Biomimetics最新文献

{"title":"Feasible Regions of Nozzle Temperature, Extrusion Pressure, and Printing Speed in Extrusion-Based Printing Using a Sodium Alginate-Carboxymethylcellulose-Collagen I Bioink.","authors":"Evgenia Dimitriou, Nathan Wood, Hongmin Qin, Zhijian Pei","doi":"10.3390/biomimetics11040281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11040281","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study determines the feasible regions of nozzle temperature, extrusion pressure, and printing speed in extrusion-based printing using an acellular sodium alginate-carboxymethylcellulose-collagen I bioink. The tested range of nozzle temperature was from 10 to 35 °C in 5 °C increments, the range of printing speed was from 5 to 20 mm/s in 5 mm/s increments, and the range of extrusion pressure was from 10 to 100 kPa in 10 kPa increments. The feasible regions were defined as the combinations of process parameters that produced continuous extruded lines. Results show that continuous extruded lines were achieved at higher extrusion pressures (70-100 kPa) across most tested printing speeds and nozzle temperatures. In contrast, an extrusion pressure of 10 kPa resulted in discontinuous extruded lines under all tested combinations of nozzle temperature and printing speed, and an extrusion pressure of 20 kPa led to discontinuous extruded lines under all tested printing speeds and all tested temperatures except for 35 °C. Intermediate extrusion pressures required lower printing speeds to produce continuous extruded lines. These results highlight the interaction effects of extrusion pressure and printing speed on maintaining continuous extruded lines across the tested nozzle temperatures. These findings provide practical guidance for selecting extrusion pressures and printing speeds across different nozzle temperatures for printing of a sodium alginate-carboxymethylcellulose-collagen I bioink.</p>","PeriodicalId":8907,"journal":{"name":"Biomimetics","volume":"11 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13113612/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147761044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrodynamic Efficiency and Wake Interactions in Fish School Swimming.","authors":"Haoran Huang, Zhenming Yang, Junkai Liu, Jianhua Pang, Zongduo Wu, Hangyu Wen, Shunjun Li","doi":"10.3390/biomimetics11040278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11040278","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The mechanism by which fish enhance hydrodynamic performance through collective swimming is a research hotspot in the field of underwater bionic robots. This study employs the Immersed Boundary-Lattice Boltzmann Method (IB-LBM) to conduct numerical simulations on a two-dimensional, single-degree-of-freedom (1-DOF) autonomous propulsion bionic fish swarm. It systematically investigates the effects of swarm size and inter-individual spacing on swimming speed and cost of transport (CoT) under two typical configurations: series and parallel arrangements. Findings reveal that hydrodynamic benefits are highly dependent on the spatiotemporal evolution of flow field structures. In the series configuration, an optimal spacing range of 1.5 L to 2.0 L exists within the school, where the \"wake capture\" effect is pronounced. Trailing fish achieve a maximum speed increase of approximately 41.1% while significantly reducing energy consumption. However, as spacing increases to 2.5 L, the cooperative gain for front and middle-row individuals rapidly diminishes, and the lead fish even experiences significant performance loss. Uniquely, the trailing fish in the four-fish formation exhibits distinct flow field reorganization and performance recovery at the 4.5 L trailing position. In the parallel formation, the \"channel effect\" and \"blocking effect\" of the fluid dominate. The study identifies 0.4 L laterally as the critical instability spacing under the investigated kinematic regime, where strong destructive interference causes a sharp deterioration in individual swimming performance. Additionally, the parallel formation exhibits pronounced positional differentiation. Central individuals, constrained by dual lateral flow fields, experience restricted lateral wake expansion and accelerated energy dissipation, resulting in significantly weaker escape capabilities from low-speed conditions compared to marginal individuals. The vortex-dynamic mechanism revealed herein provides theoretical foundations for formation control in multi-fish biomimetic cooperative systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":8907,"journal":{"name":"Biomimetics","volume":"11 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13113052/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147760977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomimetic Spiral-Reinforced Honeycomb for Integrated Energy Absorption Under Complex Loading Scenarios.","authors":"Junhao Nian, Zhenyu Huang, Yingsong Zhao, Kai Liu","doi":"10.3390/biomimetics11040277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11040277","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Planar honeycomb structures, especially biomimetic hexagonal honeycombs, are widely used in energy-absorbing equipment because of their excellent out-of-plane deformation resistance. However, their significant mechanical anisotropy, manifested by the large discrepancy between out-of-plane and in-plane