Autism最新文献

{"title":"Anxiety Problems Experienced by Autistic Children: Child and Parent Perspectives.","authors":"Tasha Cullingham, Michael Larkin, Damian Milton, Una Rennard, Victoria Taylor, Ella Solomon, Cathy Creswell, Jonathan Green","doi":"10.1177/13623613261487496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613261487496","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Autistic people are at increased risk of psychological distress, particularly anxiety problems. Childhood anxiety problems can lead to various negative lifelong outcomes, including disrupted education and reduced quality of life. Working closely with an Expert Reference Group and co-researchers with lived experience of autism and parenting an autistic child, we explored the experience of autistic children's anxiety to inform autism-specific intervention development. We interviewed nine autistic children with anxiety problems and 10 parents. Interviews were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis and Template Analysis. We report five themes: (a) Buffering the constant impact of anxiety; (b) Walking the cliff edge; (c) We're on our own here; (d) Being understood is the safest path and (e) Pursuing a journey of learning. These themes illustrate how anxiety problems can affect autistic children and their families. Key learnings for intervention development include (a) the potential value of delivering support through an established relationship with a safe, trusted adult; (b) the possible amplifying effects of the combination of environmental factors with sensory sensitivities on anxiety and (c) acknowledging the difficult balance for families between helping the child to manage in a neurotypical world, and finding ways to adjust the environment to better meet their child's needs.Lay AbstractAutistic children are more likely to experience problems with anxiety than non-autistic children, which can have lasting effects on their well-being and development. Understanding what anxiety problems feel like for autistic children and their parents can help create better support and interventions. In this study, a research team including autistic individuals, parents of autistic children and clinicians explored these experiences. We interviewed 10 parents and nine autistic children with anxiety problems. The interviews revealed five main themes: <i>(a) Buffering the constant impact of anxiety; (b) Walking the cliff edge; (c) We're on our own here; (d) Being understood is the safest path and (e) Pursuing a journey of learning</i>. These findings highlight the complex and ongoing impact of anxiety problems on autistic children and their families. We found that helpful support for these children may come from a trusted adult with a preexisting relationship, recognising how external factors and sensory sensitivities can make anxiety worse, and considering the experiences of children and families within systems that are not designed for autistic people. This study offers important insights that can guide the development of more effective and compassionate interventions for autistic children experiencing problems with anxiety.</p>","PeriodicalId":8724,"journal":{"name":"Autism","volume":" ","pages":"13623613261487496"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149126405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive Behavior Development and Autism Outcomes: A Comparison of Elevated- and Low-Likelihood Cohorts.","authors":"Carla A Wall, Kelsey Dommer, So Hyun Kim, Jenny Skytta, Sarah Corrigan, Erin Olson, Kristen Michener, Sandra E Juul, Dennis E Mayock, Dimitri Christakis, Sara J Webb, Frederick Shic","doi":"10.1177/13623613261486726","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613261486726","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Children born low-birth-weight (LBW) or with autistic siblings may show differences in their developmental trajectories, including higher rates of autism and lower levels of adaptive behavior skills. Parsing out developmental differences in these groups could help hone screening tools and lead to more precise interventions. The present study aimed to evaluate trajectories of adaptive behavior in children at elevated likelihood for autism and investigate whether trajectories differ for autistic and nonautistic children based on their likelihood group at birth. Two hundred fifty-seven children participated in a longitudinal study at approximately 7, 14, 28, and 39 months of age. Participants were categorized as low likelihood (LL) or elevated likelihood (EL) due to LBW or having an older autistic sibling. We analyzed diagnostic outcomes and social, communication, daily living, and motor skills as measured by the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-Third Edition. Both EL groups presented with adaptive behavior delays, but children with an autistic sibling exhibited greater delays than their LBW or LL counterparts, particularly if they themselves were diagnosed as autistic, with some age- and domain-related nuances. Results reveal the unique developmental vulnerabilities among both EL groups and underscore the importance of targeted intervention during this critical early period.Lay AbstractSome children are more likely to develop autism than others or are more likely to have delays in their development. Babies who are born with a low birth weight and those who have an older sibling with autism are two examples. These children may also have more difficulty with everyday life skills like communicating, socializing, and taking care of themselves. This study followed children from about 7 to 39 months of age to see how their everyday communication, social, daily living, and motor skills developed over time. We found that children who had an older autistic sibling had the most difficulty with everyday skills compared with other groups and were more likely to develop autism themselves. These findings help us better understand how development differs among children who may go on to develop autism and can help us provide better interventions for these children early in life.