Autism最新文献

{"title":"Oral care interventions for autistic individuals: A systematic review.","authors":"Lucía I Floríndez, Dominique H Como, Evelyn Law, Christine F Tran, Robert Johnson, José C Polido, Sharon A Cermak, Leah I Stein Duker","doi":"10.1177/13623613241260171","DOIUrl":"10.1177/13623613241260171","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Lay abstract: </strong>Oral care-related challenges are well documented in the autistic community; dental care remains one of the most prevalent unmet health needs among autistic individuals. This review examined interventions designed to improve oral health in autistic individuals from children and adult populations. Through a systematic process, 36 studies were identified. These studies focused on improving home-based oral care skills and routines and reducing fear, anxiety, and/or negative behaviors in the dental clinic. Studies incorporated different types of techniques for facilitating oral care practice, including <i>preparatory</i> interventions to support home-based hygiene activities or improve an approaching dental encounter (n = 29), most often using visual aids, and/or strategies to <i>manage</i> behavioral difficulties exhibited in the dental office (n = 17). Some studies used both approaches (n = 10), combining visual aids prior to a visit with behavior management. Using an evidence-based rubric, we reviewed the methodological quality of the studies and found that most were only \"adequate\" (n = 8) or \"weak\" (n = 23) in reporting their evidence. This review has two key findings: (1) there is support for preparatory home-based visual interventions to improve toothbrushing and/or ready patients for dental visits; and (2) distraction or sensory-reducing interventions may also improve experiences in the dental clinic. Only one study purposefully recruited autistic adults, and no studies included intervention elements tailored to race/ethnicity, culture, and/or socioeconomic status. This review highlights the need for more studies investigating the impact of oral care-related interventions for autistic individuals of all ages and identifies a gap in interventions for autistic adults and those from minoritized populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":8724,"journal":{"name":"Autism","volume":" ","pages":"41-52"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11659067/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141756853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"(Re)thinking about self-harm and autism: Findings from an online qualitative study on self-harm in autistic adults.","authors":"Sarah Je Marsden, Rachael Eastham, Alexandra Kaley","doi":"10.1177/13623613241271931","DOIUrl":"10.1177/13623613241271931","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Lay abstract: </strong>There is a higher prevalence of self-harming behaviours within the autistic community than is experienced by the general population, in addition to co-occurring mental health conditions such as anxiety and depression. To date, research has focused on quantifying and categorising the numbers of autistic people self-harming, what types of harming they are engaging in and what functions the harming performs. Autism research has historically focused on the opinions and experiences of parents, carers and clinicians, with a belief that autistic people are unable to present their own experiences and thoughts accurately. This study adopted a qualitative method to develop themes arising from online forum discussions, using the words of autistic adults talking about how they experience and understand their self-harming behaviours. The analysis discovered that self-harming behaviours are used by autistic people as a way of coping with anxiety and depression and to relieve the build up of stress and sensory or mental overload that can otherwise lead to a meltdown. Repetitive behaviours such as stimming are also used to relieve the buildup of sensory over-stimulation and anxiety, but both stimming and meltdowns can also be self-harming behaviours if they cause tissue damage, and are believed to be childhood presentations which are stigmatised if expressed by an autistic adult. Many autistic adults find it hard to get help with self-harming behaviours because they are not taken seriously by professionals, as it is seen as part of autism and cannot be helped, or the professionals do not have enough knowledge of autism.</p>","PeriodicalId":8724,"journal":{"name":"Autism","volume":" ","pages":"247-258"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11656632/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142124699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short report: Integrated evaluations for autism spectrum disorder in pediatric primary care clinics.","authors":"Serene Habayeb, Anne Inge, Erica Eisenman, Sheina Godovich, Maria Lauer, Amanda Hastings, Vanessa Fuentes, Melissa Long, Xavier Marshall, Alexis Khuu, Leandra Godoy","doi":"10.1177/13623613241260800","DOIUrl":"10.1177/13623613241260800","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Lay abstract: </strong>Primary care providers often screen for autism during well child visits in the first few years of life and refer children for diagnostic evaluations when needed. However, most children do not receive a diagnosis until years later which delays access