Gabriel Atampugbire, Eureka Emefa Ahadjie Adomako, Osbourne Quaye
{"title":"<i>In Vitro</i> Antiviral Assays: A Review of Laboratory Methods.","authors":"Gabriel Atampugbire, Eureka Emefa Ahadjie Adomako, Osbourne Quaye","doi":"10.1089/adt.2024.075","DOIUrl":"10.1089/adt.2024.075","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>\u0000 <i>Viral diseases remain a significant challenge for global health with rising fatalities each year. In vitro assays are crucial techniques that have been utilized by researchers in the quest to develop antiviral therapies. These assays mimic the internal conditions of a living system and make it possible to study how antiviral compounds interact with such systems in a laboratory setting. Thus, the importance of in vitro assays cannot be overemphasized, as they provide an accurate means for assessing the efficacy of potential antiviral compounds. This review offers an overview of in vitro antiviral assays, the different types of cell lines used, and emerging techniques and applications that have been developed in recent times. The current review also assesses challenges that are encountered in antiviral drug research, as well as emerging technologies like microfluidics and three-dimensional cell cultures. The integration of computational models and multiparametric assays into antiviral research was noted to significantly improve antiviral drug development process.</i>\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":8586,"journal":{"name":"Assay and drug development technologies","volume":" ","pages":"165-179"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142969514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sachin Joshi, Priya Jindal, Shreastha Gautam, Charanjeet Singh, Preeti Patel, Ghanshyam Das Gupta, Balak Das Kurmi
{"title":"Mini Review on the Lyophilization: A Basic Requirement for Formulation Development and Stability Modifier.","authors":"Sachin Joshi, Priya Jindal, Shreastha Gautam, Charanjeet Singh, Preeti Patel, Ghanshyam Das Gupta, Balak Das Kurmi","doi":"10.1089/adt.2024.122","DOIUrl":"10.1089/adt.2024.122","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>\u0000 <i>Freeze-drying is popular for producing pharmaceutical formulations with structurally complicated active components and drug delivery system carriers. It is the process of eliminating water from ice crystals through the sublimation mechanism. Some formulations may require drug-specific excipients such as stabilizers, buffers, and bulking agents to maintain the appearance and assure the long-term stability of the drug product. This approach is utilized for therapeutic compounds that are moisture sensitive, thermolabile, and degrade in the atmosphere. Freezing and primary and secondary drying are critical processes in the lyophilization process because they directly impact the end result. This approach is effective for producing a variety of dosage forms, including oral, inhalation, and parenteral. As a result, lyophilization may be an important method for improving the therapeutic efficacy and delivery of various dosage forms delivered via different routes. Additionally, lyophilization is used in pharmacological research to preserve biological samples, stabilize reference/standards, and increase the solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Thus, lyophilization is critical for maintaining the stability, efficacy, and safety of pharmaceutical products throughout their development and lifecycles. This article includes a broad overview of the lyophilization process, principle, excipients for lyophilized medicine compositions, and new lyophilization technologies as well as their applications in a variety of fields.</i>\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":8586,"journal":{"name":"Assay and drug development technologies","volume":" ","pages":"180-194"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yujiao Hou, Yuesheng Zhao, Jun Liu, Yanan Bao, Njolibimi Mosesmanaanye, Chunjie Zhao, Wenjing Li, Bo Hong
{"title":"Optimization of Docetaxel-Zedoary Turmeric Oil Magnetic Solid Lipid Nanoparticle Preparation by Central Composite Design-Response Surface Methodology.","authors":"Yujiao Hou, Yuesheng Zhao, Jun Liu, Yanan Bao, Njolibimi Mosesmanaanye, Chunjie Zhao, Wenjing Li, Bo Hong","doi":"10.1089/adt.2024.120","DOIUrl":"10.1089/adt.2024.120","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>To optimize the formulation of docetaxel-zedoary oil magnetic solid lipid nanoparticles (DTX-ZTO-MSLN) using central composite design-response surface methodology. First, the formulation and preparation process of DTX-ZTO-MSLN were optimized</i> via <i>design-response surface methodology. The appearance, particle size, thermogravimetric, pH, iron content, magnetic strength, and</i> in vitro <i>drug release of DTX-ZTO-MSLN were subsequently examined. Finally, the antitumor effect of DTX-ZTO-MSLN on MCF-7 breast cancer cells was measured</i> via <i>the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The optimized formulation was as follows: the mass ratio of soybean phospholipid to poloxamer 188 was 0.34, the mass ratio of DTX-ZTO to glycerol monostearate was 3.23, and 29.42 mL of water was used. The DTX-ZTO-MSLN prepared by the optimized method was clear and transparent, with good stability, with an iron content of 7.38%, and a saturation magnetization intensity of 7.05 A·m<sup>2</sup>·kg<sup>-1</sup>. The</i> in vitro <i>drug release was consistent with the Weibull model (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9992). Compared with zedoary turmeric oil and docetaxel, DTX-ZTO-MSLN had a much greater inhibitory effect on MCF-7 cells (p < 0.05).