</p>","PeriodicalId":8724,"journal":{"name":"Autism","volume":" ","pages":"13623613261486726"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149103251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Autism and Homelessness: Risk and Protective Factors in a Bayesian Analysis of Autistic Characteristics.","authors":"Elizabeth Jane Osborn, Robyn Louise Young, Nathan Weber, Belinda Fuss","doi":"10.1177/13623613261486061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613261486061","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Autistic individuals are overrepresented in homeless populations, yet mechanisms driving this association remain unclear, particularly in the context of diagnostic access and structural inequities. We surveyed 333 adults in Australia, assessing autistic traits (Autism-Spectrum Quotient [AQ]-50), homelessness risk factors, adaptive functioning and social support. Bayesian hierarchical logistic regression models were used to estimate associations. Associations between autistic traits and homelessness probability differed according to diagnostic status. Among participants without a formal diagnosis, higher AQ-50 scores were associated with greater estimated homelessness probability, although uncertainty remained; this association was attenuated among formally diagnosed participants. Structural risk factors were credibly associated with higher homelessness probability, whereas mental health-related risk factors showed a positive posterior estimate with greater uncertainty. Interaction effects involving socioeconomic status and social support suggested that associations between autistic traits and homelessness varied according to broader social context. Bayesian mediation analyses explored adaptive functioning as a potential pathway linking autistic traits and homelessness; however, evidence for an indirect effect remained uncertain. Findings highlight the importance of diagnostic accessibility, social support and structural accommodation for individuals experiencing elevated autistic traits and housing instability. Improving access to diagnosis, autism-informed services and structural supports may represent promising targets for future interventions aimed at reducing housing instability, pending longitudinal evidence.Lay AbstractAutistic people are more likely to experience homelessness than the general population, but the reasons for this are not fully understood. Many adults with autistic traits may never receive a formal diagnosis, which can limit their access to support and services. This study examined how autistic traits, everyday functioning skills and social support relate to the risk of homelessness. We surveyed 333 adults in Australia about autistic traits, factors associated with homelessness, daily living skills and social support. Statistical analyses were used to estimate how these factors were associated with the probability of homelessness. Adults reporting higher autistic traits without a formal autism diagnosis showed a higher estimated probability of homelessness within this sample. Associations between autistic traits and homelessness differed according to diagnostic status, and stronger social support was associated with lower estimated homelessness probability. These results suggest that earlier identification of autism and improved access to support services may be associated with improved housing stability and service accessibility for autistic adults. Strengthening social support networks may also be important. These fi","PeriodicalId":8724,"journal":{"name":"Autism","volume":" ","pages":"13623613261486061"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149103263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges in Independent Living for Middle-Aged Autistic Adults in China: A Qualitative Study.","authors":"Xi Wang, Lihua Zhou","doi":"10.1177/13623613261478882","DOIUrl":"10.1177/13623613261478882","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;As the first cohort of formally diagnosed autistic individuals in China enters later life, the disruption of premature old-age care among middle-aged autistic adults-while they strive for independent living in old age-has emerged as an urgent public health issue. This study employed an exploratory qualitative design. Data collection methods included 34 semi-structured interviews and participant observation. Analysis revealed that premature care disruption unfolds through three sequential stages. First, while families still provided care, three resource