Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Characteristics of the Urban Heat Island in Dhaka, Bangladesh, and Its Interaction with Heat Waves","authors":"Abeda Tabassum,&nbsp;Kyeongjoo Park,&nbsp;Jaemyeong Mango Seo,&nbsp;Ji-Young Han,&nbsp;Jong-Jin Baik","doi":"10.1007/s13143-024-00362-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13143-024-00362-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study examines the characteristics of the urban heat island (UHI) in Dhaka, the densely populated capital city of Bangladesh under the influence of the South Asian monsoon, and its interaction with heat waves. For this, meteorological data at Dhaka (urban) and Madaripur (rural) stations and reanalysis data for the period of 1995–2019 are used for analysis. Here, the UHI intensity is defined as the urban-rural difference in 2-m temperature, and a heat wave is defined as the phenomenon which persists for two or more consecutive days with the daily maximum 2-m temperature exceeding its 90th percentile. The UHI intensity in Dhaka is in an increasing trend over the past 25 years (0.21 °C per decade). The average UHI intensity in Dhaka is 0.48 °C. The UHI is strongest in winter (0.95 °C) and weakest in the monsoon season (0.23 °C). In all seasons, the UHI is strongest at 2100 LST. The average daily maximum UHI intensity in Dhaka is 2.15 °C. Through the multiple linear regression analysis, the relative importance of previous-day daily maximum UHI intensity (PER), wind speed, relative humidity (RH), and cloud fraction which affect the daily maximum UHI intensity is examined. In the pre-monsoon season, RH is the most important variable followed by PER. In the monsoon season, RH is the predominantly important variable. In the post-monsoon season and winter, PER is the most important variable followed by RH. The occurrence frequency of heat waves in Dhaka shows a statistically significant increasing trend in the monsoon season (5.8 days per decade). It is found that heat waves in Bangladesh are associated with mid-to-upper tropospheric anticyclonic-flow and high-pressure anomalies in the pre-monsoon season and low-to-mid tropospheric anticyclonic-flow and high-pressure anomalies in the monsoon season. Under heat waves, the UHI intensity is synergistically intensified in both daytime and nighttime (nighttime only) in the pre-monsoon (monsoon) season. The decreases in relative humidity and cloud fraction are favorable for the synergistic UHI-heat wave interaction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8556,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"60 4","pages":"479 - 493"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13143-024-00362-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140585825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Moisture Sources and Transport Paths during the Summer Heavy Rainfall Events in the Three-River-Headwater Region of the Tibetan Plateau","authors":"Shujing Shen,&nbsp;Hui Xiao,&nbsp;Huiling Yang,&nbsp;Danhong Fu,&nbsp;Weixi Shu","doi":"10.1007/s13143-024-00355-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13143-024-00355-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The moisture sources, transport paths and the quantitative moisture contribution of each source region and path of the South-West, West, North-East and South-East heavy rainfall types in the Three-River-Headwater region (TRHR) of Tibetan Plateau (TP) in summer are tracked, calculated and compared using the FLEXPART model. The results show that: the southern TP and the local target region of TRHR contribute the most moisture to the four types of precipitation. In addition, the northern TP is the third predominant moisture source region to the South-West and West rainfall types, which are distributed in the west of TRHR. Nevertheless, the third critical source region of the North-East and South-East rainfall types, which occur in the east of TRHR, is the eastern areas outside the TP. Four kinds of rainfall events have four identical moisture transport paths: Southern short-distance path, Southern long-distance path, Southwest path and Northwest path. The Southern short-distance path contributes the most moisture to the South-West (24.2%), West (19.8%) and South-East (15.9%) rainfall types, the second most moisture of which respectively comes from the Northwest path, Southwest path and Southeast path. In addition, the Southern short-distance path and Southwest path are the most active moisture transport channels of the three types of precipitation (more moisture trajectories are transported through these two paths). The moisture of North-East rainfall type is primarily contributed by the East path (26.0%) and the Northwest path (18.2%), and the most active moisture transport channels are the East path (21.9%) and the Southern long-distance path (19.9%).