responses, greatly restricts their broader applications. Inspired by spiral-reinforced thin-walled biological tubular systems, such as animal tracheae and plant vessels, this study proposes a biomimetic reinforcement strategy by embedding spiral structures along the thin walls of planar honeycombs. To validate the feasibility of the proposed design, biomimetic honeycomb specimens were fabricated using 3D-printing technology and tested under compression along different loading directions. Furthermore, a numerical model validated against the experiments was developed to reveal the underlying enhancement mechanism. The results demonstrate that the proposed biomimetic honeycomb preserves the favorable out-of-plane performance of the conventional hexagonal honeycomb, while improving the in-plane energy absorption capacity by up to 70%. The biomimetic spiral reinforcements enable more effective load transfer under multidirectional loading, resulting in a more uniform plastic stress distribution over the entire structure and activating a larger deformation region for energy dissipation. The present work provides a bioinspired strategy for developing lightweight energy-absorbing structures for potential applications in aerospace, rail vehicles, marine engineering, and civil structures.</p>","PeriodicalId":8907,"journal":{"name":"Biomimetics","volume":"11 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13113431/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147760914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Error-Adaptive Competition-Based Inverse Kinematics Approach for Bimanual Trajectory Tracking of Humanoid Upper-Limb Robots.","authors":"Jiaxiu Liu, Zijian Wang, Hongfu Tang, Hongzhe Jin, Jie Zhao","doi":"10.3390/biomimetics11040279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11040279","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Humanoid upper-limb robots are an important direction in biomimetic robotics, and inverse kinematics is a key technique for achieving human-like coordinated operation. However, existing inverse kinematics methods for bimanual trajectory tracking often suffer from high computational complexity and limited synchronization performance. To address this, this paper proposes an error-adaptive competition-based inverse kinematics (EAC-IK) approach for bimanual trajectory tracking of humanoid upper-limb robots. First, a unified modeling framework for the absolute tracking errors and synchronization errors of the two arms is established, and the end-effector task constraints are reformulated into a low-dimensional representation, thereby reducing the computational complexity of the original high-dimensional task mapping. Second, to enhance the coordination capability of bimanual operations, an error-adaptive competition mechanism is developed to regulate the weighting coefficients of the two arms online according to their error states. In addition, a virtual second-order command shaper is introduced at the joint level to reconstruct joint trajectories and suppress oscillations induced by input noise and the error-adaptive competition mechanism. Simulation and experimental results on a hyper-redundant humanoid upper-limb robot demonstrate that, compared with the zeroing neural-network-based inverse kinematics method, the proposed method achieves lower tracking and synchronization errors, as well as higher computational efficiency. In the circular trajectory-tracking experiment, the left-arm position and orientation tracking errors decrease from 1.60×10-3m and 4.72×10-3rad to 0.70×10-3m and 0.95×10-3rad, respectively, while the synchronization error decreases from 1.96×10-3 to 1.30×10-3. In addition, the average algorithm runtime decreases from 0.82ms to 0.63ms.</p>","PeriodicalId":8907,"journal":{"name":"Biomimetics","volume":"11 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13113855/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147761036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Experimental Measurement Method to Characterize and Apply Platinum Silicon Material for a Biomechanical Replica of the Thoracic Aorta.","authors":"Mario Alberto Grave-Capistrán, Francesco Lamonaca, Giuseppe Carbone, Christopher René Torres-SanMiguel","doi":"10.3390/biomimetics11040275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11040275","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Currently, silicone is a common material used in medical research and biomedical applications. This research aims to characterize extra-soft platinum silicone (shore A 00 50) and compare its mechanical behavior with that of the human thoracic aorta. By developing molds to get samples, for tensile testing according to ISO 37 and ASTM D412, and for compression testing according to ISO 7743 and ASTM D575, using a universal testing machine for tensile and compression tests, and applying digital image correlation (DIC) algorithms, the mechanical properties were characterized in a total of 10 tensile samples and 6 compression samples. The results show an ultimate tensile strength up to 1.77 ± 0.12 MPa in the ASTM samples and 2.10 ± 0.14 MPa in the ISO samples; alongside an incremental elastic module of 80.08 ± 7.94 kPa and 117.98 ± 11.39 kPa; finally, an elongation at break of 1114.49 ± 76.77% and 936.08 ± 63.56%, corresponding to the values of a healthy thoracic aorta. The replica of the thoracic aorta in this material was developed by a