deficits undermined independent aging for middle-aged autistic adults: lack of labor insurance, depleted household savings, and reduced care support in single-parent structures. Second, when family care capacity ruptured, reliance on institutional care was accompanied by multiple systemic limitations, including age-based exclusion and services that eroded rather than supported independent living. Third, families explored charitable trusts as an emerging strategy, yet these remained accessible primarily to middle-income households and left critical gaps in legal protection, asset management, and long-term social support. Middle-aged autistic adults in China experience a structural mismatch between their chronological midlife status and advanced-aged care needs, resulting in the premature breakdown of conditions for independent living. These findings offer critical implications for advancing the goal of healthy aging among autistic populations.Lay AbstractAs the first cohort of formally diagnosed autistic individuals in China reaches middle and older age, many are facing a serious problem. They need care typically associated with old age, even though they are only in their 40s and 50s. This study explored why this happens and what families can do about it. We found that care disruption unfolds in three phases over time. First, while families were still caring for their children at home, many struggled to build enough savings and support for the future. Most middle-aged autistic adults had no work insurance. Years of caregiving had drained family resources. Single-parent families faced extra strain. Second, when parents became too old or ill to continue caring, families faced a crisis. Care homes often refused to accept autistic adults over 55. Even when accepted, these facilities failed to support independent living. Staff sometimes delivered meals directly to residents rather than helping them learn to do things for themselves. Third, after parents could no longer provide care, some families explored charitable trusts. These arrangements can provide money after parents die, but they require families to have assets such as property or savings to place in trust. They do not solve problems such as loneliness, daily support, or safety from bullying. Our findings show that middle-aged autistic adults are aging prematurely because of gaps in the care system. We hope these results will help policymak","PeriodicalId":8724,"journal":{"name":"Autism","volume":" ","pages":"2674-2690"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148787637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short Report: Divergent Sleep-Wake Regularity in U.S. Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Bedtime vs Wake-up Regularity.","authors":"Chia-Shuan Chang, Chun-Ji Lin","doi":"10.1177/13623613261477806","DOIUrl":"10.1177/13623613261477806","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sleep-wake regularity is an emerging dimension of sleep health, yet its association with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remains understudied in nationally representative samples, particularly across distinct components of sleep timing. Using parent-reported data from 11,462 U.S. children aged 5-17 years in the 2022 and 2024 National Health Interview Survey, this study examined associations between ASD diagnosis and irregular bedtime and wake-up timing, including differences by age group. Multivariable logistic regression models were adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, family context, daytime fatigue, and mental health indicators, with survey weights applied to account for the complex sampling design. In pooled analyses, ASD was associated with lower odds of irregular bedtime (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.43-0.95) but higher odds of irregular wake-up times (aOR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.01-2.56). Age-stratified analyses showed that the association with irregular wake-up timing remained in children (aOR = 2.27, 95% CI: 1.14-4.51) but not in adolescents, while no association was observed for bedtime in either age group. As one of the first nationally representative analyses distinguishing bedtime and wake-up regularity in ASD, these findings suggest that associations differ by timing component and age group, with wake-up timing representing a potential intervention target.Lay abstractMany children do not go to bed or wake up at the same time every day, which can affect their health and daily functioning. Sleep problems are especially common among autistic children, but most research has focused on how long they sleep or how well they sleep, rather than whether their sleep schedules are consistent. In this study, we used national survey data from the United States to examine whether autistic children differ from other children in how regularly they go to bed and wake up. Using data from the 2022 and 2024 National Health Interview Survey, we analyzed parent-reported information from over 11,000 children aged 5 to 17 years. Our results showed that autistic children were more likely to have consistent bedtimes but also more likely to have irregular wake-up times than children who were not autistic. This pattern remained after accounting for factors such as daytime tiredness and emotional well-being. These findings suggest that sleep challenges in autistic children may vary by time of day and developmental stage. In particular, maintaining consistent wake-up times may be more difficult for younger autistic children. Focusing on wake-up timing may therefore be a useful target for supporting sleep health in this group. Further research is needed to understand the reasons behind these differences and to identify effective ways to promote consistent sleep schedules.