to services. Racism, socioeconomic status, and other systemic inequalities that limit access to health care further delay diagnostic evaluations. Mental health clinicians who work in primary care clinics can help address barriers to accessing diagnostic evaluation services once they are recommended by their primary care provider. However, mental health clinicians who work in primary care typically do not have training in diagnosing autism. The goal of this study was to evaluate a program training mental health professionals working in an urban primary care setting, primarily serving Black and Latinx families insured by Medicaid, to provide autism diagnostic evaluations. Two hundred and fifty children completed evaluations through the Autism in Primary Care (APC) program. The wait time to access an evaluation through APC was significantly shorter than through standard avenues of care (e.g. referring to a separate autism clinic). Referring primary care providers and caregivers endorsed high levels of satisfaction with the program. Conducting autism evaluations in primary care settings offers a promising opportunity to improve earlier diagnosis and treatment access for families, reduce inequities in care, and increase caregiver and child well-being.</p>","PeriodicalId":8724,"journal":{"name":"Autism","volume":" ","pages":"259-264"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141440155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Type, content, and triggers for self-injurious thoughts and behaviors in autistic youth and their disclosure to caregivers.","authors":"Jessica M Schwartzman, Alex Rubin, Kathryn R Fox, Darren Hedley, Alexandra H Bettis","doi":"10.1177/13623613241308327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613241308327","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Lay abstract: </strong>Self-injurious thoughts and behaviors are high among autistic youth, yet research most often relies on caregiver reports and does not include youth perspectives. Relatedly, specific characteristics of self-injurious thoughts and behaviors (e.g. type of behavior, thought content, triggers), and choices to share these thoughts and behaviors with caregivers/parents (or not), have not been studied in autistic youth. With limited information on self-injurious thoughts and behaviors in autistic youth, clinicians and families supporting autistic youth in crisis continue to experience major challenges to best assess and support youth. Therefore, to begin to understand youth perspectives of self-injurious thoughts and behaviors, we administered a self-injurious thoughts and behaviors clinical interview (Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale; C-SSRS) to 103 autistic youth without intellectual disability (10-17 years of age) at a clinic for outpatient mental health services. We added follow-up questions to the interview about suicide to better understand what youth think about when it comes to suicide, what triggers them to feel suicidal, and whether they let their caregiver know about what they are thinking and feeling. Results show that most autistic youth reported suicidal thoughts at some point in their life (<i>n</i> = 86; 83.5%), with thoughts of dying/suicide (<i>n</i> = 20; 23.3%) and death by cutting (<i>n</i> = 13; 15.1%) as common thought content. Half of youth experiencing suicidal thoughts (<i>n</i> = 43; 50.0%) did not share this with their caregiver. Nearly one in four youth had attempted suicide at some point in their life (<i>n</i> = 25; 24.3%), while some youth (<i>n</i> = 16; 15.5%) sought help from caregivers to prevent an attempt. Sadness/depression and bullying/teasing were the most common triggers of suicidal behaviors, while anger/frustration was the leading trigger for nonsuicidal self-injury. Findings can be used to improve current assessment tools and prevention approaches for autistic youth to create better support for autistic youth in crisis.</p>","PeriodicalId":8724,"journal":{"name":"Autism","volume":" ","pages":"13623613241308327"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142891636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systematic review of pre-registration in autism research journals.","authors":"Daniel Poole, Audrey Linden, Felicity Sedgewick, Oliver Allchin, Hannah Hobson","doi":"10.1177/13623613241308312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613241308312","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Lay abstract: </strong>When researchers write down their plans for a study ahead of time and make this public, this is called pre-registration. Pre-registration allows others to see if the researchers stuck to their original plan or changed as they went along. Pre-registration is growing in popularity but we do not know how widely it is used in autism research. In this study, we looked at papers published in six major autism journals between 2011 and 2022. We found that only 2.23% of papers published in autism journals had been pre-registered. We also took a close look at a selection of the pre-registrations to check how good they were and if researchers stuck to their plans. We found that the pre-registrations generally lacked specifics, particularly about how the study was designed and the data would be analysed. We also found that only 28% of the papers closely followed the pre-registered plans or reported the changes.Based on these findings, we recommend that autism researchers consider pre-registering their work and transparently report any changes from their original plans. We have provided some recommendations for researchers and journals on how pre-registration could be better used in autism research.