Southwestern journal of anthropology最新文献

{"title":"Investigation of the Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Effects on Amyloid Precursor Protein Processing in Hippocampal Cells.","authors":"Leila Sadeghi, Arezu Marefat","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.2005.1","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.2021.2005.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-NPs) are small magnetic particles that are widely used in different aspects of biology and medicine in modern life. Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-NP accumulated in the living cells due to the absence of an active system to excrete the iron ions and damages cellular organelles by high reactivity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Herein cytotoxic effects of Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-NP with a size of 50 nm on the primary culture of neonatal rat hippocampus were investigated using 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Pathophysiological signs of Alzheimer's disease such as amyloid precursor protein (APP) expression, Aβ aggregation, soluble APPα, and APPβ secretion were also investigated in hippocampal cells treated with various concentrations of nanoparticle (NP) for different exposure times.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our results revealed that Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-NP treatment causes oxidative stress in cells which is accompanied by upregulation of the APP and Aβ in a concentration-dependent manner. NP exposure also leads to more secretion of sAPPβ rather than sAPPα, leading to increased activation of β-secretase in NP-received cells. All the harmful effects accumulate in neurons that cannot be renovated, leading to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study approved iron-based NPs could help to develop Alzheimer's and related neurological disorders and explained why some of the iron chelators have therapeutic potential in Alzheimer's disease.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-NP induced oxidative stress in hippocampal cells in a concentration dependent manner.Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-NP imposed up-regulation of APP in hippocampal cells.Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-NP activated β-secretase and elevated sAPPβ/sAPPα ratio.Cumulative effects of Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-NP damages increased cell death in neurons.</p><p><strong>Plain language summary: </strong>The most common type of dementia is Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by chronic neurodegeneration, impairment of memory, and disturbed planning, language, and thinking ability. In recent years, the use of nanoparticles has been increased in all aspects of life. Among these nanoparticles, iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-NP) are vital in biological sciences, medicine, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, and optical imaging. Considering the general application and high reactivity of iron, growing concerns exist about the Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-NP application harms, especially in the central nervous system. Hippocampus tissue is one of the affected tissues in AD, which is widely investigated in recent years. This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxic effects of Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-NP on the primary culture of the hippocampus as one of the main tissues damaged in ","PeriodicalId":85570,"journal":{"name":"Southwestern journal of anthropology","volume":"21 1","pages":"203-212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10719978/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82780359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Mouse Mutation That Dysregulates Neighboring <i>Galnt17</i> and <i>Auts2</i> Genes Is Associated with Phenotypes Related to the Human AUTS2 Syndrome.","authors":"P Anne Weisner, Chih-Ying Chen, Younguk Sun, Jennifer Yoo, Wei-Chun Kao, Huimin Zhang, Emily T Baltz, Joseph M Troy, Lisa Stubbs","doi":"10.1534/g3.119.400723","DOIUrl":"10.1534/g3.119.400723","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>AUTS2</i> was originally discovered as the gene disrupted by a translocation in human twins with Autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, and epilepsy. Since that initial finding, <i>AUTS2</i>-linked mutations and variants have been associated with a very broad array of neuropsychiatric disorders, sugg esting that <i>AUTS2</i> is required for fundamental steps of neurodevelopment. However, genotype-phenotype correlations in this region are complicated, because most mutations could also involve neighboring genes. Of particular interest is the nearest downstream neighbor of <i>AUTS2</i>, <i>GALNT17</i>, which encodes a brain-expressed N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase of unknown brain function. Here we describe a mouse (<i>Mus musculus</i>) mutation, T(5G2;8A1)GSO (abbreviated 16Gso), a reciprocal translocation that breaks between <i>Auts2</i> and <i>Galnt17</i> and dysregulates both genes. Despite this complex regulatory effect, 16Gso homozygotes model certain human <i>AUTS2</i>-linked phenotypes very well. In addition to abnormalities in growth, craniofacial structure, learning and memory, and behavior, 16Gso homozygotes display distinct pathologies of the cerebellum and hippocampus that are similar to those associated with autism and other types of <i>AUTS2</i>-linked neurological disease. Analyzing mutant cerebellar and hippocampal transcriptomes to explain this pathology, we identified disturbances in pathways related to neuron and synapse maturation, neurotransmitter signaling, and cellular stress, suggesting possible cellular mechanisms. These pathways, coupled with the translocation's selective effects on <i>Auts2</i> isoforms and coordinated dysregulation of <i>Galnt17</i>, suggest novel hypotheses regarding the etiology of the human \"AUTS2 syndrome\" and the wide array of neurodevelopmental disorders linked to variance in this genomic region.