Applied Water Science最新文献

{"title":"Numerical analysis and regression-based performance prediction of MHD water-based ternary hybrid nanofluid flow and heat transfer in a finned cavity","authors":"Mohamed Altanji,&nbsp; Usman,&nbsp;Alhanouf Alburaikan,&nbsp;Hamiden Abd El-Wahed Khalifa","doi":"10.1007/s13201-026-02936-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-026-02936-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study numerically investigates forced convection heat transfer and entropy generation of a water-based ternary hybrid nanofluid (Fe₃O₄ + CuO + MoS₂) inside a two-dimensional square cavity containing three circular hot fins, under the influence of a direction-dependent magnetic field (<span>(gamma)</span> = 0°–90°). The finite element method (COMSOL Multiphysics 6.2) is employed to solve the governing equations. Four key parameters are systematically examined: Reynolds number (100–1000), Hartmann number (1–100), nanoparticle volume fraction (1%–10%), and magnetic field angle. An oblique magnetic field angle of <span>(gamma)</span> = 30° enhances the local Nusselt number by up to 78.6% compared to <span>(gamma)</span> = 0° at Ha = 100, owing to reduced Lorentz damping and the generation of beneficial secondary flows. Moderate Ha ≈ 25 provides a 2.7% improvement in peak Nusselt number at Re = 700, while Ha ≥ 50 suppresses convection, reducing lower-cavity heat transfer by up to 95%. Detrimental effect of nanoparticles: Increasing <span>(phi)</span> from 1 to 10% reduces peak Nusselt number by 11.2% at Re = 1000 and Ha = 25 and increases local entropy generation by 27.6–43.4%, despite higher thermal conductivity attributed to viscosity-dominated boundary layer thickening. A strong transverse magnetic field (<span>(gamma)</span> = 90°) at Ha = 100 reduces peak total entropy generation by 89% compared to <span>(gamma)</span> = 0°, producing a nearly uniform irreversibility distribution, optimal for thermodynamic efficiency. Predictive regression models: Novel multiple linear regression equations for average temperature and entropy generation are derived with high statistical significance (p-value &lt; 10^–29) within the investigated parameter ranges, providing rapid design tools without further CFD. These findings establish that <span>(gamma)</span> = 30° with Ha ≈ 25 and low <span>(phi)</span> offers the best heat transfer–entropy trade-off, while <span>(gamma)</span> = 90° is recommended when minimizing irreversibility is the primary objective.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-026-02936-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148884036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of groundwater quality through hydrochemical and spatial analysis for domestic and agricultural uses","authors":"Asmae Nouayti,&nbsp;Ali El Mansour,&nbsp;Mohamed Abdellaoui,&nbsp;Hamid Nouayti,&nbsp;Abdellali Abdaoui,&nbsp;Mostapha Albou,&nbsp;Hasan Ouakhir,&nbsp;Fahd A. Nasr,&nbsp;Mohammed Al-zharani,&nbsp;Ashraf Ahmed Qurtam,&nbsp;Ali Ait Boughrous,&nbsp;Nadia Lahrach","doi":"10.1007/s13201-026-02918-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-026-02918-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Groundwater plays a crucial role in Southeastern Morocco, where arid climate conditions, recurrent droughts, and increasing agricultural demands make it the primary source of water for domestic and irrigation purposes. In the absence of previous studies on the Bouanane watershed (18,393 km²), this work represents the first scientific exploration aimed at providing reliable data on groundwater quality and paving the way for future research. The study evaluates groundwater suitability for drinking and irrigation through the application of water quality indices, particularly the Drinking Water Quality Index (DWQI) and the Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI). Fieldwork was conducted in April 2024 at nine strategically selected sampling stations. Results reveal considerable variability in groundwater quality across the region, shaped by both natural processes and human activities. While some sites meet the requirements for domestic and agricultural use, others show elevated mineralization that poses limitations for irrigation. Traditional indicators such as total hardness (TH), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), electrical conductivity (EC), and magnesium hazard (MH) did not fully capture these spatial variations. In contrast, the DWQI, adapted to regional conditions, effectively highlighted disparities, with values ranging from 64.06 to 242.23 (average 135.2). Based on this index, groundwater quality was classified into three equal categories (good, average, and poor), each representing 33.3% of the sampled wells (three wells per category out of nine). In terms of water usability, approximately one-third of the samples are suitable for direct human consumption, while the remaining two-thirds require treatment due to moderate to poor quality, mainly linked to salinity and mineralization. Overall, groundwater quality in the Bouanane watershed shows significant spatial variability and is not uniformly safe for drinking.