{"title":"The Relevance of Carnivore Behavior to the Study of Early Hominids","authors":"G. Schaller, G. R. Lowther","doi":"10.1086/soutjanth.25.4.3629426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/soutjanth.25.4.3629426","url":null,"abstract":"Attempts have been made to deduce the social life of early hominids by means of the comparative study of non-human primates. But since social systems are strongly influenced by ecological conditions, it seemed that it might be more productive to compare hominids with animals which are ecologically but not necessarily phylogenetically similar, such as the social carnivores. The group dynamics, dominance hierarchies, land tenure systems, co-operative hunting techniques, and the like of the wolf, wild dog, hyena, and lion were compared with those of contemporary hunter-gatherers and, by inference, those of early hominids. It was concluded that the selective forces shaping human society were in many respects different from those that influenced non-human primates, especially with respect to co-operative hunting, food-sharing, and the division of labor. Field experiments were made in Tanzania to ascertain the relative importance of scavenging and hunting in the subsistence of hominids.","PeriodicalId":85570,"journal":{"name":"Southwestern journal of anthropology","volume":"25 1","pages":"307 - 341"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/soutjanth.25.4.3629426","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60743934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Urbanization and Family Types in a North Indian Village","authors":"S. Freed, R. Freed","doi":"10.1086/soutjanth.25.4.3629427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/soutjanth.25.4.3629427","url":null,"abstract":"This research, based on data collected in a north Indian village, is an analysis of the relationship of family types to a number of variables: caste, type of house, ownership of land, and the urbanization, type of employment, age, and education of the family head. There is no statistically significant difference in family types between families headed by urban-oriented men and those headed by village-oriented men. Type of house, education, and type of employment also prove to be non-significant. Family type is correlated with high- and low-caste status, landownership, and the age of the family head. High-caste landowning families are more likely to be joint than low-caste landless ones. Also, older men are more likely to head joint families than younger ones.","PeriodicalId":85570,"journal":{"name":"Southwestern journal of anthropology","volume":"25 1","pages":"342 - 359"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/soutjanth.25.4.3629427","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60744157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Godparents and Social Networks in Tzintzuntzan","authors":"G. Foster","doi":"10.1086/soutjanth.25.3.3629278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/soutjanth.25.3.3629278","url":null,"abstract":"Quantitative baptismal data (N=944) are used to explore the strategy of building social networks via compadrazgo ties. Godparents of a couple's children most frequently are of the same social status as the parents (75%), friends rather than relatives (67%), village neighbors rather than outsiders (87%). Choice of friends versus relatives as godparents varies with birth order of children within families: early children are more likely than later children to have family friends rather than relatives as godparents. This pattern is explained by a family developmental cycle hypothesis, which postulates that new couples, especially if still living with the parents of husband or wife, wish to expand their social networks rapidly beyond family boundaries, but that when optimum network size is approached, double loading of kinship ties with new compadrazgo ties reduces expenses and obligations by slowing network expansion.","PeriodicalId":85570,"journal":{"name":"Southwestern journal of anthropology","volume":"25 1","pages":"261 - 278"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/soutjanth.25.3.3629278","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60744049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Symbolic Elements in Navajo Ritual","authors":"L. Lamphere","doi":"10.1086/soutjanth.25.3.3629279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/soutjanth.25.3.3629279","url":null,"abstract":"Following Leach's emphasis (1966) on the communicative aspects of ritual, Navajo chants are analyzed as a system of symbols which communicate the Navajo model of the natural-supernatural world. At the same time, symbolic objects and actions transform the patient's body from a state of \"ugly conditions\" (illness) to one of \"pleasant conditions\" (health). Symbolic objects are manipulated in (1) prestations to the supernaturals and (2) actions directed towards the patient's body, which either identify the patient with the supernaturals or remove the \"ugly conditions.