</p>","PeriodicalId":85570,"journal":{"name":"Southwestern journal of anthropology","volume":"8 1","pages":"3891-3906"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2019-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1534/g3.119.400723","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82811712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thiamet G mediates neuroprotection in experimental stroke by modulating microglia/macrophage polarization and inhibiting NF-κB p65 signaling.","authors":"Yating He, Xiaofeng Ma, Daojing Li, Junwei Hao","doi":"10.1177/0271678X16679671","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0271678X16679671","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inflammatory responses are accountable for secondary injury induced by acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Previous studies indicated that O-GlcNAc modification (O-GlcNAcylation) is involved in the pathology of AIS, and increase of O-GlcNAcylation by glucosamine attenuated the brain damage after ischemia/reperfusion. Inhibition of β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (OGA) with thiamet G (TMG) is an alternative option for accumulating O-GlcNAcylated proteins. In this study, we investigate the neuroprotective effect of TMG in a mouse model of experimental stroke. Our results indicate that TMG administration either before or after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) surgery dramatically reduced infarct volume compared with that in untreated controls. TMG treatment ameliorated the neurological deficits and improved clinical outcomes in neurobehavioral tests by modulating the expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, TMG administration reduced the number of Iba1⁺ cells in MCAO mice, decreased expression of the M1 markers, and increased expression of the M2 markers in vivo. In vitro, M1 polarization of BV2 cells was inhibited by TMG treatment. Moreover, TMG decreased the expression of iNOS and COX2 mainly by suppressing NF-κB p65 signaling. These results suggest that TMG exerts a neuroprotective effect and could be useful as an anti-inflammatory agent for ischemic stroke therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":85570,"journal":{"name":"Southwestern journal of anthropology","volume":"10 1","pages":"2938-2951"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5536801/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82757768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Baniata Kin Classification: The Case for Extensions","authors":"H. Scheffler","doi":"10.1086/soutjanth.28.4.3629317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/soutjanth.28.4.3629317","url":null,"abstract":"The system of kin classification used by the Baniata-speaking people of Rendova Island, Western British Solomons, is here subjected to structural semantic analysis. The formal semantic model thus derived is discussed and evaluated with reference to numerous claims that other models of the same general sort are invalid for a variety of reasons and that other kinds of models have greater psychological or cognitive validity. The conclusion is that these claims are false and that the alternative models are descriptively inadequate, largely because none of them takes adequate account of the polysemy of the terms in question. The discussion concludes with some observations on the problem of explaining why it is that a particular people employ particular rules of kin-class definition and extension.","PeriodicalId":85570,"journal":{"name":"Southwestern journal of anthropology","volume":"28 1","pages":"350 - 381"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/soutjanth.28.4.3629317","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60755711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Conditions Favoring Multilocal Residence","authors":"C. Ember, M. Ember","doi":"10.1086/soutjanth.28.4.3629318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/soutjanth.28.4.3629318","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes cross-cultural tests of several explanations of multilocal residence (the co-occurrence of any two or more fairly frequent patterns of consanguineal residence). The cross-cultural evidence supports the interpretation that depopulation may compel couples in noncommercial societies to practice more than one pattern of consanguineal residence in order to have kin with whom to live and work.","PeriodicalId":85570,"journal":{"name":"Southwestern journal of anthropology","volume":"28 1","pages":"382 - 400"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/soutjanth.28.4.3629318","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60755831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paradigms