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-026-02918-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148842911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tectonic controls and subsurface structural insights for groundwater accumulation in El-Gallaba Plain, Egypt: insights from magnetic data interpretation","authors":"Mohammad Shehata,&nbsp;Tamer Attia,&nbsp;Tamer Farag,&nbsp;Youssef Youssef,&nbsp;Amer Shehata,&nbsp;Sherif Mansour,&nbsp;Dalal Alshamsi,&nbsp;Hakim Saibi","doi":"10.1007/s13201-026-02948-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-026-02948-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The groundwater distribution in southern Egypt is primarily governed by the region’s inherited rift-related tectonic framework. We integrated aeromagnetic data with available hydrogeochemical and seismic data to investigate structural controls on groundwater accumulation in El-Gallaba Plain along the western margin of the Kom Ombo Basin. The magnetic data were processed using edge-detection filters and source-parameter imaging to estimate the depth of the basement rock. Moreover, three-dimensional geophysical inversion of magnetic data was performed using the iteratively re-weighted least-squares algorithm to map the basin geometry. The results of magnetic data interpretation delineated a NW-SE major trend and minor NE-SW-trending, fault-bounded depressions extending to depths of 2.5–3.0 km, interpreted as sediment-filled or altered-basement fractured basins favorable for groundwater accumulation. Uplifted basement blocks define structural highs that act as hydraulic barriers, compartmentalizing the area’s aquifer system. The interpreted magnetic structures were correlated with previously published land-surface temperature and hydrochemical data, revealing a spatial alignment among deep structural depressions, low-temperature corridors, and zones of fresher, isotopically depleted groundwater. This correlation confirms that reactivated Pan-African and Cenozoic faults control the vertical permeability and groundwater connectivity of the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer. Overall, this study highlights the effectiveness of three-dimensional inversion, along with edge-detection and depth-estimation filters applied to magnetic data to resolve subsurface architecture and interpret groundwater potential in arid, tectonically complex regions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-026-02948-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148842908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decoding multidimensional water quality in arid industrial lakes: a comprehensive CCME-WQI, HPI, and GIS-based evaluation of the Arab al-Ulayqat system","authors":"Mostafa Gaber Refaai,&nbsp;Elsayed Elbastamy Elsayed,&nbsp;Dalal Alshamsi,&nbsp;Sarah I. Othman,&nbsp;Mostafa R. Abukhadra,&nbsp;Ahmed A. Allam,&nbsp;Tamer Nassar","doi":"10.1007/s13201-026-02949-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-026-02949-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Effective water quality management is crucial in arid regions, where inland water systems are highly vulnerable to anthropogenic pressure and climatic stress. This study aimed to assess water quality in Egypt’s Arab al-Ulayqat Lakes using physicochemical, microbiological, heavy-metal, multi-index, and GIS-based analyses to identify pollution levels, water-use suitability, and contamination hotspots. Ten sites were sampled in spring 2025 and analyzed for 36 physicochemical, microbiological, and heavy-metal parameters. Water suitability was evaluated using Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI), the Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI), irrigation indices, and industrial scaling/corrosion indices, while spatial patterns were mapped using Geographic Information System (GIS)-based Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation. Results revealed severe and spatially heterogeneous deterioration. Salinity was extreme, with total dissolved solids (TDS) of 451–18,730 mg/L and electrical conductivity (EC) of 705–29,300 µS/cm. Turbidity ranged from 2.56 to 661 NTU, while organic pollution was substantial (biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) 6–20 mg/L; chemical oxygen demand (COD) 14–248 mg/L; mean COD/BOD ratio = 4.73), indicating dominance of poorly biodegradable contaminants. Nutrient enrichment was pronounced (total nitrogen (TN) 1.41–64.87 mg/L; total phosphorus (TP) 0.35–13.54 mg/L), confirming advanced eutrophication risk. Microbial contamination was substantial, with total coliforms up to 5.5 × 10⁵ CFU/100 mL and fecal coliforms up to 7.9 × 10⁴ CFU/100 mL. Heavy-metal pollution was also significant, with HPI values of 63.51–301.69 and an average of 132.72, while S7–S10 represented the main heavy-metal hotspot zone. Spatial assessment showed that only S2 and S5 achieved Good drinking-water status, only S2 and S5 were Marginal for aquatic life, and irrigation suitability ranged from Good (S2–S5) to Poor (S6). These findings indicate combined impacts from industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, domestic wastewater, and evaporative concentration. The study provides baseline data and a decision-support