Bioengineering最新文献

{"title":"Digital Technologies in Implantology: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Ani Kafedzhieva, Angelina Vlahova, Bozhana Chuchulska","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering12090927","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bioengineering12090927","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Digital technologies have significantly advanced implant dentistry, refining diagnosis, treatment planning, surgical precision, and prosthetic rehabilitation. This review explores recent developments, emphasizing accuracy, efficiency, and clinical impact. A literature analysis identifies key innovations, such as digital planning, guided surgery, dynamic navigation, digital impressions and CAD/CAM prosthetics. Digital workflows enhance implant placement by improving precision and reducing deviations compared to freehand techniques. Dynamic navigation provides real-time guidance, offering accuracy comparable to static guides and proving benefits in complex cases. Digital impressions demonstrate high precision, which can match or, in some scenarios, surpass conventional methods, though conventional impressions remain the gold standard for full-arch cases. CAD/CAM technology optimizes prosthetic fit, aesthetics, and material selection. Artificial intelligence and machine learning contribute to treatment planning and predictive analytics, yet challenges persist, including high costs, the need for specialized training, and long-term clinical validation. This review underscores the advantages of digital approaches-improved accuracy, better communication, and minimally invasive procedures-while addressing existing limitations. Emerging technologies, such as AI, augmented reality, and 3D printing, are expected to further transform implantology. Continued research is crucial to fully integrate digital advancements and enhance patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467394/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145172857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Confounding Factors and Their Mitigation in Measurements of Bioelectrical Impedance at the Skin Interface.","authors":"Adrian Iftime, Cristian Scheau, Ramona-Madalina Babeș, Diana Ionescu, Argyrios Periferakis, Octavian Călinescu","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering12090926","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bioengineering12090926","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Bioelectrical impedance measurement is a technique used in engineering (development of different wearable biosensors with diverse applications), in the medical field (health monitoring and diagnosis), and in biomedical research (fundamental and applied).</p><p><strong>Problem: </strong>despite its long history and existence of standardized techniques, measurement results can often be unreliable and plagued by high variance (intra- and inter-subject measurement), which can distort the correct interpretation of the results.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>we have reviewed bioelectrical impedance measurements from both engineering and medical research teams over the past 60 years, with a focus on factors that might influence the skin-electrode interface.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified 40 confounding factors in 10 different categories, some of which are sometimes overlooked in applied research, and we propose mitigation strategies for each one.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467780/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145172845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Magnetic Field Therapy and Massage on Upper Trapezius Muscle Tone, Craniovertebral Angle, and Scapular Index.","authors":"Do-Youn Lee, Seong-Gil Kim","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering12090925","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bioengineering12090925","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the effects of magnetic field therapy and massage on upper trapezius muscle tone, craniovertebral angle (CVA), and scapular index in young adults. Thirty participants were randomly assigned to a magnetic field group or a massage group (n = 15 each), receiving interventions twice a week for two weeks with a one-week follow-up. Measurements were taken at baseline, post-intervention, and follow-up using MyotonPRO, lateral photographs, and anatomical distances. The magnetic group showed a greater reduction in muscle tone at post-intervention and follow-up (<i>p</i> = 0.015, partial η² = 0.28, large effect) than the massage group. Elasticity decreased significantly in both groups, but follow-up values were lower in the magnetic group (<i>p</i> < 0.05, partial η² = 0.25, medium effect). CVA improved in both groups, with a larger change in the magnetic group and sustained gains at follow-up (<i>p</i> < 0.001, partial η² up to 0.43, large effect). The scapular index increased only in the magnetic group post-intervention (<i>p</i> = 0.013, partial η² = 0.49, large effect) but returned to baseline at follow-up. Magnetic field therapy appears more effective than massage for improving muscle tone, posture, and scapular alignment in the short term, and may be a valuable option for clinical postural correction.