</p>","PeriodicalId":8724,"journal":{"name":"Autism","volume":" ","pages":"2691-2698"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148721493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Reliable Effect of Alexithymia, but Not Autism, on Placebo Hypoalgesia.","authors":"Eri Ichijo, Michel-Pierre Coll, Caroline Catmur, Geoffrey Bird","doi":"10.1177/13623613261472929","DOIUrl":"10.1177/13623613261472929","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Perception of pain can be altered by one's expectations of that pain, producing well-known phenomena such as placebo effects. It has been suggested that perceptual inference functions differently in autism, with perception weighted towards bottom-up sensory evidence rather than top-down expectations. This account would predict reduced placebo effects in autism. However, research also indicates that atypical interoception (perception of bodily sensations) in autism may be better explained by co-occurring alexithymia. This latter finding suggests that any differences in perceptual inference in autism, at least within the interoceptive domain, may be a product of co-occurring alexithymia. We conducted a study in London and Oxford, England, using a placebo hypoalgesia paradigm to assess perceptual inferences in autism and alexithymia. This paradigm permits manipulation of expectations (concerning the magnitude of pain relief) while measuring individual differences in the perception of stimuli (perceived pain). We investigated whether the magnitude of the placebo effect could be explained by autistic and/or alexithymic traits. Ninety-six adults, including autistic people (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 28), alexithymic people (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 25), and non-autistic, non-alexithymic people (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 55) participated in the study. Results showed that alexithymia and trait anxiety were reliable predictors of the magnitude of the placebo effect, but any effect of autism was weaker and unreliable. Results suggest that atypical interoception in alexithymia may explain differences previously thought to relate to autism.Lay AbstractPerception of pain can be altered by how one expects that pain to feel, producing well-known phenomena such as placebo effects. Placebo effects occur when a painful sensation is experienced as less painful than it otherwise would be, simply because we expect it to be less painful. Recently, researchers have suggested that the effect of expectation on how we perceive the world is different among the autistic population compared to non-autistic people. We therefore aimed to investigate whether this is the case for pain perception.We conducted a study where we were able to change people's expectations about how painful an electric shock would be, to see whether this would affect pain perception, and see whether the effect of expectations differs between autistic and non-autistic people. We were also interested in looking at the effect of alexithymia (difficulties in identifying and describing one's own emotions), which is suggested to affect pain perception and is prevalent in the autistic population.We found that alexithymia and anxiety predicted how susceptible someone was to the placebo effect (i.e., how much expecting a shock would not be painful affected one's pain perception). These effects were greater than any effect of autism, which was small and unreliable. This study adds to previous research which shows that many of the differences between ","PeriodicalId":8724,"journal":{"name":"Autism","volume":" ","pages":"2570-2583"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13624358/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148757565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid Review of the Brief Observation of Social Communication Change (BOSCC) Shows It Can Detect Behavioural Changes in Social Communication in Autism.","authors":"Claire Howlin, Anna Kovalova, Artur Jaschke, David M Greenberg, Beth Mason, Irene Pallás-Ferrer, Eve Merriam, Catherine Brushwood, Jonathan Pool, Carrie Allison, Helen Odell-Miller, Karen Hayden, Carmel Simone Moore, Rebecca Atkinson, Ramarni Treyvone Wilfred, Simon Baron-Cohen","doi":"10.1177/13623613261471808","DOIUrl":"10.1177/13623613261471808","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Reliable measurement of social communication change remains a major challenge in autism research. The Brief Observation of Social Communication Change (BOSCC) was developed to detect subtle changes in communication. This rapid review synthesised current evidence on the BOSCC's responsiveness, validity, and suitability as a clinical trial endpoint. Systematic searches of PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Web of Science identified 19 eligible studies (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 789). Within-group meta-analyses estimated pre-post standardised mean change (Hedges' &lt;i&gt;g&lt;/i&gt;) for BOSCC and ADOS (Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule) outcomes, using random-effect (RE) models. The BOSCC total score for intervention arms showed a moderate, significant change (&lt;i&gt;g&lt;/i&gt; = -0.