and T180+MI groups. The +dP/dt of the LV was significantly lower in the NT+MI, T60+MI, and T90+MI groups than in the SHAM group. We did not find significant changes in the inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress markers as well as proteins involved in calcium handling. <b>Conclusions</b>: Exercise training prior to MI enhanced cardiorespiratory fitness and induced LV hypertrophy, however, regardless of volume, was unable to counteract the detrimental effects of MI.</p>","PeriodicalId":8937,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467140/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145173047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pancreatic Tissue Remodeling and Fibrosis After Irreversible Electroporation: A Histopathological and Thermal Perspective.","authors":"Hong Bae Kim, Jin Young Youm, Joon-Mo Yang, Sung Bo Sim","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines13092222","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biomedicines13092222","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Traditional thermal ablation for pancreatic cancer is limited by collateral injury, often leading to complications such as pancreatitis. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non-thermal alternative. We investigated tissue responses in a porcine pancreas model, focusing on cell death, thermal effects, and fibrosis. <b>Methods</b>: Seven pigs underwent pancreatic IRE via open surgery. Local tissue temperature was monitored near the electrode. Histological evaluation included H&E, TUNEL (apoptosis), Ki-67 (proliferation), vimentin (fibroblast activation), and insulin staining. Tissue remodeling was assessed at multiple time points up to 14 days. <b>Results</b>: IRE induced marked apoptosis within the ablated region, peaking at day 2. The maximum measured temperature was 78.4 °C. Over two weeks, fibrosis progressed with increased collagen and fibroblast activity. Regeneration was partial, with Ki-67-positive cell proliferation and gradual loss of insulin expression, while unablated tissue showed minimal damage. <b>Conclusions</b>: IRE enables localized pancreatic ablation while sparing surrounding tissue. However, fibrosis limits full recovery. Limitations include small sample size, short follow-up, and species differences. Further studies are needed to refine IRE parameters and assess long-term functional outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":8937,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467378/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145173178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disease Biomarkers in the Precision Medicine Era: A Comprehensive Multi-Omics Analysis.","authors":"Po-Hung Chen, Su-Boon Yong, Chin-Yuan Yii, Chia-Jung Li","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines13092218","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biomedicines13092218","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The advent of precision medicine has transformed the landscape of disease biomarker discovery, driven by the integration of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microbiome profiling [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":8937,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12466939/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145173122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attenuation of Pulmonary Fibrosis by the MyD88 Inhibitor TJ-M2010-5 Through Autophagy Induction in Mice.","authors":"Yang Yang, Zeyang Li, Minghui Zhao, Yuanyuan Zhao, Zhimiao Zou, Yalong Xie, Limin Zhang, Dunfeng Du, Ping Zhou","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines13092214","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biomedicines13092214","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background and Objectives:</b> Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal interstitial lung disease with few effective treatments. In its pathogenesis, damage-associated molecular patterns are released and recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLRs); all TLRs except TLR3 transduce signals through MyD88. Research has shown that autophagy participates in the progression of pulmonary fibrosis, and MyD88 is closely associated with autophagy. However, whether targeting MyD88 can affect fibrosis progression by regulating autophagy during lung fibrosis remains unclear. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> TJ-M2010-5 (TJ-5) is a small molecular derivative of aminothiazole that inhibits MyD88 homodimerization. A bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model in mice was established, and a human lung fibroblast cell line MRC-5 was cultured, and the mechanism of fibrosis induced by TGF-β1 was studied. TJ-5 and the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA were used to intervene. <b>Results:</b> Our study indicated that TJ-5 suppressed fibrosis foci formation and collagen deposition in fibrotic lungs, effectively increased the survival rate of bleomycin-stimulated mice from 40.0% to 80.0%, and repressed lung fibroblast activation in vitro. Subsequently, TJ-5 could trigger autophagy, as indicated by increased autophagosomes, LC3B-II and Beclin-1 promotion, and p62 degradation. Moreover, inhibition of TJ-5-induced autophagy by 3-MA reversed the anti-fibrosis effect of TJ-5. Furthermore, the autophagy-related pathways PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK/mTOR were inhibited under TJ-5 intervention. <b>Conclusions:</b> Our findings demonstrated that the mechanism of TJ-5 in alleviating lung fibrosis was through triggering MyD88-related autophagy, and TJ-5 may be therapeutically useful for the clinical treatment of IPF.