</i> <i>The optimized DTX-ZTO-MSLN meets the quality requirements for nanoemulsions. This study provides a theoretical basis for developing and applying DTX-ZTO-MSLN</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":8586,"journal":{"name":"Assay and drug development technologies","volume":" ","pages":"195-211"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142943401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"<i>Letter:</i> New Horizons in Biomarker Discovery: Assay Technologies for Personalized Drug Development.","authors":"Dilpreet Singh","doi":"10.1089/adt.2025.015","DOIUrl":"10.1089/adt.2025.015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8586,"journal":{"name":"Assay and drug development technologies","volume":" ","pages":"212-215"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143647067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dinesh Kumar, Debayan Sil, Balak Das Kurmi, Manish Kumar
{"title":"Future Prospects and Regulatory Pathways for Invasome Technologies in Transdermal Drug Delivery.","authors":"Dinesh Kumar, Debayan Sil, Balak Das Kurmi, Manish Kumar","doi":"10.1089/adt.2024.080","DOIUrl":"10.1089/adt.2024.080","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>\u0000 <i>Skin is one of the largest organs in the human body. It acts as an outer protective cover and comprises the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. Liposomes are formed by phospholipids and have a vesicular character that improves the encapsulation of lipophilic, hydrophilic, and amphiphilic drugs. The invasome structure is flexible as opposed to regular liposomes; this is due to the presence of ethanol and terpene that increases lipid fluidity in the vesicle structure. Terpenes, ethanol, or terpene mixes are potential carriers that invasomes' tiny liposomal vesicles used to improve skin penetration. Terpenes that are primarily derived from natural sources are the most efficient and secure kind of penetration enhancers (PEs). There are some methods for the preparation of invasomes, but mostly the techniques used for the preparation of invasomes are mechanical dispersion and film hydration methods. Although PEs are effective when applied topically, only a small number are clinically approved due to concerns about skin irritation and toxicity. Invasomes exhibit a higher rate of skin penetration than liposomes and ethosomes. This review examines the structure, components, preparation methods, and applications of invasomes in pharmaceutical formulations, focusing on their potential to treat skin disorders and improve therapeutic outcomes. The primary objective is to assess the future potential of invasome technologies in transdermal drug delivery, alongside an exploration of the regulatory challenges and pathways for their development and approval. Graphical abstract illustrating the composition, mechanism of action, and therapeutic applications of invasomes in transdermal drug delivery systems.</i>\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":8586,"journal":{"name":"Assay and drug development technologies","volume":" ","pages":"115-135"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142943385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Protective Effects of <i>Schizochytrium</i> Microalgal Fatty Acids on Alcoholic Liver Disease: A Network Pharmacology and <i>In Vivo</i> Study.","authors":"Cailin Luo, Li Tian, Yangmin Wen, Zhihua Zheng","doi":"10.1089/adt.2024.106","DOIUrl":"10.1089/adt.2024.106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>\u0000 <i>This study aimed to elucidate the hepatoprotective mechanisms of microalgal fatty acids (MFA) from <i>Schizochytrium</i> against alcoholic liver disease (ALD) through network pharmacology and <i>in vivo</i> analysis. Network pharmacology and molecular docking methodologies were employed to predict the potential mechanisms of MFA against ALD. To substantiate these predictions, an acute alcoholic liver injury mouse model was utilized to assess the impact of MFA on serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total protein (TP), and albumin (ALB). Additionally, liver histopathology and the expression levels of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (AKT) protein were evaluated. Seven active ingredients and 53 potential targets (including 7 core targets) for ALD treatment were identified in MFA. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses indicated that these seven core targets are implicated in various biological pathways, notably those associated with cancer, viral infections, and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Furthermore, molecular docking studies demonstrated that docosahexaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid in MFA exhibited strong binding affinity for these seven crucial targets. Animal experiments demonstrated that administration of MFA significantly decreased the levels of AST, ALT, and ALP, while increasing the levels of ALB and TP in mice with acute alcoholic liver injury. Moreover, MFA ameliorated liver tissue pathology and markedly down-regulated the expression of PI3K and AKT proteins in the liver. These results suggest that MFA may possess therapeutic potential for ALD by targeting multiple pathways, with its mechanisms likely involving the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.</i>\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":8586,"journal":{"name":"Assay and drug development technologies","volume":" ","pages":"151-163"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142999183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Glycerosomes: Versatile Carriers for Multi-Route Drug Delivery Systems.","authors":"Kunal Banode, Omkar Patharkar, Vaishnavi Jadhav, Neha Mundhe, Uddhav Mhatre, Madhur Kulkarni","doi":"10.1089/adt.2024.098","DOIUrl":"10.1089/adt.2024.098","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>\u0000 <i>Glycerosomes signify a groundbreaking advancement in drug delivery technology. Comprising glycerol, phospholipids, and water, glycerosomes offer superior drug stability, penetration, entrapment efficiency, fluidity, and viscosity compared with conventional liposomes. Their formation process eliminates the need for specific transition temperatures, streamlining production. Glycerol's plasticizing properties enhance vesicle elasticity and flexibility, enabling enhanced skin penetration. These vesicles demonstrate immense promise across a range of drug delivery pathways. In dermal and transdermal applications, glycerosomes augment drug permeation by moisturizing the stratum corneum and improving membrane fluidity. For oral delivery, they shield drugs from the harsh gastrointestinal environment and boost intestinal absorption. Pulmonary delivery benefits from glycerosomes' capacity to stabilize and disperse aerosolized vesicles, facilitating deep penetration into lung tissues. Ophthalmic applications profit from increased corneal penetration and extended retention. Intranasal use of glycerosomes enhances mucosal penetration and enables direct drug delivery to the central nervous system by circumventing the blood-brain barrier. Ongoing advancements in glycerosome technology concentrate on integrating diverse functional ingredients like essential oils, β-sitosterol, sodium hyaluronate, and trimethyl chitosan to develop specialized formulations. These variants include STO-glycerosomes, S-glycerosomes, PO-S-glycerosomes, HY-glycerosomes, TMC-glycerosomes, glycethosomes, and glycerospanlastics, all offering enhanced stability, permeability, and therapeutic efficacy. This review delves into the mechanisms of drug transport within glycerosomes, their applications in various delivery routes, and the latest technological developments, highlighting their substantial potential as versatile carriers in contemporary drug delivery systems.</i>\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":8586,"journal":{"name":"Assay and drug development technologies","volume":" ","pages":"136-150"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143397930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Pioneer Review on Lactoferrin-Conjugated Extracellular Nanovesicles for Targeting Cellular Melanoma: Recent Advancements and Future Prospects.","authors":"Dilpreet Singh, Sonima Prasad","doi":"10.1089/adt.2024.045","DOIUrl":"10.1089/adt.2024.045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>\u0000 <i>Melanoma, a highly aggressive form of skin cancer, presents a formidable challenge in terms of treatment due to its propensity for metastasis and resistance to conventional therapies. The development of innovative nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery has opened new avenues in cancer therapy. Lactoferrin-conjugated extracellular nanovesicles (LF-EVs) have emerged as a promising vehicle in the targeted treatment of cellular melanoma, owing to their natural biocompatibility, enhanced bioavailability, and ability to traverse biological barriers effectively. This review synthesizes recent advancements in the use of LF-EVs as a novel drug delivery system for melanoma, emphasizing their