Biochemical Systematics and Ecology最新文献

{"title":"The impact of phenological stages and altitudes on accumulation of active components, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Phlomis bovei Dé Noé (Lamiacea) leaves extracts. Suggested title: Effects of phenological stage and altitude on Phlomis bovei Leaves: Phytochemistry, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities","authors":"Yamina Mouas ,&nbsp;Chafia Tigrine ,&nbsp;Amina Missoum ,&nbsp;Hafidha Metidji ,&nbsp;RabahForar El Aidi ,&nbsp;Soumia Krimat ,&nbsp;Hassina Tounsi ,&nbsp;Abdelkrim Kameli","doi":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105157","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105157","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Phlomis bovei</em> Dé Noé (Lamiaceae) is a medicinal plant valued for its bioactive compounds, yet little is known about how altitude and phenological stages influence its phytochemical profile and biological activities. This study investigated the effects of altitude (Beni Ali, 727 m; Chrea, 1379 m) and developmental stage (vegetative, flowering and fruiting) on phenolic composition, antioxidant potential, and antimicrobial activity of <em>P. bovei</em> leaf extracts. Hydroethanolic extraction yielded higher amounts of bioactive compounds at high altitudes compared to low altitudes at flowering stage (≈40 %). Total phenolic content (TPC) ranged from 38.5 ± 0.62 to 96.80 ± 2.19 mg GAE/g DE, while total flavonoid content (TFC) varied between 13.80 ± 0.49 and 39.20 ± 2.46 mg QE/g DE, with the highest levels observed in flowering-stage samples collected at high altitudes. HPLC-DAD analysis revealed six major phenolic compounds, including protocatechetic acid, robinin, naringenin, luteolin 3′-7-diglucoside, isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside, and myricetin. Antioxidant assays revealed that flowering-stage high-altitude extracts displayed the strongest activity (IC₅₀ = 17.16 ± 1.33). Antimicrobial tests showed significant inhibition against Gram-positive bacteria, particularly <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (20 ± 1 mm inhibition zone), while moderate effects were noted against Gram-negative strains and fungi. Luteolin 3′-7-diglucoside was identified as a major contributor to antioxidant activity. Overall, the flowering stage at higher altitudes appears to be the most favourable period for harvesting <em>P. bovei</em> leaves to maximize their bioactive potential. These results highlight the pivotal influence of both altitude and phenological stage on the phytochemical profile and biological activities of <em>P. bovei</em>. Further studies are needed to validate these findings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8799,"journal":{"name":"Biochemical Systematics and Ecology","volume":"124 ","pages":"Article 105157"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145358910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytochemical constituents from the aerial parts of Hedyotis diffusa Willd.: A novel anthraquinone and chemotaxonomic insights","authors":"Manh Khoa Nguyen,&nbsp;Tra My Nguyen,&nbsp;Thi Thu Nguyen,&nbsp;Thanh Nghi Le,&nbsp;Thi Hang Nguyen,&nbsp;Minh Khoi Nguyen,&nbsp;Nguyen Thanh Le","doi":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105152","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105152","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A new anthraquinone (<strong>6</strong>) and ten known secondary metabolites (<strong>1</strong>–<strong>5</strong>, <strong>7</strong>–<strong>11</strong>) were isolated from the aerial parts of <em>Hedyotis diffusa</em> through ethanol extraction, solvent partitioning, and chromatographic techniques. The structures of isolated compounds were elucidated using ESI-MS, spectroscopic analyses of 1D and 2D-NMR spectroscopy, and compared with published spectral data. These compounds were identified as digitolutein (<strong>1</strong>), 2-hydroxy-1-methoxyanthraquinone (<strong>2</strong>), digiferruginol (<strong>3</strong>), 2-hydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone (<strong>4</strong>), 9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-carbaldehyde (<strong>5</strong>), 2-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethylanthraquinone (<strong>6</strong>), capitellataquinone D (<strong>7</strong>), <em>p</em>-coumaric acid (<strong>8</strong>), <em>E</em>-6-<em>O-p</em>-coumaroyl scandoside methyl ester (<strong>9</strong>), ursolic acid (<strong>10</strong>), and oleanolic acid (<strong>11</strong>). Compound <strong>6</strong> is new, while compound <strong>7</strong> was obtained from <em>H. diffusa</em> for the first time. The identification of anthraquinones <strong>6</strong> and <strong>7</strong> suggests their potential role as chemotaxonomic indicators.