</p>","PeriodicalId":8937,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12466944/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145172910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eosinophilic Esophagitis-Catching Up with the Hype Train: A Systematic Overview and Review of the Literature of the Emerging Disease.","authors":"Jawad Hindy, Amir Mari, Tova Rainis, Gadeer A'li Taha","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines13092230","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biomedicines13092230","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, immune-mediated esophageal disorder characterized by Th2-driven inflammation. Clinically, it manifests as esophageal dysfunction, including dysphagia and food impaction, and is frequently associated with atopic comorbidities. <b>Methods</b>: Diagnosis is established via histologic confirmation of ≥15 eosinophils per high-power field (hpf) on esophageal biopsy. Clinical presentation varies, ranging from subtle dysphagia to severe complications necessitating urgent endoscopic intervention. <b>Results</b>: Disease progression is characterized by esophageal remodeling, encompassing fibrosis, angiogenesis, and muscular hypertrophy. Management strategies require individualized, long-term approaches aimed at symptom control and prevention of structural complications. <b>Discussion</b>: Advances in the last decade have refined diagnostic criteria, standardized endoscopic scoring systems, and introduced novel therapeutic agents, including biologics. This review synthesizes current evidence regarding epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostics, and therapeutic strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":8937,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467970/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145173007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Biologics on Comorbidities in Patients with Psoriasis or Psoriatic Arthritis.","authors":"Sang-Hoon Lee, Solam Lee, Hee Seok Seo, Sang Baek Koh, Minseob Eom, Seung-Phil Hong","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines13092219","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biomedicines13092219","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis are associated with various comorbidities, particularly cardiovascular conditions. Although biologics are increasingly used to manage moderate-to-severe disease, their effect on comorbidity risk remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the association between biologics and the risk of comorbid diseases compared to conventional systemic immunosuppressants. <b>Methods</b>: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the Korean National Health Insurance Service database from 2002 to 2021. Patients with a principal diagnosis of psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis were included. Overall, 8173 biologics users (TNF-α, IL-12/23, IL-23, or IL-17 inhibitors) were compared to 41,598 patients treated exclusively with cyclosporine A or methotrexate. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) for incident comorbid diseases were calculated using Cox proportional hazard models, with follow-up through 31 December 2021. <b>Results</b>: Biologics use was associated with a decreased risk of rheumatoid arthritis (aHR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.17-0.79), mood disorders (aHR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.53-0.97), and solid tumors (aHR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.47-0.84). Subgroup analyses revealed that IL-23 inhibitors were linked to reduced risk of solid tumors (aHR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.12-0.83), whereas IL-17 inhibitors were associated with increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aHR, 2.96; 95% CI, 1.08-8.14). No significant differences were found for major cardiovascular events. <b>Conclusions</b>: Biologics appear relatively safe with respect to cardiovascular disease and may reduce the risk of certain comorbidities such as mood disorders and solid tumors in patients with psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis. Clinicians should consider comorbidity profiles when selecting biologic agents for individual patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":8937,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12466972/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145173008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploratory Insights into Gastric Cancer Metabolism Through Amino Acid and Acylcarnitine Profiling in Plasma Samples.","authors":"Ștefan Ursu, Cristina-Paula Ursu, Luisa-Gabriela Bogos, Ioana-Ecaterina Pralea, Radu-Cristian Moldovan, Florin Zaharie, Zeno Spârchez, Răzvan Alexandru Ciocan, Rodica Sorina Pop, Cătălin Ioan Bodea, Claudia Diana Gherman, Cristina-Adela Iuga, Nadim Al Hajjar","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines13092220","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biomedicines13092220","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Gastric cancer ranks fifth among the most prevalent malignancies, with poor prognosis due to limited early-stage diagnosis. Metabolic reprogramming plays a central role in GC development, sustaining carcinogenic processes. <b>Methods</b>: In this study, flow-injection tandem mass spectrometry was used to analyse plasma amino acids and acylcarnitines in 62 gastric cancer patients and 70 healthy individuals. Metabolic profiles were correlated with clinical parameters, tumour histology, and recurrence. <b>Results</b>: Gastric cancer patients showed significantly reduced levels of Trp, Arg, Tyr, Met, and sum of aromatic AAs-metabolites usually implicated in supporting tumour cell growth and proliferation. At the same time, elevated unsaturated, hydroxylated, and dicarboxylic acylcarnitines suggest mitochondrial and peroxisomal dysfunction. Marked metabolic heterogeneity was observed across histological subtypes, with the indeterminate subtype exhibiting the most pronounced disruption in fatty acid oxidation and widespread acylcarnitine alterations. Decreased levels of C6DC-carnitine and Cit synthesis were correlated with higher tumour recurrence, warranting further confirmatory investigations. <b>Conclusions</b>: These findings underscore the value of plasma profiling of amino acids and acylcarnitines for understanding gastric cancer biology, revealing distinct metabolic adaptations reflecting tumour biology, histological subtype, and treatment response.</p>","PeriodicalId":8937,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12466941/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145173039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibody-Drug Conjugates in Breast Cancer: Navigating Innovations, Overcoming Resistance, and Shaping Future Therapies.","authors":"Hussein Sabit, Salma Abbas, Moataz T El-Safoury, Engy M Madkour, Sahar Mahmoud, Shaimaa Abdel-Ghany, Yasser Albrahim, Ibtesam S Al-Dhuayan, Sanaa Rashwan, Ahmed El-Hashash, Borros Arneth","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines13092227","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biomedicines13092227","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have revolutionized breast cancer (BC) therapy by combining targeted antibody specificity with potent cytotoxic payloads, thereby enhancing efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity. This review highlights significant innovations driving ADC development alongside persistent