framework for targeted remediation, monitoring, and sustainable management of arid-region lake systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-026-02949-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148842910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal contributions of hydrological components to streamflow and nitrogen load in Gyeongancheon Watershed, South Korea","authors":"Jonghoon Park,&nbsp;Dongyeop Lee,&nbsp;Hyun A. Lee,&nbsp;Youn-Tae Kim,&nbsp;Minhee Kim,&nbsp;Nohsung Jeong,&nbsp;Nam C. Woo","doi":"10.1007/s13201-026-02960-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-026-02960-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study examined the spatiotemporal dynamics of nitrogen (N) sources and transport in the Gyeongancheon Stream mid-watershed. Stable isotopes of nitrate (δ¹⁵N-NO₃ and δ¹⁸O-NO₃) and boron (δ¹¹B), combined with a Bayesian statistical mixing model, indicate that manure/sewage and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent were the dominant N sources. However, due to isotopic overlap and complex mixing, precise source apportionment between WWTPs and groundwater pathways was difficult. To overcome this limitation, hydrograph separation using the recursive digital filter method was combined with water chemistry data to estimate the contributions of WWTP effluent, groundwater baseflow, and direct runoff to streamflow and N load under hydrological conditions. During the dry period, WWTP effluent dominated streamflow and N load in the main stream. Notably, during the growing season, the N load declined owing to biological uptake and streambed infiltration under losing stream conditions. In contrast, during the wet period, groundwater baseflow and direct runoff dominated both streamflow and N load following rainfall events. Under mid-range conditions, groundwater baseflow prevailed in the upper and middle reaches of the main stream, whereas the lower reach was almost entirely sustained by WWTP effluent, with substantial N load losses attributable to prolonged losing stream conditions. These findings underscore the critical role of hydrological variability and groundwater–surface water interactions in governing N dynamics in mixed-source watersheds, and demonstrate that isotope-based source apportionment alone is insufficient when end-member signatures overlap. Nutrient management strategies must be spatiotemporally differentiated to effectively mitigate N transport impacts under a changing climate.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-026-02960-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148842909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AI-driven groundwater mapping: systematic review and implications for practical uptake","authors":"P. Martínez-Santos,&nbsp;V. Gómez-Escalonilla,&nbsp;M. Rodríguez del Rosario,&nbsp;S. Díaz-Alcaide,&nbsp;M. Martín-Loeches,&nbsp;E. Montero","doi":"10.1007/s13201-026-02964-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-026-02964-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recent advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning have transformed groundwater mapping by enabling data-driven integration of heterogeneous geospatial, environmental, and hydrogeological information. This paper provides a critical review of AI-based groundwater mapping, synthesizing more than 200 peer-reviewed studies published between 2009 and 2026, with emphasis on the rapid methodological developments of the last 5 years. We outline the conceptual basis of AI-driven mapping approaches as the natural evolution from expert-based GIS overlays and statistical methods. Four dominant areas of application are identified: groundwater potential mapping, spatial prediction of groundwater quality and contamination, vulnerability assessment, and the delineation of groundwater-dependent ecosystems. Ensemble trees, gradient boosting algorithms, and neural networks are the most widely adopted methods, largely due to their ability to capture nonlinear relationships, handle multicollinearity, and perform well with heterogeneous datasets. We also explore the challenges involved in defining the minimum viable dataset size, as well as the increasing interpretability of machine learning outcomes. Despite improvements in predictive accuracy and spatial generalization, this review highlights persistent limitations that constrain real-world adoption. These include limited and uncertain subsurface data, overreliance on surface-derived proxy variables, restricted model transferability, insufficient treatment of uncertainty, and challenges related to model interpretability and transparency. We conclude by identifying priority research directions, including explainable AI, physics-informed and hybrid modeling strategies, spatio-temporal integration, and stronger links between AI outputs and groundwater management decisions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-026-02964-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148842931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of geomatics in assessment of groundwater potential zones in Chambal River Basin of Madhya