{"title":"Systems Analysis and the Folsom-Midland Question","authors":"W. J. Judge","doi":"10.1086/soutjanth.26.1.3629269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/soutjanth.26.1.3629269","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the use of systems analysis in the formulation of archeological taxons, with special reference to projectile point types. The latter are viewed as material manifestations of specific cultural subsystem trajectories. To illustrate the concept, hypothetical models of projectile point trajectories are presented, and variation in production techniques defined. The analytic approach is then applied to the practical problem of classifying Folsom and Midland points. Superficial similarity between these point types masks significant technological variations which do exist and are made explicit by the systems approach. It is suggested that differences in the attributes of the original flake blanks best account for variation between the Folsom and Midland trajectories. The hypothesis is offered that the complex Folsom production technique was selected purposely to achieve a more efficient utilization of lithic material.","PeriodicalId":85570,"journal":{"name":"Southwestern journal of anthropology","volume":"40 1","pages":"40 - 51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1970-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/soutjanth.26.1.3629269","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60745560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"American Kinship Terms Once More","authors":"R. Burling","doi":"10.1086/soutjanth.26.1.3629266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/soutjanth.26.1.3629266","url":null,"abstract":"The several formal analyses that have been made of American kinship terminology have 1) failed to account for the variable usage of either children or adults, 2) failed to capitalize upon the natural colloquial ability of all speakers to provide verbal definitions of some terms, and 3) been rather overburdened with abstruse symbolic notation. By approaching terminological usage as a system built by means of a sequence of principles (a sequence that seems to correspond to the manner in which children learn to use their terms) and by capitalizing upon verbal definitions, it is possible to offer an analysis which also suggests that some aspects of our terminology are more central and uniform, while other aspects are more variable and peripheral. Such an analysis appears somewhat banal when compared to other more elaborate and symbolically sophisticated analyses, but its very banality suggests that it may be closer to the cognitive structure of speakers of American English.","PeriodicalId":85570,"journal":{"name":"Southwestern journal of anthropology","volume":"9 1","pages":"15 - 24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1970-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/soutjanth.26.1.3629266","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60744446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Statistical Refutation of Comparative Functional-Causal Models","authors":"H. Driver","doi":"10.1086/soutjanth.26.1.3629267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/soutjanth.26.1.3629267","url":null,"abstract":"The variables correlated by Murdock in his Social Structure (1949) were selected to demonstrate positive relationships anticipated in advance. Coult and Habenstein's (1965) printout of Murdock's (1957) \"World Ethnographic Sample,\" in contrast, computes all the bivariate relationships among the 210 trait categories. The thousands of phi coefficients average close to zero, and the standard deviation about this average is only slightly greater than that which would result from sampling error if all the true values were zero. Sawyer and LeVine (1966) and Driver and Schuessler (1967) show that by collapsing the 210 categories into 30 variables and using a multivariate technique (i.e., factor analysis), correlations of substantial magnitude may be obtained from the entire sample without the kind of selection in favor of a preconceived theory that Murdock made. Some simple models of comparative functional theory and the resulting correlations show how far this over-simplified theory is from the actual statistical results obtained from Murdock's (1957) \"World Ethnographic Sample.\"","PeriodicalId":85570,"journal":{"name":"Southwestern journal of anthropology","volume":"26 1","pages":"25 - 31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1970-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/soutjanth.26.1.3629267","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60744627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mescalero Apache Band Organization and Leadership","authors":"H. Basehart","doi":"10.1086/soutjanth.26.1.3629272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/soutjanth.26.1.3629272","url":null,"abstract":"Among the Mescalero Apache of the mid-19th century, small groups (\"bands\") centered on leaders constituted the basic integrative elements of the society at the political level. Mescalero were highly mobile equestrian hunters, gatherers, and predators who utilized the resources of an extensive region in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Unrestricted freedom of access to strategic resources linked individuals and bands in a maximally solidary tribal economic entity. Bands were multifunctional, non-localized, decision making units; although they included a kin-based nucleus, their variable composition reflected the options with respect to group affiliation available to Mescalero. In this non-centralized polity, with its individualistic and egalitarian emphases, the strategic significance attributed to the leader seems paradoxical, particularly since the position lacked means of coercive control. However, as the only effective groups above the domestic level, bands performed critical functions, especially in the spheres of subsistence and defense. The leader was the fixed reference point about which band members oriented themselves and, more importantly, was a catalyst in decision making processes and the major factor in regulating the adaptive responses of the band to internal and external problems.","PeriodicalId":85570,"journal":{"name":"Southwestern journal of anthropology","volume":"166 1","pages":"87 - 106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1970-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/soutjanth.26.1.3629272","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60748515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tribal Ritual, Leadership, and the Mortality Rate in Irigwe, Northern Nigeria","authors":"Walter H. Sangree","doi":"10.1086/soutjanth.26.1.3629268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/soutjanth.26.1.3629268","url":null,"abstract":"The tribal area of the agricultural Irigwe is denuded of forest cover except for several sacred groves which most people seldom choose to enter. There are 25 tribal \"sections.