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467020/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145172918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Disinfection and Sterilization on 3D-Printing Resin Performance for Surgical Guides in Cardiac Ablation Surgery.","authors":"Rani Kronenberger, Rawan Kazma, Alireza Amirabadi, Leire Viana Uribe, Giacomo Talevi, Görkem Eylül Kaya, Niko Van den Brande, Ramak Hossein Abadi, Kalliopi-Artemi Kalteremidou, Danny Van Hemelrijck, Kitty Baert, Tom Hauffman, Jeroen Soete, Luigi Pannone, Andrea Maria Paparella, Ivan Eltsov, Gian Battista Chierchia, Mark La Meir, Ali Gharaviri, Carlo de Asmundis","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering12090924","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bioengineering12090924","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Patient-tailored, 3D-printed surgical guides offer significant potential to improve precision and therapeutic efficacy in cardiac ablation surgery. However, reliable post-sterilization material performance presents a critical yet underexplored barrier to clinical adoption. This study investigates how disinfection and sterilization impact the mechanical and thermal properties of photopolymer resins. Specimens from two 3D-printing resins (Bioflex A80 MB™, 3Dresyns; MED625FLX™, Stratasys) were treated with four combinations of disinfection techniques (low-temperature manual cleaning; high-temperature machine washing) and sterilization techniques (H₂O₂ vs. autoclaving). We assessed post-sterilization properties by mechanical (material integrity, bending tests), thermal (differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis), and viscoelastic (dynamic mechanical analysis) studies. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc tests (α = 0.05). From this preliminary study, we conclude that MED625FLX maintains integrity and flexibility across all tested disinfection and sterilization methods. Bioflex A80 MB is only suitable for low-temperature disinfection-sterilization, as high-temperature treatments cause surface cracking. Neither resin is appropriate for cryogenic conditions due to the risk of brittleness. Further research into post-sterilization properties is essential to ensure the safety and clinical reliability of these materials in cardiac procedures.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467745/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145172698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward Sensor-to-Text Generation: Leveraging LLM-Based Video Annotations for Stroke Therapy Monitoring.","authors":"Mohammad Akidul Hoque, Shamim Ehsan, Anuradha Choudhury, Peter Lum, Monika Akbar, Shashwati Geed, M Shahriar Hossain","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering12090922","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bioengineering12090922","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stroke-related impairment remains a leading cause of long-term disability, limiting individuals' ability to perform daily activities. While wearable sensors offer scalable monitoring solutions during rehabilitation, they struggle to distinguish functional from non-functional movements, and manual annotation of sensor data is labor-intensive and prone to inconsistency. In this paper, we propose a novel framework that uses large language models (LLMs) to generate activity descriptions from video frames of therapy sessions. These descriptions are aligned with concurrently recorded accelerometer signals to create labeled training data. Through exploratory analysis, we demonstrate that accelerometer signals exhibit distinct temporal and statistical patterns corresponding to specific activities, supporting the feasibility of generating natural language narratives directly from sensor data. Our findings lay the foundation for future development of sensor-to-text models that can enable automated, non-intrusive, and scalable stroke rehabilitation monitoring without the need for manual or video-based annotation.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467268/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145172909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Sarcopenic Obesity in the Cancer Setting: Insights from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey on Prognosis and Predictors Using Machine Learning.","authors":"Yinuo Jiang, Wenjie Jiang, Qun Wang, Ting Wei, Lawrence Wing Chi Chan","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering12090921","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bioengineering12090921","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective</b>: Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is a combination of depleted skeletal muscle mass and obesity, with a high prevalence, undetected onset, challenging diagnosis, and poor prognosis. However, studies on SO in cancer settings are limited. We aimed to explore the association between SO and mortality and to investigate potential predictors involved in the development of SO, with a further objective of constructing a model to detect its occurrence in cancer patients. <b>Methods</b>: The data of 1432 cancer patients from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from the years 1999 to 2006 and 2011 to 2016 were included. For survival analysis, univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the associations