\" Navajo ritual identification and removal imply an alternative to Turner's analysis of Ndembu symbols, where concepts derived from bodily experiences are projected onto the natural and social world. In Navajo chants, natural products are transformed into objects associated with the supernaturals, and these in turn are applied to or taken into the body; disease-causing elements which are simultaneously supernatural and natural are expelled. Rather than body processes being relevant to classifying the world, concepts concerning the natural-supernatural world are relevant to interpreting body processes.","PeriodicalId":85570,"journal":{"name":"Southwestern journal of anthropology","volume":"25 1","pages":"279 - 305"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/soutjanth.25.3.3629279","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60744194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On Quibblings over Squabblings of Siblings: New Perspectives on Kin Terms and Role Behavior","authors":"R. Keesing","doi":"10.1086/soutjanth.25.3.3629275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/soutjanth.25.3.3629275","url":null,"abstract":"Anthropologists often claim that kin terms label behavioral roles as well as categories of kin. It is argued here that the closest relative in a category typically enacts not one role but several and that this coalescence of roles occurs only under typical or ideal circumstances. More distant kinsmen in a category may enact one or 2 of these roles, or none. Thus confusion results when the kin term is used to label the cluster of roles or when theories build on an isomorphism between kinship terminology and role system.","PeriodicalId":85570,"journal":{"name":"Southwestern journal of anthropology","volume":"25 1","pages":"207 - 227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/soutjanth.25.3.3629275","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60744237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Men's House Associates among the Eastern Bororo","authors":"Christopher Crocker","doi":"10.1086/soutjanth.25.3.3629277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/soutjanth.25.3.3629277","url":null,"abstract":"Among the Eastern Bororo, until quite recently, young unmarried girls served as sexual partners for the group of bachelors associated with the men's house. Such relationships were considered quite legitimate and followed the rule of moiety exogamy. Many of the normative requirements binding the bachelors and their consorts were precisely the same as those for marriage \"proper.\" The problem is whether this custom can be considered an instance of true group marriage. The negative answer derives from a consideration of the native view of marriage as establishing paternity and an asymmetric relationship between affines. The men's house associates could not have children and, consequently, expressed a symmetric relation between the sister-exchanging moieties. Thus, it is argued, the 2 institutions of marriage and men's house associates can be regarded as examples, respectively, of descent and alliance.","PeriodicalId":85570,"journal":{"name":"Southwestern journal of anthropology","volume":"25 1","pages":"236 - 260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/soutjanth.25.3.3629277","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60743966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sibling Terms as Used by Marriage Partners","authors":"M. Haas","doi":"10.1086/soutjanth.25.3.3629276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/soutjanth.25.3.3629276","url":null,"abstract":"In several societies of Southeast Asia, consanguineal kinship terms are used as nouns, pronouns, and prename titles. As nouns they refer only to consanguineal kin but as pronouns they include affinal kin as well, and the choice of term is determined by the generational level. Since marriage partners are affinal kin of the same generation, their only possible choice among consanguineal terms for pronominal use is the sibling terms. Such use is normal and uncomplicated, and involves no serious ambiguity. But the same usage is found in the Min (Fukienese) dialect of Taiwan, where one form of marriage prescribes that the intended bride be raised as a younger sister in the same household with her intended husband. In this case the use of sibling terms must at some point give rise to an ambiguity which might well be the cause of almost intolerable embarrassment. How the ambiguity is handled in this type of marriage arrangement is a matter needing further investigation.","PeriodicalId":85570,"journal":{"name":"Southwestern journal of anthropology","volume":"25 1","pages":"228 - 235"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/soutjanth.25.3.3629276","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60743924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Economic Change, Social Mobility, and Kinship in Serbia","authors":"E. Hammel","doi":"10.1086/soutjanth.25.2.3629201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/soutjanth.25.2.3629201","url":null,"abstract":"Remarkable demographic, ecological, and economic changes occurring in Serbia, from the Middle Ages to the present period of industrialization, have effected clear alterations in kinship structure. Movement to more favorable farmlands from highland pastoral regions in the 19th century resulted in an increased size and span of household groups but in a replacement of the old tribal system by village organization. The lines of agnatic corporacy have shifted, some functions (such as political activity) passing beyond the lineage and others (such as common production and consumption) collapsing into the nuclear family. Nevertheless, kinship ideology shows a remarkable persistence in spite of these demographic, economic, and structural changes. The old agnatic biases remain. Kin linkages are phrased largely in agnatic terms, preferences for kinsmen show virifocal bias, and important assets are still controlled largely by men, who take precedence in public and ritual activities.","PeriodicalId":85570,"journal":{"name":"Southwestern journal of anthropology","volume":"25 1","pages":"188 - 197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/soutjanth.25.2.3629201","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60742382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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