The impact of phenological stages and altitudes on accumulation of active components, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Phlomis bovei Dé Noé (Lamiacea) leaves extracts. Suggested title: Effects of phenological stage and altitude on Phlomis bovei Leaves: Phytochemistry, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities

IF 2.2 4区生物学 Q4 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Biochemical Systematics and Ecology Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-24 DOI:10.1016/j.bse.2025.105157

Yamina Mouas , Chafia Tigrine , Amina Missoum , Hafidha Metidji , RabahForar El Aidi , Soumia Krimat , Hassina Tounsi , Abdelkrim Kameli

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Phlomis bovei Dé Noé (Lamiaceae) is a medicinal plant valued for its bioactive compounds, yet little is known about how altitude and phenological stages influence its phytochemical profile and biological activities. This study investigated the effects of altitude (Beni Ali, 727 m; Chrea, 1379 m) and developmental stage (vegetative, flowering and fruiting) on phenolic composition, antioxidant potential, and antimicrobial activity of P. bovei leaf extracts. Hydroethanolic extraction yielded higher amounts of bioactive compounds at high altitudes compared to low altitudes at flowering stage (≈40 %). Total phenolic content (TPC) ranged from 38.5 ± 0.62 to 96.80 ± 2.19 mg GAE/g DE, while total flavonoid content (TFC) varied between 13.80 ± 0.49 and 39.20 ± 2.46 mg QE/g DE, with the highest levels observed in flowering-stage samples collected at high altitudes. HPLC-DAD analysis revealed six major phenolic compounds, including protocatechetic acid, robinin, naringenin, luteolin 3′-7-diglucoside, isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside, and myricetin. Antioxidant assays revealed that flowering-stage high-altitude extracts displayed the strongest activity (IC₅₀ = 17.16 ± 1.33). Antimicrobial tests showed significant inhibition against Gram-positive bacteria, particularly Staphylococcus aureus (20 ± 1 mm inhibition zone), while moderate effects were noted against Gram-negative strains and fungi. Luteolin 3′-7-diglucoside was identified as a major contributor to antioxidant activity. Overall, the flowering stage at higher altitudes appears to be the most favourable period for harvesting P. bovei leaves to maximize their bioactive potential. These results highlight the pivotal influence of both altitude and phenological stage on the phytochemical profile and biological activities of P. bovei. Further studies are needed to validate these findings.

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物候阶段和海拔对牛鞭草叶提取物有效成分积累及抗氧化和抗菌活性的影响。建议题目：物候期和海拔对牛皮草叶片的影响：植物化学、抗氧化和抗菌活性

牛鞭草（Phlomis bovei d no）是一种因其生物活性成分而具有重要价值的药用植物，但海拔和物候阶段对其植物化学特征和生物活性的影响尚不清楚。研究了海拔（贝尼阿里，727 m; Chrea, 1379 m）和发育阶段（营养、开花和结果）对牛皮叶提取物酚类成分、抗氧化潜力和抗菌活性的影响。在高海拔地区，与低海拔地区相比，在开花阶段，氢乙醇提取产生的生物活性化合物含量更高（≈40%）。总酚含量（TPC）在38.5±0.62 ~ 96.80±2.19 mg GAE/g DE之间，总黄酮含量（TFC）在13.80±0.49 ~ 39.20±2.46 mg QE/g DE之间，高海拔地区花期样品含量最高。HPLC-DAD分析发现6种主要酚类化合物，包括原儿茶酸、罗宾素、柚皮素、木犀草素3′-7-二葡糖苷、异鼠李素-3-芦丁苷和杨梅素。结果表明，花期高海拔提取物的抗氧化活性最强（IC50 = 17.16±1.33）。抗菌试验显示对革兰氏阳性菌，特别是金黄色葡萄球菌有显著的抑制作用（抑制区为20±1 mm），而对革兰氏阴性菌和真菌有中等效果。木犀草素3′-7-二葡糖苷被确定为抗氧化活性的主要贡献者。总体而言，高海拔地区的开花期似乎是收获牛皮叶的最佳时期，以最大限度地发挥其生物活性潜力。这些结果表明海拔和物候阶段对牛皮草的植物化学特征和生物活性都有重要影响。需要进一步的研究来验证这些发现。

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来源期刊

Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 生物-进化生物学

CiteScore

3.00

自引率

12.50%

发文量

147

审稿时长

43 days

期刊介绍： Biochemical Systematics and Ecology is devoted to the publication of original papers and reviews, both submitted and invited, in two subject areas: I) the application of biochemistry to problems relating to systematic biology of organisms (biochemical systematics); II) the role of biochemistry in interactions between organisms or between an organism and its environment (biochemical ecology). In the Biochemical Systematics subject area, comparative studies of the distribution of (secondary) metabolites within a wider taxon (e.g. genus or family) are welcome. Comparative studies, encompassing multiple accessions of each of the taxa within their distribution are particularly encouraged. Welcome are also studies combining classical chemosystematic studies (such as comparative HPLC-MS or GC-MS investigations) with (macro-) molecular phylogenetic studies. Studies that involve the comparative use of compounds to help differentiate among species such as adulterants or substitutes that illustrate the applied use of chemosystematics are welcome. In contrast, studies solely employing macromolecular phylogenetic techniques (gene sequences, RAPD studies etc.) will be considered out of scope. Discouraged are manuscripts that report known or new compounds from a single source taxon without addressing a systematic hypothesis. Also considered out of scope are studies using outdated and hard to reproduce macromolecular techniques such as RAPDs in combination with standard chemosystematic techniques such as GC-FID and GC-MS.