</p>","PeriodicalId":8724,"journal":{"name":"Autism","volume":" ","pages":"13623613241308312"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142885225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design, methodology, and early findings of an autism registry program: ABBILAR project.","authors":"Hassan Shahrokhi, Ayyoub Malek, Sanaz Norouzi, Shahrokh Amiri, Seyed Gholamreza Noorazar, Seifollah Heidarabadi, Ali Bahari Gharehgoz, Saeed Dastgiri, Mahsa Zali, Kamal Gholipour, Mohammad Barzegar, Raha Shahrokhi, Sahand Broumand, Shabnam Iezadi","doi":"10.1177/13623613241305723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613241305723","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Lay abstract: </strong>The autism spectrum disorder (ASD) registry program presents a unique opportunity to facilitate advanced research in various aspects of ASD, particularly in low-resource countries like Iran. Given the international significance of autism research, registry programs play a critical role in data sharing. ASD registry programs have been effectively established in high-income countries over a few decades; however, there are limited examples from low- and middle-income countries. This study presents a firsthand description of the design and primary findings of a 9-year established ASD registry program from the northwest of Iran. It elucidates the program's feasibility for other low-income settings, providing valuable insights for researchers and policymakers.</p>","PeriodicalId":8724,"journal":{"name":"Autism","volume":" ","pages":"13623613241305723"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142870706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"'I did what I could to earn some money and be of use': A qualitative exploration of autistic people's journeys to career success and fulfilment.","authors":"Jade Davies, Rachel Melinek, Adam Livesey, Estelle Killick, Evelyn Sam, Anna Melissa Romualdez, Elizabeth Pellicano, Anna Remington","doi":"10.1177/13623613241292177","DOIUrl":"10.1177/13623613241292177","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Lay abstract: </strong>Many autistic people want to work but have trouble finding jobs they like and can stick with. Most research tries to help more autistic people get jobs, but does not look at whether those jobs are fulfilling, or how people progress once they start working. We spoke to 18 autistic people about their experiences at work, and their ideas about success at work. Participants said finding fulfilment in their careers was key. We found five common 'themes' across the interviews. First, autistic people's careers often take unexpected turns. For example, many participants only got diagnosed as adults, which sometimes changed their work plans. Second, autistic people might need ongoing help with their career, including help with finding jobs they would enjoy and be good at, and advice on how to progress in their job. Third, getting along with others at work is really important. Having supportive colleagues helped our participants thrive, but workplace bullying forced some to leave their jobs. Fourth, workplaces need to be welcoming to everybody. Adjustments and understanding managers helped, but many of our participants' workplaces were not inclusive. Finally, bad work experiences can be devastating for mental health and well-being and negative experiences like bullying led some participants to quit working entirely. Our findings show that lifelong support tailored to each person and welcoming workplaces are important for autistic people to thrive at work. It is not enough to just hire autistic people - we need to help them have jobs they like and can stick with long-term.</p>","PeriodicalId":8724,"journal":{"name":"Autism","volume":" ","pages":"13623613241292177"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142863111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pre-trained artificial intelligence language model represents pragmatic language variability central to autism and genetically related phenotypes.","authors":"Joseph Cy Lau, Emily Landau, Qingcheng Zeng, Ruichun Zhang, Stephanie Crawford, Rob Voigt, Molly Losh","doi":"10.1177/13623613241304488","DOIUrl":"10.1177/13623613241304488","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Lay abstract: </strong>Autism is clinically defined by challenges with social language, including difficulties offering on-topic language in a conversation. Similar differences are also seen in genetically related conditions such as fragile X syndrome (FXS), and even among those carrying autism-related genes who do not have clinical diagnoses (e.g., the first-degree relatives of autistic individuals and carriers of the <i>FMR1</i> premutation), which suggests there are genetic influences on social language related to the genes involved in autism. Characterization of social language is therefore important for informing potential intervention strategies and understanding the causes of communication challenges in autism. However, current tools for characterizing