{"title":"Confounding Factors and Their Mitigation in Measurements of Bioelectrical Impedance at the Skin Interface.","authors":"Adrian Iftime, Cristian Scheau, Ramona-Madalina Babeș, Diana Ionescu, Argyrios Periferakis, Octavian Călinescu","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering12090926","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Bioelectrical impedance measurement is a technique used in engineering (development of different wearable biosensors with diverse applications), in the medical field (health monitoring and diagnosis), and in biomedical research (fundamental and applied).</p><p><strong>Problem: </strong>despite its long history and existence of standardized techniques, measurement results can often be unreliable and plagued by high variance (intra- and inter-subject measurement), which can distort the correct interpretation of the results.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>we have reviewed bioelectrical impedance measurements from both engineering and medical research teams over the past 60 years, with a focus on factors that might influence the skin-electrode interface.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified 40 confounding factors in 10 different categories, some of which are sometimes overlooked in applied research, and we propose mitigation strategies for each one.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7000,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467780/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Bioengineering","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12090926","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Background: Bioelectrical impedance measurement is a technique used in engineering (development of different wearable biosensors with diverse applications), in the medical field (health monitoring and diagnosis), and in biomedical research (fundamental and applied).
Problem: despite its long history and existence of standardized techniques, measurement results can often be unreliable and plagued by high variance (intra- and inter-subject measurement), which can distort the correct interpretation of the results.
Methods: we have reviewed bioelectrical impedance measurements from both engineering and medical research teams over the past 60 years, with a focus on factors that might influence the skin-electrode interface.
Results: We identified 40 confounding factors in 10 different categories, some of which are sometimes overlooked in applied research, and we propose mitigation strategies for each one.
期刊介绍：
Aims
Bioengineering (ISSN 2306-5354) provides an advanced forum for the science and technology of bioengineering. It publishes original research papers, comprehensive reviews, communications and case reports. Our aim is to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible. All aspects of bioengineering are welcomed from theoretical concepts to education and applications. There is no restriction on the length of the papers. The full experimental details must be provided so that the results can be reproduced. There are, in addition, four key features of this Journal:
● We are introducing a new concept in scientific and technical publications “The Translational Case Report in Bioengineering”. It is a descriptive explanatory analysis of a transformative or translational event. Understanding that the goal of bioengineering scholarship is to advance towards a transformative or clinical solution to an identified transformative/clinical need, the translational case report is used to explore causation in order to find underlying principles that may guide other similar transformative/translational undertakings.
● Manuscripts regarding research proposals and research ideas will be particularly welcomed.
● Electronic files and software regarding the full details of the calculation and experimental procedure, if unable to be published in a normal way, can be deposited as supplementary material.
● We also accept manuscripts communicating to a broader audience with regard to research projects financed with public funds.
Scope
● Bionics and biological cybernetics: implantology; bio–abio interfaces
● Bioelectronics: wearable electronics; implantable electronics; “more than Moore” electronics; bioelectronics devices
● Bioprocess and biosystems engineering and applications: bioprocess design; biocatalysis; bioseparation and bioreactors; bioinformatics; bioenergy; etc.
● Biomolecular, cellular and tissue engineering and applications: tissue engineering; chromosome engineering; embryo engineering; cellular, molecular and synthetic biology; metabolic engineering; bio-nanotechnology; micro/nano technologies; genetic engineering; transgenic technology
● Biomedical engineering and applications: biomechatronics; biomedical electronics; biomechanics; biomaterials; biomimetics; biomedical diagnostics; biomedical therapy; biomedical devices; sensors and circuits; biomedical imaging and medical information systems; implants and regenerative medicine; neurotechnology; clinical engineering; rehabilitation engineering
● Biochemical engineering and applications: metabolic pathway engineering; modeling and simulation
● Translational bioengineering
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