\" The priest elders of the two smallest sections tend ritual in the sacred groves and in other places which are believed to be of supreme importance to the tribe's well-being. The two largest but ritually unimportant sections formerly supplied most of the tribe's secular leadership for warfare and nowadays provide leaders for the British instituted tribal administration. The Irigwe justify the high regard in which the ritually powerful sections are held, and also explain their small size by their belief that the forces controlled by these sections, while vital to the tribe, are very dangerous and often kill those families who handle them. A medical survey, however, now offers a scientific \"explanation\" which traditionalist Irigwe elements reject: the sacred groves are infested with tsetse flies which transmit the parasites causing sleeping sickness.","PeriodicalId":85570,"journal":{"name":"Southwestern journal of anthropology","volume":"26 1","pages":"32 - 39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1970-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/soutjanth.26.1.3629268","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60744747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ambrym Revisited: A Preliminary Report","authors":"H. Scheffler","doi":"10.1086/soutjanth.26.1.3629270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/soutjanth.26.1.3629270","url":null,"abstract":"Deacon reported, and it is widely accepted, that Ambrym \"relationship terms\" designate the categories of a system of 6 marriage classes formed by the intersection of 3 patrilines with a set of matrimoieties. It is shown here that this is completely false. The terminological system in question is nothing more than a simple system of kin classification which features certain unusual rules of terminological extension. Variants of these rules are found also on neighboring islands where they are superimposed on what are otherwise simple Crow-type systems of kin classification. Thus, the resemblances between these and most Australian kinship systems are only superficial.","PeriodicalId":85570,"journal":{"name":"Southwestern journal of anthropology","volume":"26 1","pages":"52 - 66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1970-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/soutjanth.26.1.3629270","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60746456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Referential Ambiguity in the Calculus of Brazilian Racial Identity","authors":"M. Harris","doi":"10.1086/SOUTJANTH.26.1.3629265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/SOUTJANTH.26.1.3629265","url":null,"abstract":"Categorizations elicited from 100 Brazilian informants through the use of a standardized deck of facial drawings suggests that the cognitive domain of racial identity in Brazil is characterized by a high degree of referential ambiguity. The Brazilian calculus of racial identity departs from the model of other cognitive domains in which a finite shared code, complementary distribution, and intersubjectivity are assumed. Structurally adaptive consequences adhere to the maximization of noise and ambiguity as well as to the maximization of shared cognitive order.","PeriodicalId":85570,"journal":{"name":"Southwestern journal of anthropology","volume":"26 1","pages":"1 - 14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1970-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/SOUTJANTH.26.1.3629265","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60744761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The \"Anti-Market\" Mentality Re-Examined: A Further Critique of the Substantive Approach to Economic Anthropology","authors":"S. Cook","doi":"10.1086/soutjanth.25.4.3629429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/soutjanth.25.4.3629429","url":null,"abstract":"The primary aim of this elaboration of an earlier critique of the substantive approach to economic anthropology is not so much \"rejection\" of the tenets of that approach as it is \"penetration\" to a deeper level of analysis. The wider implications of the formal-substantive controversy cannot be appreciated until it is viewed in its proper intellectual context, namely as directly linked to the polemic in economic thought which was initiated in the mid-19th century with the writings of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels. More specifically, it is argued (1) that the \"anti-economics\" of Polanyi and his followers parallels in origin and rationale the views of the immature Engels--views which were subsequently negated in a definitive fashion through the development of the Marxian critique of classical political economy, (2) that Polanyi's is a spurious substantivism because of its failure to recognize and emphasize that the essential \"materiality\" of the economic process lies in production phenomena, and (3) that on epistemological grounds the method of economic anthropology must incorporate concepts, analytic strategies, and tactics from the widest range of sources which might yield operationally sound and anthropologically relevant results.","PeriodicalId":85570,"journal":{"name":"Southwestern journal of anthropology","volume":"25 1","pages":"378 - 406"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/soutjanth.25.4.3629429","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60744597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Settlement Analysis in the Great Lakes Region","authors":"J. Fitting","doi":"10.1086/soutjanth.25.4.3629428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/soutjanth.25.4.3629428","url":null,"abstract":"Settlement pattern studies have traditionally dealt with such units as house, village, town, and city. In the prehistoric Great Lakes Region these units do not correspond to the types of archaeological information which can usually be recovered. Settlement pattern studies were made possible in this area by considering alternative parameters of settlement. Relative measurement of site size and density, the nature of the occupation, and the composition of the group were considered in establishing a series of settlement types. The settlement types of a particular time period for a certain prehistoric \"culture\" were used to interpret the settlement system of those people. The settlement systems for Late Archaic, Early, Middle, and Late Woodland periods were examined, and it was possible to trace systemic changes over time. These changes could be related to both environmental change and cultural influence from outside the region.","PeriodicalId":85570,"journal":{"name":"Southwestern journal of anthropology","volume":"25 1","pages":"360 - 377"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/soutjanth.25.4.3629428","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60744352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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