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8556,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"60 3","pages":"365 - 384"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140314371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Publisher Correction: The Effectiveness of a Probabilistic Principal Component Analysis Model and Expectation Maximisation Algorithm in Treating Missing Daily Rainfall Data","authors":"Zun Liang Chuan,&nbsp;Sayang Mohd Deni,&nbsp;Soo-Fen Fam,&nbsp;Noriszura Ismail","doi":"10.1007/s13143-024-00363-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13143-024-00363-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8556,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"60 4","pages":"607 - 607"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142414280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Long-term Climate Change on Typhoon Rainfall Associated with Southwesterly Monsoon Flow near Taiwan: Mindulle (2004) and Morakot (2009)","authors":"Chung-Chieh Wang,&nbsp;Li-Shan Tseng,&nbsp;Chien-Chang Huang,&nbsp;Pi-Yu Chuang,&nbsp;Nan-Chou Su,&nbsp;Cheng-Ta Chen,&nbsp;Shih-How Lo,&nbsp;Kazuhisa Tsuboki","doi":"10.1007/s13143-023-00345-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13143-023-00345-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Typhoons Morakot (2009) and Mindulle (2004) were two of the rainiest and most damaging typhoons to hit Taiwan on record, where both cases are associated with a strong low-level southwesterly monsoon flow. The moisture-rich southwesterly monsoon flow and the typhoon-induced northwesterly current usually converge on Taiwan’s Central Mountain Range to produce catastrophic rainfall. The two storms are simulated with a cloud-resolving model (CRM) using the pseudo-global-warming (PGW) methodology to assess the fraction of precipitation attributable to long-term climate change. For each storm, two scenarios are simulated and compared—the control run in present-day climate and the sensitivity test in a past environment four decades ago, where the climate-change signal (“deltas”) is computed using global reanalysis data as the difference between 1990–2009 and 1950–1969. Being realistically reproduced by the CRM at a 3-km grid size in the control run, both typhoons progress in the sensitivity test with highly similar evolution to their present-day counterpart, even though the background in the sensitivity run is slightly cooler and drier than the present. Under the current climate, Morakot and Mindulle produce more rainfall by about 5 mm per day within 300–400 km from the center during their lifespan (equal to an increase of ~4–8%) compared to their counterparts in past climates. Such results are in close agreement with previous studies, and the shift in mean daily rainfall is tested as statistically significant at a confidence level of 99.5%. The water budget analysis shows that the increased rainfall from past to present climate is accounted for mainly by the low-level convergence of moisture associated with a more vigorous secondary circulation and a higher precipitable water amount.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8556,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"60 3","pages":"345 - 364"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140203842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forecast accuracy and physics sensitivity in high-resolution simulations of precipitation events in summer 2022 by the Korean Integrated Model","authors":"Eun-Hee Lee,&nbsp;Sujeong Cho,&nbsp;Keon-Hee Cho,&nbsp;Ji-Young Han,&nbsp;Youngsu Lee,&nbsp;Junghan Kim","doi":"10.1007/s13143-024-00358-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13143-024-00358-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The precipitation prediction of the Korean Integrated Model (KIM) is evaluated over South Korea for the summer season of July–August 2022, and key factors for accurate predictions are examined using various approaches, including case studies under distinct synoptic patterns and physics sensitivity experiments. In this study, a five-day prediction experiment was conducted using the latest version of KIM in a near real-time full cycle configuration with 8-km grid spacing, while additional case simulations and prediction tests were conducted on low-resolution or cold-run testbeds. For verification, a newly designed synoptic pattern verification was introduced to assist to the conventional dichotomous verification for daily precipitation. It was found that heavy rainfall events over South Korea are determined by two dominant patterns: frontal and cyclonic. KIM can successfully discriminate between synoptic patterns with a detection rate of approximately 85% for these two types within a short-range prediction. However, it is evident that the precise prediction of precipitation requires an accurate location of the precipitation system within a specified timeframe, wherein KIM shows weakness in delaying the movement of extratropical cyclones with forecast lead times. The significance