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8799,"journal":{"name":"Biochemical Systematics and Ecology","volume":"124 ","pages":"Article 105152"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145333258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secondary metabolites from the arial parts of Hyssopus cuspidatus Boriss. and their chemotaxonomic significance","authors":"Jian-Kang Lu ,&nbsp;Gui-Juan Zheng ,&nbsp;Jing-Jing Li ,&nbsp;Xiao-Xia Jiang ,&nbsp;Jin-Xin Zhan ,&nbsp;Chang-Hao Yu ,&nbsp;Xu Wang ,&nbsp;Yi-Xuan Zeng ,&nbsp;Tian-Jiao Qi ,&nbsp;Hong Liu ,&nbsp;Hui-Ming Peng ,&nbsp;Jin-Bo Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105149","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105149","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A phytochemical investigation of aerial parts of <em>Hyssopus cuspidatus</em> Boriss. led to the isolation of twenty compounds <strong>1</strong>–<strong>20</strong>, including terpenoids (<strong>1</strong>−<strong>11</strong>), jasmonates (<strong>12</strong> and <strong>13</strong>), phenylpropanoids (<strong>14</strong>−<strong>16</strong>), and phenols (<strong>17</strong>−<strong>20</strong>). Compound <strong>12</strong> was determined as a new natural occurring, which was initially reported as a synthetic product. The structures of these structures were identified based on extensive spectroscopic methods as well as comparison with literature data. Compounds <strong>10</strong>–<strong>12</strong> were firstly acquired from the Lamiaceae family. Compounds <strong>1</strong>, <strong>3</strong>, <strong>5</strong>–<strong>8</strong>, <strong>13</strong>, <strong>17</strong>, <strong>19</strong>, and <strong>20</strong> were isolated from <em>H</em>. <em>cuspidatus</em> for the first time and also newly identified within the genus <em>Hyssopus</em>. The chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also described.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8799,"journal":{"name":"Biochemical Systematics and Ecology","volume":"124 ","pages":"Article 105149"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145262925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical constituents from the dried root bark of Lycium chinense Mill. and their chemotaxonomic significance","authors":"Mingxia Li ,&nbsp;Tieqiang Zong ,&nbsp;Yanan Liu ,&nbsp;Jinfeng Sun ,&nbsp;Zhengyu Hu ,&nbsp;Long Jin ,&nbsp;Mei Jin ,&nbsp;Wei Zhou ,&nbsp;Gao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105163","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105163","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A phytochemical investigation of the aqueous extract of the dried root bark of <em>Lycium chinense</em> Mill. led to the isolation of twenty-four compounds by normal and reversed-phase silica column chromatography and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, etc., including seven alkaloids (<strong>1</strong>–<strong>7</strong>), ten phenylpropanoids (<strong>8</strong>–<strong>17</strong>), one phenolic (<strong>18</strong>), three sesquiterpenes (<strong>19</strong>–<strong>21</strong>), one glycoside (<strong>22</strong>) and two steroids (<strong>23</strong>–<strong>24</strong>). The chemical structures of these compounds were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy and compared with literature data previously reported. Compounds <strong>3</strong>–<strong>7</strong>, <strong>10</strong>, <strong>11</strong>, <strong>13</strong>–<strong>14</strong>, <strong>16, 18</strong>–<strong>24</strong> were isolated for the first time from <em>L</em>. <em>chinense</em>, and also newly found in the genus <em>Lycium</em>. Compounds <strong>4</strong>–<strong>7</strong>, <strong>10</strong>, <strong>14</strong>, <strong>18</strong>–<strong>24</strong> were firstly isolated from the Solanaceae family. The chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8799,"journal":{"name":"Biochemical Systematics and Ecology","volume":"124 ","pages":"Article 105163"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145424712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vincosan-type alkaloid from the root barks of Rauvolfia caffra Sond. (Apocynaceae) with antimicrobial potential","authors":"Andre Nehemie Bitombo ,&nbsp;Jeanne Louise Nkot ,&nbsp;Aliette Bekou Fosso ,&nbsp;Auguste Abouem À Zintchem ,&nbsp;Afsar Khan ,&nbsp;Dominique Serge Ngono Bikobo ,&nbsp;Dieudonné Emmanuel Pegnyemb","doi":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105156","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105156","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A previously undescribed vincosan-type alkaloid, rauvolcaffrine (<strong>1</strong>) was isolated from the root bark of <em>Rauvolfia caffra</em> Sond. (Apocynaceae), along with ten known alkaloids (<strong>2–11)</strong> among which: two sarpagine-subtype alkaloids (<strong>2</strong>-<strong>3</strong>), five ajmalicine-subtype alkaloids (<strong>4</strong>–<strong>8</strong>), two ajmaline-subtype alkaloids (<strong>9</strong>–<strong>10</strong>) and one perakine-subtype alkaloid (<strong>11</strong>). Compound <strong>2</strong> was identified for the first time from a natural source. Their structures were determined on the basis of various spectroscopic techniques (1D/2D NMR), mass spectrometry (MS) and chemical methods, as well as comparison with literature. These compounds were mostly reported for the first time from this plant, while the compound <strong>4</strong> has never been recorded in the <em>Rauvolfia</em> genus; hence, the chemotaxonomy of these compounds was discussed. In addition, compounds <strong>1</strong>, <strong>2</strong>, <strong>6</strong>, <strong>8</strong> and <strong>9</strong> were evaluated for antibacterial activity against three Gram-negative bacterial strains (<em>Escherichia coli</em>, <em>Shigella</em> sp. and <em>Salmonella</em> sp.). Alkaloid <strong>1</strong> exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity among the isolates, with MIC values in the ranging from 17.86 to 35.72 μM against the tested strains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8799,"journal":{"name":"Biochemical Systematics and Ecology","volume":"124 ","pages":"Article 105156"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145358908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The chemotaxonomic significance of chemical constituents from Gynostemma pentaphyllum","authors":"Hou-Lin Peng ,&nbsp;Man-Hui Yang ,&nbsp;Wu-Di Zhai ,&nbsp;Wen-Juan Li ,&nbsp;Jing Liu ,&nbsp;Yan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105139","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105139","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phytochemical studies on the water extract of <em>Gynostemma pentaphyllum</em> led to the isolation of fifteen compounds, including three phenols, six phenylpropanoids, five lignans, and one five-membered alicyclic derivative. Extensive spectroscopic analysis and comparison with previously reported data were used to determine the chemical structures of the compounds. All constituents were firstly isolated from the genus for the first time. Furthermore, the chemotaxonomic significance of all isolated compounds was investigated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8799,"journal":{"name":"Biochemical Systematics and Ecology","volume":"124 ","pages":"Article 105139"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How does the volatile chemical composition correlate with the genetic profile of four Ocotea species from the Amazon?","authors":"Júlia Karla A.M. Xavier ,&nbsp;Pablo Luis B. Figueiredo ,&nbsp;Christina Cleo Vinson ,&nbsp;Flávio Macedo Alves ,&nbsp;José Guilherme S. Maia ,&nbsp;William N. Setzer ,&nbsp;Joyce Kelly R. da Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105179","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105179","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Ocotea</em> is a highly diverse and taxonomically complex genus within Lauraceae, where morphological similarity and the lack of diagnostic characters hinder accurate species identification. To address this, we integrated the volatile chemical profiles, determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and chloroplast DNA barcodes (<em>matK</em>, <em>rbcL</em>, <em>psbA-trnH</em>) to investigate four Amazonian species: <em>O. cernua</em> I, <em>O. cernua</em> II, <em>O. cernua</em> III, <em>O. cernua</em> IV, <em>O. canaliculata</em> I and <em>O. canaliculata</em> II, <em>O. guianensis</em>, and <em>O. floribunda</em>. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis revealed two well-supported clades (posterior probability ≥0.98), each associated with distinct chemical profiles. Clade I included the samples <em>O. cernua</em> I, <em>O. cernua</em> II, <em>O. cernua</em> III, <em>O. cernua</em> IV, <em>O. canaliculata</em> II, and <em>O. floribunda</em>, which exhibited essential oils rich in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (β-caryophyllene, α-copaene, bicyclogermacrene), benzenoids (benzyl benzoate and benzyl salicylate), and fatty acid derivatives (2-tridecanone). In contrast, Clade II comprised the samples <em>O. canaliculata</em> I and <em>O. guianensis</em>, characterized by the predominance of oxygenated sesquiterpenoids, particularly spathulenol and caryophyllene oxide. Among the specimens analyzed, the four <em>O. cernua</em> samples demonstrated consistency between morphology, phylogeny and chemical composition. On the other hand, two <em>O. canaliculata</em> I and <em>O. canaliculata</em> II samples displayed divergence across these data types, which may reflect intraspecific variation, ecological influence, or even misidentification. These findings underscore the complexity of species delimitation within <em>Ocotea</em>, especially in morphologically similar taxa. The contrasting case of <em>O. canaliculata</em> specimens showed how integrating chemical and molecular tools can reveal hidden diversity or taxonomic inconsistencies that would remain undetected by morphology alone.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8799,"journal":{"name":"Biochemical Systematics and Ecology","volume":"124 ","pages":"Article 105179"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145576369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical constituents of Baeckea frutescens L. and their chemotaxonomic significance","authors":"Haijun Wang ,&nbsp;Jing Wang ,&nbsp;Chunyu Fu ,&nbsp;Jiafeng Wang ,&nbsp;Lei Liu ,&nbsp;Jiaming Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105131","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105131","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of <em>Baeckea frutescens</em> L. (Myrtaceae) identified twenty-two compounds, including seven flavonoids (<strong>1</strong>–<strong>7</strong>), five coumarins (<strong>8</strong>–<strong>12</strong>), five triterpenoids (<strong>13</strong>–<strong>17</strong>), one monophenol (<strong>18</strong>), one phenolic glycoside (<strong>19</strong>), one chromone (<strong>20</strong>), one ionone (<strong>21</strong>) and one dihydrochalcone (<strong>22</strong>). The structures of these compounds were determined by spectroscopic data analysis and comparison with literature. Compounds <strong>3</strong>–<strong>7</strong>, <strong>8</strong>, <strong>9</strong>, <strong>10</strong>, <strong>12</strong>, <strong>14</strong>, <strong>16</strong> and <strong>22</strong> were first found from the genus <em>Baeckea</em>, while compounds <strong>11</strong>, <strong>19</strong> and <strong>20</strong> were first reported within the family Myrtaceae. Furthermore, the chemotaxonomic significance of these compounds was discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8799,"journal":{"name":"Biochemical Systematics and Ecology","volume":"124 ","pages":"Article 105131"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145011045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenolics from Coptis teeta and their chemotaxonomic significance","authors":"Min Yan ,&nbsp;Jianmin He ,&nbsp;Xijing Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaoyan Yang ,&nbsp;Tianpeng Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105171","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105171","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Coptis teeta</em> Wall., a perennial herb of the Ranunculaceae family, is one of the renowned regional medicinal materials. It is highly valued because of its excellent efficacy and scarcity. This study aimed to investigate its phenolic constituents with chemotaxonomic significance. The compounds were separated and purified via various chromatographic techniques, and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, including nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. A total of fourteen compounds (<strong>1</strong>–<strong>14</strong>), mainly phenolic compounds, were isolated and identified from <em>C</em>. <em>teeta</em>. For the first time, compounds <strong>1</strong>, <strong>4</strong>–<strong>7</strong>, and <strong>9</strong>–<strong>13</strong> were isolated from the genus <em>Coptis</em>. Some of the isolates, such as heneicosyl 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoate (<strong>1</strong>), 2-<em>O</em>-caffeoyl-3-<em>O</em>-feruloyltartaric acid (<strong>5</strong>), and 2,3-di-<em>O</em>-isoferuloyltartaric acid (<strong>6</strong>), have chemotaxonomical value and could serve as chemical markers for the classification and identification of <em>C</em>. <em>teeta</em> as well as the genus <em>Coptis</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8799,"journal":{"name":"Biochemical Systematics and Ecology","volume":"124 ","pages":"Article 105171"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145424695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical diversity of wild immortelle populations from Montenegro","authors":"Andreja Komnenić ,&nbsp;Danijela Stešević ,&nbsp;Zoran Jovović ,&nbsp;Miljan Bigović ,&nbsp;Dejan Pljevljakušić","doi":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105153","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bse.2025.105153","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although the chemical composition of immortelle (<em>Helichrysum italicum</em> [Roth] G. Don fil.) has been extensively studied, data on the chemical diversity of its natural populations in Montenegro remain scarce. This study investigates the essential oil content and composition of 26 wild immortelle populations collected across the species' natural range in Montenegro. The essential oil content ranged from 0.12 % to 0.48 %. The ten most abundant compounds identified in all essential oil samples were α-pinene, italidione I–III, γ-curcumene, neryl acetate, β-selinene, linalool, <em>ar</em>-curcumene, and limonene. Multivariate analysis based on essential oil composition revealed five distinct clusters. The relationships between abiotic factors and both essential oil content and composition were assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Essential oil content (%) was negatively correlated with the sum of effective temperatures (r = −0.48) and positively correlated with altitude (r = 0.52) and average annual precipitation (r = 0.48). Negative correlations were observed between soil pH and limonene (r = −0.49) and the sum of effective temperatures and nerol (r = −0.46), while positive correlations were found between continentality and italidione III (r = 0.52), altitude and italidione I (r = 0.45), soil P₂O₅ content and 1,8-cineole (r = 0.46), soil K₂O content and δ-cadinene (r = 0.44), and soil K₂O content and linalool (r = 0.63). These findings represent the first comprehensive assessment of the chemical diversity of wild immortelle populations from Montenegro<em>,</em> highlighting pronounced intraspecific variation and importance of environmental factors in shaping the chemical profile of its essential oil.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8799,"journal":{"name":"Biochemical Systematics and Ecology","volume":"124 ","pages":"Article 105153"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145358147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}