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [-0.42, -0.22]), with a smaller, non-significant change in control arms (&lt;i&gt;g&lt;/i&gt; = -0.15). The Social Communication subscale yielded consistent effects on the intervention arm (&lt;i&gt;g&lt;/i&gt; = -0.34, 95% CI = [-0.49, -0.19]), indicating sensitivity to improvements in reciprocal interaction. The restricted and repetitive behaviour (RRB) subscale also showed a moderate significant effect on the intervention arm but with wide confidence intervals indicating a large degree of heterogeneity in this result (&lt;i&gt;g&lt;/i&gt; = -0.40, 95% CI = [-0.74, -0.06]). ADOS scores showed a similar pattern of results for the intervention arms, based on a sub-analysis of four studies that included both BOSCC and ADOS scores. Findings indicate that the BOSCC captures clinically meaningful behavioural change across diverse contexts. Variability in RRB outcomes may arise because they are not routinely targeted by supports for social communication, in line with neuro-affirmative approaches.Lay AbstractAutism research often aims to understand how different supports can help autistic children develop skills that are important to them and their families, such as social communication. However, changes in social communication are very difficult to measure. The Brief Observation of Social Communication Change (BOSCC) was developed to help address this. It focuses on observing natural, everyday interactions to capture subtle shifts in social communication and patterns of behaviour, and restricted and repetitive behaviours. In this review, we gathered and summarised all available studies up to March 2025 that used the BOSCC with autistic children, including both intervention studies and studies examining how well the BOSCC works. Across 19 studies including 789 children, we found that the BOSCC was consistently able to detect changes that occurred during a wide range of supports and programmes. The Social Communication subscale was particularly good at picking up changes, but the scale designed to measure repetitive behaviours was more inconsistent. The lack of changes in repetitive behaviours may reflect the diversity and important self-regulatory roles that repetitive behaviours can have, as well as the ","PeriodicalId":8724,"journal":{"name":"Autism","volume":" ","pages":"2465-2480"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13624351/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149023693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Common and Differing Elements Across Caregiver-Mediated Social Communication Programs Supporting Autistic Children: A Scoping Review With Content Analysis.","authors":"Vipula Rajesh Kumar, Lauren Choi, Janis Oram, Amanda Binns","doi":"10.1177/13623613261469913","DOIUrl":"10.1177/13623613261469913","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Caregiver-mediated interventions are widely used to support social communication development in young autistic children. While many such interventions are evidence-informed, limited information exists about their shared and unique elements, making it challenging for caregivers and clinicians to tailor program selection to individual needs and preferences-an essential part of personalized care in autism. This scoping review with content analysis examined 18 commercially available, caregiver-mediated social communication interventions to identify similarities and differences in child skills targeted and caregiver-coached strategies. Data were extracted from program manuals, fidelity tools, published literature, and program websites for eight developmental social pragmatic (DSP) programs and 10 naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions (NDBIs). Programs varied in scope, with some supporting a broad range of child skills and others focusing on specific areas. Across all programs, 70 caregiver-coached strategies were identified, and then thematically grouped into eight categories aligned with the developmental skills the strategies aim to support. Although some strategies were common across all programs, some unique strategies were also identified. In addition, there were notable differences in how these strategies were operationalized despite using similar terminology, underscoring the need for more precise, clearly defined fidelity measures to enable accurate assessment of caregiver implementation and meaningful comparisons across programs. This study lays the groundwork for future research to identify active ingredients of interventions and supports more informed, individualized decision-making in clinical practice.Lay AbstractYoung autistic children may engage with others and communicate in ways that differ from non-autistic peers, and may need support to develop skills to communicate with, and navigate interactions with others. Many programs have been developed for