brush method, with a thickness of 1.82 mm, a length from the aortic arch to the descending aorta of 200.49 mm, and diameters of 20.45 and 16.05 mm for the ascending and descending aorta, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":8907,"journal":{"name":"Biomimetics","volume":"11 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13113696/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147761013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unifying Environmental Stress Cracking and Mechano-Sorptive Creep Under the Umbrella of Mechano-Sorptive Phenomena.","authors":"Yue Yan, Anil Misra, Paulette Spencer, Viraj Singh, Ranganathan Parthasarathy","doi":"10.3390/biomimetics11040276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11040276","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mechano-sorptive phenomena (MSP) refer to the coupled mechanical response of polymers under simultaneous mechanical stress and fluid sorption. The most researched MSP are environmental stress cracking (ESC) and mechano-sorptive creep (MSC). ESC initiates at regions of localized stress and solvent sorption, presenting as brittle fracture, while MSC is characterized by large, time-dependent, and partially recoverable creep associated with transient bulk sorption. ESC experiments can however also result in significant plastic deformation, in which case the term environmental stress yielding (ESY) has been used. Similarly, MSC can evolve into tertiary creep followed by rupture, in which case the phenomenon is termed mechano-sorptive creep rupture (MSCR). Both behaviors originate from solvent diffusion into the amorphous phase, leading to disruption of non-covalent interactions between polymer chains. This review bridges seemingly disconnected research to illustrate that ESC and MSC represent extremes on a continuum of MSP, rather than disparate phenomena. We identify the principles of polymer thermodynamics and experimental methods necessary to separate polymer deformation under MSC into reversible stress-induced swelling and irreversible non-equilibrium deformation. Finally, we illustrate how MSP underline the functionality of several biomimetic materials including dentin adhesives, mutable collagenous tissue, spider silk, tendons, and articular cartilage, as well the synthesis of biomimetic materials by solvent vapor annealing assisted by soft shear.</p>","PeriodicalId":8907,"journal":{"name":"Biomimetics","volume":"11 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13113889/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147761109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Waste to Value: Fruit Biofillers in Biodegradable Composite Materials.","authors":"Smaro Kyroglou, Antigoni G Margellou, Konstantinos S Triantafyllidis, Patroklos Vareltzis","doi":"10.3390/biomimetics11040274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11040274","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study addresses the urgent need for sustainable alternatives to single-use plastics by developing biodegradable composites from peach and apple processing waste employing hot compression molding. Utilizing a definitive screening design, the impact of the process variables, including recipe composition, grinding size, pressure, temperature, and holding time, on the physical (including water resistance) and mechanical properties of the composites was systematically evaluated. Physicochemical and thermal analyses of the dried by-products indicated that processing temperatures below 150 °C prevent the degradation of lignocellulosic constituents. The results demonstrated that increasing both the molding pressure and holding time decreased the composite thickness, while enhancing the stiffness and flexural strength, with modulus of elasticity values exceeding 1000 MPa under optimal conditions. Higher molding temperatures reduced water absorption and diffusivity, particularly in lignin-rich composites, by promoting lignin softening and particle consolidation, resulting in denser structures with limited moisture transport. Biodegradability was assessed through soil burial tests over 200 days, revealing a weight loss ranging from 54.2% to 90.7% among samples, with apple-based composites exhibiting greater degradation compared to peach-based ones. Overall, the study highlights the development of a \"green composite\" formulation inspired by biomimetic principles, exploiting the natural self-bonding capacity of lignocellulosic biomass, where two different-in-composition biowastes are combined to produce a plastic-free composite material with possible applications in the foodservice industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":8907,"journal":{"name":"Biomimetics","volume":"11 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13114007/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147760970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on Path Planning for Fire Evacuation Using the Enhanced Hiking Optimization Algorithm.","authors":"Faguo Zhou, Yi Wu, Zhe You, Shuyu Yao, Kaile Lyu, Menglin Chen, Jianshen Yang","doi":"10.3390/biomimetics11040272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11040272","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To address the key challenges in fire evacuation path planning, such as the tendency to converge to local optima, unbalanced computational efficiency, and suboptimal path quality, this