unique capacity to enhance cellular uptake through LF's receptor-mediated endocytosis pathways. Key studies demonstrate that LF conjugation significantly increases the specificity of extracellular nanovesicles for melanoma cells, minimizes off-target effects, and promotes efficient intracellular drug release. Furthermore, we explore how LF-EVs interact with the tumor microenvironment, potentially inhibiting melanoma progression and metastasis while supporting antitumor immune responses. Future prospects in this field include optimizing LF conjugation techniques, improving the scalability of LF-EV production, and integrating multifunctional payloads to target drug resistance mechanisms. This review highlights the potential of LF-EVs to transform melanoma treatment strategies, bridging current gaps in therapeutic delivery and paving the way for personalized and less invasive melanoma therapies.</i>\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":8586,"journal":{"name":"Assay and drug development technologies","volume":" ","pages":"55-69"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142799337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"<i>In Silico</i> Screening of Phytochemicals as Potential Inhibitors of the JAK/STATs Pathway in Psoriasis.","authors":"Lokendra Singh Rathor, Divya Sahu, Manju Singh, Deependra Singh","doi":"10.1089/adt.2024.087","DOIUrl":"10.1089/adt.2024.087","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>\u0000 <i>The skin is a dynamic tissue that consists of different layers such as stratum corneum, the site for keratinocyte development and maturation for the natural changeover of skin. In psoriasis, this natural development of keratinocytes gets disturbed and aggregation of nucleated keratinocytes takes place in the epidermis of the skin, leading to the presence of scaly skin, which makes the patient physically, socially, and psychologically ill. Various natural, semisynthetic, and synthetic treatments are available. Still, semisynthetic or synthetic are mainly used to treat psoriasis with side effects on different parts of the body, which is life threatening. Various molecular target sites are getting upregulated such as Janus kinase/Signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STATs), phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), platelet selectin (Pan Selectin), Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin-23 (IL-23), Interleukin-17 (IL-17), and Tyrosine Kinase 2 (Tyk2) in psoriasis. Plants and their bioactive compounds of flavonoids, alkaloids, resins, tannins, glycosides, and terpenoids category are used in the treatment of psoriasis as topical, oral, and biological forms. Using a computational approach, the inhibition of these molecular targets can be studied and potential molecules can be identified. This research article aims to find out the potential molecules that can inhibit the molecular sites and are effective than synthetic ones.</i>\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":8586,"journal":{"name":"Assay and drug development technologies","volume":" ","pages":"100-113"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142943381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Golden Therapeutic Approach to Combat Viral Diseases Using Gold Nanomaterials.","authors":"Jasmine, Neelam Singh, Dheeraj Nagpal, Sanchit Puniani, Puneet Gupta","doi":"10.1089/adt.2024.071","DOIUrl":"10.1089/adt.2024.071","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>\u0000 <i>Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), due to their unique properties and surface modification abilities, have become a promising carrier for a range of biomedical applications. AuNPs have intrinsic antiviral characteristics because of their capacity to enhance drug distribution by making antiviral medications more stable and soluble, which assures that higher quantities reach the intended site. Through surface changes, AuNPs can bind directly to viral particles or infected cells, increasing therapeutic efficiency and reducing side effects. AuNPs efficiently damage cell membranes and hinder viral reproduction within a host cell. Furthermore, because of their large surface area-to-volume ratio, which enables many functional groups to connect, improving interaction with virus particles and ceasing their multiplication. By altering dimensions and morphology or conjugating it with additional antiviral drugs, AuNPs can array their synergistic antiviral activity. Thus, the development of AuNP conjugated therapy presents a promising avenue to address the demand for novel anti-viral therapeutics against infections resistant to several drugs.</i>\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":8586,"journal":{"name":"Assay and drug development technologies","volume":" ","pages":"70-83"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142806059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}