of moist physics is also highlighted by sensitivity experiments that control convective trigger conditions. This demonstrates that large-scale precipitation from a microphysics scheme must be enhanced to properly represent the strong development of inland rain systems over South Korea, which are highly sensitive to convective precipitation activity in the numerical model, especially in upwind ocean regions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8556,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"60 4","pages":"1 - 20"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140203691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observation of Ice Pellets and its Association with Meteorological Conditions in the Yeongdong Region of Korea","authors":"Yu-Jin Chae,&nbsp;Byung-Gon Kim,&nbsp;Young-Gil Choi,&nbsp;Ji-Hoon Jung,&nbsp;Ji-Yun Kim,&nbsp;Byung-Hwan Lim,&nbsp;Ki-Ho Chang","doi":"10.1007/s13143-024-00361-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13143-024-00361-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The microphysical properties of ice pellets (IP) are analyzed, and associated relevant thermodynamic conditions are investigated using rawinsonde soundings and model reanalysis data in the Yeongdong region of Korea. During the intensive observation campaign of snowfall, two distinctive IP events of 1 March 2021 (IP1) and 15 March 2018 (IP2) were observed when strong cold advection was prevalent below about 2 km as accompanied by distinctive inversion strength (4.7 ~ 9.3 ℃) above the cold layers. Cold air intrusion along the eastern side of Taebaek mountains appeared to abruptly decrease low level (850 hPa) temperature up to -4.7 ~ -3.4 ℃, but warmer than 8-year average (-9.5 ℃), respectively. Both episodes had smaller maximum size (1.8 mm in average) of ice pellets with greater fallspeed (4.2 m s⁻¹) in comparison to general snow crystals. Ice pellets occurred in the synoptic condition of the High in the north and the Low passing by the south, which resulted in cold northeasterly over the Yeongdong region. Rawinsonde soundings show a melting layer between 800 and 700 hPa just above the freezing layer of 900 ~ 800 hPa existed, such as a reversed S temperature profile, which is also consistent with the model reanalysis. The IPs’ life time was short within a couple of hours since it occurred along with low-level strong cold advection (IP1) or rapidly-moving squall line (IP2).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8556,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"60 3","pages":"329 - 343"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13143-024-00361-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140165776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reassessing the Climate Change Narrative","authors":"Richard S. Lindzen,&nbsp;John R. Christy","doi":"10.1007/s13143-024-00353-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13143-024-00353-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We note that the atmosphere has distinct tropical and extratropical regimes. The tropical regime is significantly dependent on the greenhouse effect and is characterized by temperatures that are largely horizontally homogenized. The extratropical regime is dominated by large scale unstable convective eddies that transport heat between the tropics and the poles (leaving the poles warmer than they otherwise would be) and serve to determine the temperature difference between the tropics and the poles. Changes in tropical temperature and in the tropics-to-pole temperature difference both contribute to changes in global mean temperature. It turns out that changes in global mean temperature associated with major climate change (i.e., the last glacial maximum and the warm period of the Eocene about 50 million years ago) were associated primarily with changes in the tropics-to-pole temperature differences. By contrast, changes in global mean temperature over the past 150 years or so are almost entirely associated with changes in tropical temperature. Thus, there is no intrinsic amplification associated with a change in the tropics-to-pole temperature difference. However, model simulations of climate behave differently from both observations and from each other. In particular, they all show more significant contributions for the tropics-to-pole temperature difference – sometimes much more significant. They also show excessive tropical warming.