Lost: The New Ethnography and the New Linguistics","authors":"R. Keesing","doi":"10.1086/soutjanth.28.4.3629315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/soutjanth.28.4.3629315","url":null,"abstract":"The methodological premises and analytical models of \"the new ethnography\" represent an extension to cultural phenomena of the paradigm of pre-transformational linguistics. Thus \"ethnoscience\" has emphasized emic descriptions of cultural uniqueness, discovery procedures, phonological models, and a finite corpus. The linguistic foundations of these approaches to culture have been pulled away by the newer transformational paradigm. The implications of the new linguistics for cognitive anthropology are traced, and it is suggested that development of a more powerful anthropological paradigm could contribute to solving the dilemmas of the linguistic frontier.","PeriodicalId":85570,"journal":{"name":"Southwestern journal of anthropology","volume":"28 1","pages":"299 - 332"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/soutjanth.28.4.3629315","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60754466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Back Matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1086/soutjanth.28.4.3629319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/soutjanth.28.4.3629319","url":null,"abstract":"bons, ditto, or other unclear copy. All typing (text, quotations, bibliography, footnotes) should be double-spaced. References to source material are to be included in the text by citing within parentheses the author's last name, date of source, and page: e.g., (Boas 1910:274). Short quotations of two or three lines should be enclosed in quotation marks and incorporated in the text; longer quotations are to be indented without using quotation marks. A bibliography must accompany each article; details of bibliographical form can be obtained from any issue of the Journal beginning with volume 19. If an author feels it necessary to use footnotes to provide an inconspicuous place for auxiliary comments and","PeriodicalId":85570,"journal":{"name":"Southwestern journal of anthropology","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/soutjanth.28.4.3629319","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60755385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Muslim Social Stratification in India: The Basis for Variation","authors":"M. Mines","doi":"10.1086/soutjanth.28.4.3629316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/soutjanth.28.4.3629316","url":null,"abstract":"Despite close similarities between Muslim and Hindu stratification in India, anthropologists have been aware of differences. Muslim stratification is looser, purity considerations are less important, and social mobility is easier than they are among Hindu castes. The basis for these differences is found in the structure of Muslim stratification and in the Muslim view of social order. Does Muslim stratification represent \"caste\" in the same sense as the Hindu form? There is no simple answer. This is in part because the nature of Muslim stratification varies throughout India. A typology of forms reveals a range between true caste (comparable to the Hindu form) and organization into classes. Possible causes of this variation are suggested.","PeriodicalId":85570,"journal":{"name":"Southwestern journal of anthropology","volume":"28 1","pages":"333 - 349"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/soutjanth.28.4.3629316","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60755588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Back Matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1086/soutjanth.28.3.3629225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/soutjanth.28.3.3629225","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85570,"journal":{"name":"Southwestern journal of anthropology","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/soutjanth.28.3.3629225","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60753396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Batak Ethnic Associations in Three Indonesian Cities","authors":"E. Bruner","doi":"10.1086/soutjanth.28.3.3629220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/soutjanth.28.3.3629220","url":null,"abstract":"Based upon data gathered on Toba Batak ethnic associations in the three Indonesian cities of Medan, Bandung, and Djarkarta we show that the forms of urban social structure are directly related to features of the urban context. The Batak associations are not the same in the three cities and we account for the variation by analyzing the larger urban situation in which the Batak community in each town finds itself. The tracing of connections between social life in the city and features of urban ecology is facilitated by the comparative approach. Further, we demonstrate that despite variations in adaptation to the three cities, the social patterns that emerge are recombinations of the same Batak structural principles of descent, territory, and alliance.","PeriodicalId":85570,"journal":{"name":"Southwestern journal of anthropology","volume":"28 1","pages":"207 - 229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/soutjanth.28.3.3629220","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60753194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}