of SO with overall survival, adjusting for potential confounders. For machine learning, six algorithms, including logistic regression, stepwise logistic regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), were utilized to build models to predict the presence of SO. The predictive performances of each model were evaluated. <b>Results</b>: From six machine learning algorithms, cancer patients with SO were significantly associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality (adjusted HR 1.368, 95%CI 1.107-1.690) compared with individuals without SO. Among the six machine learning algorithms, the optimal LASSO model achieved the highest area under the curve (AUC) of 0.891 on the training set and 0.873 on the test set, outperforming the other five machine learning algorithms. <b>Conclusions</b>: SO is a significant risk factor for the prognosis of cancer patients. Our constructed LASSO model to predict the presence of SO is an effective tool for clinical practice. This study is the first to utilize machine learning to explore the predictors of SO among cancer populations, providing valuable insights for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467569/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145172371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decreasing Bone Resorption by Inducing Anti-Osteoclastogenic IFN-γ and IL-10 Expression in the Spleen Through an Electromagnetic Field on LPS-Induced Osteoporosis Mice.","authors":"Myeong-Hyun Nam, Hee-Jung Park, Tae-Woo Kim, In-Ho Lee, Hee-Deok Yun, Zuyu Chen, Young-Kwon Seo","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering12090923","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bioengineering12090923","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study sought to evaluate the inhibitory effect of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy on bone resorption in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced osteoporosis. A total of 40 mice were divided into four groups: control, LPS, LPS + alendronate, and LPS + PEMF. Blood and spleen samples were analyzed using RT-PCR and ELISA, while calvaria and femurs were assessed by micro-computed tomography (CT) and histological analysis. Serum analysis revealed that, compared with the control group, calcium levels in the PEMF group showed no significant difference, but alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were significantly increased, whereas tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) levels were significantly decreased. Moreover, blood cytokine analysis showed reduced expression of TNF-α and IL-1β and increased expression of BMP-2 in the PEMF group. Spleen tissue analysis further demonstrated significant upregulation of IFN-γ and IL-10 expression in the PEMF group. Micro-CT confirmed that PEMF inhibited femoral bone loss and promoted bone regeneration in calvarial defects. Histological evaluation with hematoxylin and eosin and Masson-Goldner trichrome staining confirmed enhanced bone formation in both the femur and calvaria. In conclusion, PEMF effectively alleviates bone loss and promotes bone regeneration in LPS-induced osteoporosis. Furthermore, PEMF exhibits anti-osteoclastogenic activity by reducing inflammatory cytokines and enhancing IFN-γ and IL-10 expression in the spleen.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467228/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145172838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical Deuteration of α-Amino Acids and Optical Resolution: Overview of Research Developments.","authors":"Nageshwar R Yepuri","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering12090916","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bioengineering12090916","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Deuterium-labelled amino acids have found extensive applications in such research areas as pharmaceutical, bioanalytical, neutron diffraction, inelastic neutron scattering, in analysis of drug metabolism using mass spectrometry (MS), and, structuring of biomolecules by NMR. For these reasons, interest in new methodologies for the deuterium labelling of amino acids and the extent of their applications are equally rising. The ideal method will be able to label target compounds rapidly and cost-effectively by the direct exchange of a hydrogen atom by a deuterium atom. Most of these exchange reactions can often be carried out directly on the final target compound or a late intermediate in the synthesis, and often D₂O can be used as the deuterium source. This review aims to provide a high-level overview of the chemical deuteration of amino acids in various groups (aromatic, heterocyclic, and non-aromatic α-amino acids). It primarily focuses on metal-catalyzed H/D exchange under hydrothermal conditions, with some attention given to studies on stereoselectivity and chemically synthesized perdeuteration and selective deuteration. In addition, we present different methods tested, manipulated, and developed for versatile new scalable protocols for preparation of selective and perdeuterated biologically important amino acids and their enzymatic and kinetic resolution to give pure enantiomers. Different methods for the synthesis of stereocontrolled selective and perdeuterated amino acids, including synthetic, and methods for preparing optically pure amino acids are presented.