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8556,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"60 3","pages":"319 - 327"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13143-024-00353-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140149468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the 2022 Extreme Dragon-Boat Rainfall in South China from the Combined Land and Oceanic Forcing","authors":"Ziqian Wang,&nbsp;Juan Xu,&nbsp;Zhuoyu Zeng,&nbsp;Minling Ke,&nbsp;Xinhua Feng","doi":"10.1007/s13143-024-00356-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13143-024-00356-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The most frequent and concentrated rainfall in the pre-flood season in South China usually occurs around the Dragon Boat Festival every year, locally known as ‘Dragon-boat Rainfall (DBR)’. In 2022, a record-breaking DBR attacked South China, causing disastrous flooding. We suggest that this extreme DBR was jointly regulated by the tropical convective forcing and Tibetan Plateau (TP) heating. Distinctly strong low-level southwesterlies and ascending motions over South China were the key atmospheric conditions. And the abnormal low-level southwesterlies were contributed by both the anomalous anticyclone over the western North Pacific and the anomalous westerlies at the southern side of the TP. On the one hand, during the period of 2022 DBR, stronger-than-normal convective forcing over the Maritime Continent induced the low-level anomalous anticyclone over the western North Pacific through triggering the meridional vertical circulation and further promoted the upward motions over South China. On the other hand, positive diabatic heating over the TP forced abnormal warm anticyclone in the mid-upper troposphere, more warm air advected downstream by the background westerlies, intensifying the upward motions over South China. Meanwhile, the TP heating could induce the anomalous low-level westerlies at the southern side of the TP, which further merged into and intensified the southwesterlies over South China and greatly enhanced the moisture transport and convergence there. Therefore, we highlight the strong thermal forcing over the TP, exerting a combined and amplified effect with the convective forcing over the Maritime Continent, dominated the record-breaking DBR in 2022.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8556,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"60 4","pages":"1 - 14"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140149467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Publisher Correction to: Assessment and Projection of Compound Wind and Precipitation Extremes in EC-Earth3 of CMIP6 Simulations","authors":"Xiaoyu Zhu,&nbsp;Jianping Tang,&nbsp;Yi Yang","doi":"10.1007/s13143-024-00360-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13143-024-00360-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8556,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"60 4","pages":"605 - 605"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142411480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formation Mechanisms of the Extreme Rainfall and Mesoscale Convective Systems over South China during the Dragon Boat Rainy Season of 2022","authors":"Yanan Fu,&nbsp;Jianhua Sun,&nbsp;Zhifang Wu,&nbsp;Tao Chen,&nbsp;Xiaodong Song,&nbsp;Shijun Sun,&nbsp;Shenming Fu","doi":"10.1007/s13143-024-00357-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13143-024-00357-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The formation mechanisms of the record-breaking rainfall event during the Dragon Boat Rainy Season (DBRS) of 2022 are comprehensively analyzed from the synoptic scale and the mesoscale perspectives. The extreme rainfall event is characterized by the highest rainfall amount since 1981, and an abnormal spatial distribution with much higher (lower) rainfall amount in the northern (southern) part of South China. The abnormal circulation and thermodynamic conditions are mainly responsible for the extreme rainfall. The favorite synoptic condition for rainfall is the combination of warm advection, frontal forcing, orographic lifting and low-level jet favor the convection development. The similar configurations repeatedly impact South China during the DBRS of 2022, causing multiple heavy rainfall events, leading to the extreme rainfall of the whole period. The abnormal moisture convergence together with the frontal zone, which is stronger than the climatology, results in the rainfall centers over the northern part of South China. 54.35% of the rainfall amount is related to mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) which mainly originate from four regions. The MCSs from the four regions are characterized by different formation peaks, spatial scales, lifetimes and propagations. The large-scale warm and moist air mass, the moistening caused by synoptic advection and the local diabatic heating are responsible for the increasing instability for the MCSs. The low-level jets play an important role in the formation of MCSs by providing moisture. The thermodynamic (dynamic) environmental conditions control the formation of MCSs in the afternoon (night).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8556,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"60 4","pages":"1 - 18"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140117196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}