this purpose, with a growing number of programs including caregivers in this process. In programs where caregivers play a primary role, professionals coach them to use certain techniques that can support social communication. Although many such programs exist, we still lack clarity on how these programs are similar or different, making it tough for families to choose among them. To address this gap, we reviewed 18 well-known caregiver-led programs to compare the skills they aim to support children with, and the specific techniques they teach caregivers. We gathered information from program resource materials, published research, and official program websites. We found that some programs focused on supporting a wide range of skills, whereas others targeted only certain developmental areas. In total, we identified 70 distinct caregiver-coached techniques, which we organized into eight categories. Many techniques were common across all programs, but others were unique to s","PeriodicalId":8724,"journal":{"name":"Autism","volume":" ","pages":"2443-2464"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13624332/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148711083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"English-Language Autism Terminology Preferences of Autistic People and their Parents in the United States: Clustering Illuminates Diverse Views.","authors":"Patrick Dwyer, Zachary J Williams, Jennifer E Magnuson, Tiffany G Woynaroski","doi":"10.1177/13623613261475023","DOIUrl":"10.1177/13623613261475023","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Autism terminology preferences are the subject of considerable debate and various studies, the results of which sometimes conflict. This study examined diversity in terminology preferences in a U.S. sample of 3,181 non-autistic parents and 2,098 autistic people (including 451 autistic parents). The study also examined a particularly wide range of language issues: participants rated terms for autism, possible subgroups within autism, autistic people, autism likelihood, and autistic characteristics. Non-autistic parents', autistic parents', and autistic non-parents' terminology ratings differed, but generally modestly. Using clustering to explore response patterns revealed greater variability. Almost half of the participants were grouped in the Open Cluster, characterised by liking or neutrality towards most terms. Others were grouped in the Identity-First Cluster, characterised by support for identity-first language, strong opposition to terms for possible autism subgroups, and rejection of many pathologising terms. Other participants were in the Person-First Cluster, characterised by support for person-first language, yet still some scepticism towards terms for possible autism subgroups. Autistic participants were overrepresented in the Identity-First Cluster, while non-autistic parents were overrepresented in the Person-First Cluster. These results suggest that there is presently no consensus regarding autism terminology preferences in the United States.Community Abstract&lt;b&gt;Why was this study done?&lt;/b&gt; It is important to respect how members of any community want to be talked about. However, previous studies about terminology preferences in the autism community sometimes provide different results. These conflicting results suggest that prior studies are not always capturing the diversity of terminology preferences in the autism community.&lt;b&gt;What did the researchers do?&lt;/b&gt; We recruited large groups of autistic and non-autistic people in the United States. We asked them to rate different terms for talking about autism, subgroups within autism, autistic people, characteristics of autism, and the likelihood that somebody will later be diagnosed with autism.We then clustered the data, which means we let participants' responses sort themselves into clusters of similar responses. This allowed us to highlight the diversity of people's views.&lt;b&gt;What did the researchers find?&lt;/b&gt; We found some terms that almost everyone liked, such as \"autism,\" and other terms or phrases that almost everyone disliked, such as \"person suffering from autism.\" However, most terms were liked by some people and disliked by others.We describe an \"Open Cluster\" of participants who like or have neutral feelings towards most terms.We describe an \"Identity-First Cluster\" of participants who like identity-first language and dislike terms for subgroups within autism. Identity-First cluster members also disliked many terms that imply autism is a bad thing, like \"risk\" for autism","PeriodicalId":8724,"journal":{"name":"Autism","volume":" ","pages":"2610-2627"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13624356/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148811911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Embedding Child-Centred Information in Developmental Care Pathways for Autistic Children: A Response to Albin et al.","authors":"Liping Yang","doi":"10.1177/13623613261470852","DOIUrl":"10.1177/13623613261470852","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8724,"journal":{"name":"Autism","volume":" ","pages":"2699-2700"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148683302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}