social language in both clinical and research settings are very time and labor intensive. In this study, we test an automized computational method that may address this problem. We used a type of artificial intelligence known as pre-trained language model to measure aspects of social language in autistic individuals and their parents, non-autistic comparison groups, and individuals with FXS and the <i>FMR1</i> premutation. Findings suggest that these artificial intelligence approaches were able to identify differences in social language in autism, and to provide insight into the individuals' ability to keep a conversation on-topic. These findings also were associated with broader measures of participants' social communication ability. This study is one of the first to use artificial intelligence models to capture important differences in social language in autism and genetically related groups, demonstrating how artificial intelligence might be used to provide automatized, efficient, and objective tools for language characterization.</p>","PeriodicalId":8724,"journal":{"name":"Autism","volume":" ","pages":"13623613241304488"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142863117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Focusing on autism symptoms masks sex-specific needs of autistic children: An example from the Sydney Child Neurodevelopment Research Registry.","authors":"Marie Antoinette Hodge, Rebecca Sutherland, Kelsie A Boulton, Sarah Jane Baracz, Natalie Ong, Beverley Bennett, Adam J Guastella, Natalie Silove","doi":"10.1177/13623613241303550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613241303550","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Lay abstract: </strong>Studies have shown that there is a difference between biological sex at birth in autism spectrum disorder. There remains a lack of understanding about how the symptoms of autism differ between assigned males at birth and assigned females at birth. We looked at the presence of sex differences in a large group of autistic toddlers, children and adolescents, who were seen in a large diagnosis and assessment clinic. They participated in measures of intelligence/development, social/communication skills and behaviour. Their adaptive skills were evaluated and other clinical and information were collected. Assigned males at birth displayed more autism characteristics and greater symptom autism severity than assigned females at birth. There were no statistically significant differences between assigned males at birth and assigned females at birth on any measure of intellectual assessment. Assigned females at birth showed better nonverbal performance than assigned males at birth on formal developmental assessments. Children assigned males at birth received assessments 6 months earlier than children assigned females at birth. Externalising behaviour problems were more evident in assigned males at birth. This study provides evidence to show that autistic children assigned females at birth and assigned males at birth differ in terms of autism symptoms and severity and age at diagnosis based on a sample recruited in a real-world clinic. It highlights the importance of the growing debate between balancing assessments of symptoms with assessment of adaptive function.</p>","PeriodicalId":8724,"journal":{"name":"Autism","volume":" ","pages":"13623613241303550"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142863185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying the unique determinants influencing rural families' engagement with an existing tele-assessment approach for autism identification: A qualitative study.","authors":"Liliana Wagner, Tori Foster, Kemberlee Bonnet, Anna Kathleen Spitler, David Schlundt, Zachary Warren","doi":"10.1177/13623613241307078","DOIUrl":"10.1177/13623613241307078","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Lay abstract: </strong>It is often difficult for families in rural communities to access autism evaluations for their children when they have concerns. Tele-assessment could make it easier for them to see specialists who give autism diagnoses, but we still need to figure out the best way to carry out these approaches. To understand how rural families view tele-assessment, as well as barriers they may face, we held focus groups with caregivers of children with autism and local service providers in the Southeastern United States. We met with 22 caregivers and 10 providers. We analyzed the discussions and found four key attitudes: (1) questions about whether autism assessment can really be done online; (2) level of trust in the evaluation process, especially tele-assessment; (3) beliefs about whether tele-assessment is practical for families; and (4) worries about privacy. These attitudes and beliefs are shaped by various factors at different stages, indicating that we need to improve tele-assessment by better supporting everyone involved at different stages of the tele-assessment process. This research highlights important areas for improvement to provide fair access to tele-assessment for rural families (e.g. creating education materials, conducting barrier counseling).</p>","PeriodicalId":8724,"journal":{"name":"Autism","volume":" ","pages":"13623613241307078"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142863113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}