challenges. Recent advancements include novel antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) designs targeting diverse antigens, such as HER2, HER3, and CD276, demonstrating potent anti-tumor activity and improved strategies for drug delivery. For instance, dual-payload ADCs and those leveraging extracellular vesicles offer new dimensions in precision oncology. The integration of ADCs into sequential therapy, such as sacituzumab govitecan with TOP1/PARP inhibitors, further underscores their synergistic potential. Despite these innovations, critical challenges remain, including tumor heterogeneity and acquired drug resistance, which often involve complex molecular alterations. Moreover, optimizing ADC components, including linker chemistry and payload characteristics, is essential for ensuring stability and minimizing off-target toxicity. The burgeoning role of artificial intelligence and machine learning is pivotal in accelerating the design of ADCs, target identification, and personalized patient stratification. This review aims to comprehensively explore the cutting-edge innovations and inherent challenges in ADC development for BC, providing a holistic perspective on their current impact and future trajectory.</p>","PeriodicalId":8937,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467912/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145172669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heart Rate Variability Dynamics as Predictors of Functional Recovery and Mortality After Acute Ischemic Stroke.","authors":"Oana Elena Sandu, Carina Bogdan, Adrian Apostol, Mihaela Adriana Simu, Victor-Dan Moga, Radu-Mihai Pecingina, Alexandru Covaciu, Viviana Mihaela Ivan","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines13092217","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biomedicines13092217","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Autonomic dysfunction is commonly encountered after acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and may influence both functional recovery and survival. Heart rate variability (HRV) provides a non-invasive measure of autonomic balance, but its temporal evolution and prognostic significance in AIS remain insufficiently evaluated. <b>Methods</b>: In this prospective observational study, 148 AIS patients (mean age of 65.93 ± 9.19 years) underwent HRV assessment at baseline, one month, and three months follow-up, between January 2022 and October 2024. Time and frequency domain parameters, including Standard Deviation of NN intervals (SDNN), Low-Frequency (LF) power, High-Frequency (HF) power, and LF/HF ratio, were analyzed. Functional outcome was assessed using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS), with a good outcome defined as mRS ≤ 2. Multivariable logistic regression identified independent predictors of poor outcome (mRS > 2) at each time point. Mortality was recorded at one and three months, and potential predictors were evaluated. <b>Results</b>: Over three months, SDNN increased by 34.84% (<i>p</i> < 0.001), HF power rose by 22.26% (<i>p</i> < 0.001), LF power decreased by 21.61% (<i>p</i> < 0.001), and LF/HF ratio declined by 35.41% (<i>p</i> < 0.001), indicating a shift toward parasympathetic predominance. Higher SDNN correlated strongly with better functional status and was an important predictor of favorable outcome at all time points (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Higher LF/HF ratio predicted poor outcome at baseline (<i>p</i> < 0.01) and three months (<i>p</i> < 0.001). At three months, mortality reached 12.2%, with significant predictors including coronary artery disease (CAD), heart failure (HF), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and altered HRV parameters. <b>Conclusions</b>: Post-stroke recovery is characterized by the progressive restoration of autonomic balance, with higher SDNN and lower LF/HF associated with improved functional recovery and survival. HRV analysis offers valuable prognostic insight and may aid in risk stratification after AIS.</p>","PeriodicalId":8937,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467282/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145172379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of 4-Nitroquinoline 1-Oxide (4NQO) in Dysplastic and Malignant Induction: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies.","authors":"Daniela Oliveira Meneses, Brunna da Silva Nobrega Souza, Mateus José Dutra, Isabella Souza Malta, Bruna Oliveira Silva, Isis Moraes Cançado, Nathan Stevan Cezar Conceição, Maria Leticia de Almeida Lança, Luana Marotta Reis de Vasconcellos, Estela Kaminagakura","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines13092223","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biomedicines13092223","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objectives:</b> Tobacco has been associated with the development of oral leukoplakia (OL) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo changes caused by carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO), simulating smoking conditions. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> In the in vitro study, normal keratinocytes were exposed to 1.3 µM and 2.6 µM concentrations of 4NQO to induce dysplastic transformation (H-DISP) and malignant transformation (H-SCC), respectively. The cells were collected and subjected to hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and immunocytochemistry with Ki-67. For the in vivo study, female C57BL/6J mice were divided into a pure control (PC) group and experimental groups exposed to 50 µg/mL (NQ) and 100 µg/mL (CM) of 4NQO in autoclaved drinking water. Each group was euthanized after 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks of exposure. The tongues were collected, processed, stained with H&E, and analyzed using conventional light microscopy. <b>Results:</b> In vitro, significant morphological changes were observed in the H-DISP and H-SCC groups, with a cell proliferation index exceeding 30% in the H-DISP group. In vivo, the CM group showed greater progression to severe dysplasia/carcinoma within a shorter treatment period compared to the NQ group. <b>Conclusions:</b> We established critical doses and exposure durations for 4NQO, both in vitro and in vivo, to induce cellular changes and the formation of OL and OSCC, providing a standardized model for studies related to oral carcinogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":8937,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467478/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145172772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}