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467683/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145172795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Antiangiogenic Effect of VEGF-A siRNA-FAM-Loaded Exosomes.","authors":"Woojune Hur, Basanta Bhujel, Seheon Oh, Seorin Lee, Ho Seok Chung, Jin Hyoung Park, Jae Yong Kim","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering12090919","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bioengineering12090919","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neovascular ocular diseases are caused by vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) overexpression. Thus, VEGFA inhibition is considered the main strategy for treating ocular neovascularization. However, existing anti-VEGF therapies have several limitations in stability and delivery efficiency. To overcome the limitations, exosome-based VEGF siRNA delivery technology has attracted attention since exosomes have the advantages of high in vivo stability and excellent intracellular delivery efficiency. Additionally, loading VEGFA siRNA into exosomes not only allows for targeting specific cells or tissues but can also improve therapeutic efficacy. Our research team purified and concentrated exosomes using chromatography techniques, added fluorescein amidite (FAM)-labeled VEGFA siRNA into exosomes, and observed the novel effect of drug delivery in vitro. This study successfully introduced hVEGFA siRNA-FAM into target cells, with high efficacy particularly at 48 h after treatment. Furthermore, the enhanced inhibition of VEGFA expression at 48 h post-treatment was confirmed. FACS analysis was performed using the apoptosis markers Annexin V-FITC (green) and PI-PE (red) to confirm the presence or absence of apoptosis. Both groups treated with hVEGFA siRNA-FAM-EXO (1) and hVEGFA siRNA-FAM-EXO (2) showed increased apoptosis as the exposure time passed compared to the untreated group (0 h). hVEGFA siRNA-FAM-EXO treatment effectively induced apoptosis. After 24 h, early apoptosis was 12.9% and 13.9% and late apoptosis was 1.5% and 3.7% in hVEGFA siRNA-FAM-EXO groups (1) and (2), respectively. After 48 h, early apoptosis was 23.9% and late apoptosis was 39.4% and 17.8% in hVEGFA siRNA-FAM-EXO groups (1) and (2), respectively, indicating a time-dependent pattern of apoptosis progression. Additionally, tube formation of human vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) was induced to confirm the effect of VEGFA siRNA-loaded exosomes on the angiogenesis assay in vitro. Compared with controls, angiogenesis became significantly weakened in hVEGFA siRNA-FAM-EXO (1)- and hVEGFA siRNA-FAM-EXO (2)-treated groups at 48 h post-treatment and completely disappeared at 72 h, probably occurring due to decreased VEGFA, PIGF, and VEGFC in the intracellular cytosol and conditioned media secreted by VEGFA siRNA-FAM in HUVECs. In conclusions, FAM-tagged VEGFA siRNA was packed into exosomes and degraded over time after tube formation, leading to cell death due to a decrease in VEGFA, PIGF, and VEGFC levels. This study is expected to support the development of in vivo neovascularization models (keratitis, conjunctivitis, or diabetic retinopathy models) in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467468/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145172791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Conventional and Enhanced-Biocompatibility ZnO/Ag Heterojunction Nanorod-Based Advanced Root Canal Sealers.","authors":"Gayathri Velusamy, Aleena Unnikrishnan, Dinesh Veeran Ponnuvelu, Selvakumar Rajendran, Sungsu Park, Biji Pullithadathil","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering12090917","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bioengineering12090917","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This investigation aims to evaluate the biocompatibility and assess the cytotoxicity of synthesized ZnO/Ag heterojunction nanorods with commercially available root canal sealers in India. Among the commercially available root canal sealers, zinc oxide (ZnO) eugenol-based sealers are widely utilized as per Grossmann's requirements. However, these ZnO eugenol-based sealers often experience solubility issues and tissue reactions in contact with periapical tissues. To overcome the inexplicable reactivity of ZnO eugenol-based sealers, nano ZnO and nano ZnO/Ag heterojunction materials have been developed via a wet-chemical approach and studied to assess their biocompatibility and cytotoxicity. The findings of our study revealed that nano ZnO/Ag heterojunction material possesses a higher degree of biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity as compared to conventional ZnO eugenol-based sealers, attributed to its high surface-to-volume ratio, the enhanced penetration of nanosized sealers into dentinal tubules, and the synergistic spillover sensitization effect of nano ZnO combined with Ag nanoclusters. From this comparative evaluation of root canal sealers, the usage of nano ZnO/Ag heterojunction materials was found to be significantly advantageous over commercial zinc oxide eugenol-based sealers and may find profound usage with a long shelf-life.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467648/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145172705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}