study proposes the enhanced Hiking Optimization Algorithm of Differentiated Weighted Dynamic (WDHOA). The WDHOA integrates a three-phase cooperative framework, incorporating dynamic grouping, hybrid search, and angle generation. Comprehensive evaluations on the CEC 2017 and CEC 2022 benchmark suites demonstrate that WDHOA significantly outperforms eight widely used algorithms, such as LSHADE, RIME, SCA in convergence accuracy, stability, and robustness, especially for high-dimensional and multimodal functions. Wilcoxon rank-sum tests and Friedman tests confirm statistical significance across most functions. Ablation experiment further verifies the effectiveness of the three enhanced strategies. When applied to fire evacuation path planning, WDHOA achieves the best solutions while satisfying all nonlinear constraints. These experiments confirm that WDHOA effectively balance optimization accuracy and practical applicability in fire evacuation path planning problems.</p>","PeriodicalId":8907,"journal":{"name":"Biomimetics","volume":"11 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13113704/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147761052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated ADRC and Consensus Control for Anti-Disturbance Formation Tracking Control of Multiple Biomimetic Underwater Spherical Robots.","authors":"Xihuan Hou, Miao Xu, Liang Wei, Hongfei Li, Zan Li, Huiming Xing, Shuxiang Guo","doi":"10.3390/biomimetics11040273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11040273","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To facilitate the practical deployment and engineering implementation of multi-robot coordination for biomimetic underwater spherical robots (BUSRs), it is imperative to develop a formation tracking control method with a simple structure, a small number of tunable parameters, convenient parameter tuning and strong anti-disturbance capability. This study proposes a formation controller integrating virtual structure (VS), consensus protocol, and parallel output-velocity-type active disturbance rejection control (POV-ADRC), denoted as VS-C-POV-ADRC. A rotating global (RG) coordinate system is established to decouple robot positions from heading angles, which makes the parameter tuning more convenient. A double-loop control architecture is constructed, where the outer consensus control loop generates the desired velocity for each robot based on virtual-structure reference positions, and the inner POV-ADRC loop achieves high-precision velocity tracking. The proposed controller features a compact structure with only five adjustable parameters per motion direction, realizing easy engineering implementation and adaptation to the limited computing capacity of BUSRs. The simulation and experiment results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm enables robots to maintain a stable formation and achieve trajectory tracking accuracy within one body length, while exhibiting superior disturbance rejection. The proposed method provides a feasible and practical solution for BUSR formation control.</p>","PeriodicalId":8907,"journal":{"name":"Biomimetics","volume":"11 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13112991/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147761042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution Mechanisms of Flow and Transient Temperature Fields in Wet Friction Pair with Bionic Hexagonal Micro-Texture.","authors":"Donghui Chen, Yulin Xiao, Shiqi Hao, Chong Ning, Xiaotong Ma, Bingyang Wang, Xiao Yang","doi":"10.3390/biomimetics11040271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11040271","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Friction pairs in wet clutches operate under complex conditions, which can cause surface damage and reduce overall clutch reliability. Surface texturing is an established technique for improving the tribological performance of such mechanical interfaces. Inspired by the wet adhesion properties of tree frog foot pads, a bionic regular hexagonal micro-texture was designed on the mating steel plate. A three-dimensional transient computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical methodology was developed and rigorously verified via pin-on-disc friction experiments. Subsequently, this verified numerical framework was extrapolated to establish disc-on-disc CFD models. The results demonstrated that the bionic hexagonal micro-texture altered flow field characteristics, increasing the local maximum flow velocity by 7.9% compared to untextured surfaces. Furthermore, the micro-textured grooves expanded the effective area for convective heat transfer and facilitated local fluid exchange, reducing the maximum average bulk temperature by 20.5% and the maximum radial temperature by 20.7%. Adjusting the structural parameters of these micro-textures further regulated the interfacial flow and temperature fields; notably, deeper grooves induced vortices at land region edges, accelerating flow velocity and decreasing the overall radial temperature gradient. This study provides a theoretical reference for enhancing the thermo-hydrodynamic performance of wet clutch friction pairs.</p>","PeriodicalId":8907,"journal":{"name":"Biomimetics","volume":"11 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13113326/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147760975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}