Pradesh, India","authors":"M. Priyamvada,&nbsp;M. K. Awasthi","doi":"10.1007/s13201-026-02890-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-026-02890-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Groundwater is a vital resource for sustaining agriculture and domestic needs in semi-arid regions such as Madhya Pradesh, India, where limited and irregular surface water supplies increase reliance on aquifers. Overexploitation, coupled with inadequate recharge management, has led to declining groundwater levels, particularly in hard rock terrains like the Chambal River Basin. This study delineates groundwater potential zones (GPZ) in the upstream portion of the basin, covering 55,642.51 km² across 17 districts, by integrating Remote Sensing (RS), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Nine thematic layers—geology, geomorphology, lineament density, drainage density, soil, slope, land use/land cover (LULC), rainfall, and elevation—were used to evaluate groundwater occurrence. Each factor was assigned weights and ranks according to its hydrogeological influence, and a weighted overlay analysis was carried out in ArcGIS 10.5 to produce the GPZ map. The map was categorized into five groundwater potential classes: very poor, poor, moderate, good, and very good. Results indicate that basaltic formations dominate 75.53% of the basin, clay soils occupy nearly 50%, and agricultural land covers about 60%. The “poor” potential zone is most widespread (45.84%; 25,506.23 km²), followed by “moderate” (27.51%), while “good” and “very good” zones together comprise 12.62%. Validation using well-yield data achieved 62% accuracy, confirming moderate reliability. These findings highlight spatial disparities in groundwater availability and stress the need for targeted recharge interventions, improved water-use efficiency, and sustainable resource management. The study demonstrates RS, GIS, and AHP integration as a robust and replicable framework for groundwater assessment and planning in water-stressed basins.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-026-02890-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148842913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative effects of carp polyculture on phosphorus migration and water quality with a focus on Xenocypris microlepis integration","authors":"Yuexiang Gao,&nbsp;Ting Chen,&nbsp;Zhiwei Zhang,&nbsp;Ran Tao,&nbsp;Zhe Zhang,&nbsp;Yimin Zhang,&nbsp;Kexin Han,&nbsp;Guanghua Lu","doi":"10.1007/s13201-026-02940-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-026-02940-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigated how polyculture of <i>Xenocypris microlepis</i> with silver carp and bighead carp affects water quality and phosphorus transformation. Compared to controls, both polyculture and silver-bighead carp systems showed elevated nitrogen and phosphorus levels in the water body. However, the polyculture system maintained significantly lower TN and TP concentrations than the silver-bighead carp system. Sediment TP in polyculture systems was significantly lower (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05) than in control and silver carp-only systems. Specifically, iron-bound phosphorus (Fe-P) and labile organic phosphorus fractions (fulvic-P, HCl-P, NaHCO₃-P) decreased consistently in polyculture, while other groups exhibited fluctuating patterns. These results demonstrate that the tri-species polyculture enhances algal control through accelerated phosphorus cycling, improved biological phosphorus removal, and simultaneous reduction of aqueous and sedimentary phosphorus.These findings provide a scientific basisfor using carp polyculture in eutrophic water remediation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-026-02940-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148842912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated analysis of surface water-groundwater interactions and enhanced hydrological forecasting of glacierized river in cold and arid regions","authors":"Wenjun Wang,&nbsp;Aihua Long,&nbsp;Jiawen Yu,&nbsp;Haowei Tian,&nbsp;Yi Xiao,&nbsp;Qi Li,&nbsp;Yang Liu,&nbsp;Jingzhou Zhang,&nbsp;Xuan Liang,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Meng","doi":"10.1007/s13201-026-02946-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-026-02946-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In cold and arid regions, climate change has altered precipitation patterns and accelerated glacierized retreat, which imposes severe risks on the stability of regional hydrological systems. Combined with the strong interactions between surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) regulated by distinctive geological conditions, clarifying the baseline hydrological regime and predicting future hydrological changes is critical to maintaining local ecosystem stability. The headwater catchment of the Bortala River in Northwest China represents a typical glacierized watershed dominated by spring-fed discharge. Under the continuous influence of climate change, quantitative investigations into surface water-groundwater interactions in this catchment are still inadequate. In this study, a coupled SWAT-MODFLOW model embedded with a glacier module was developed to clarify the surface water-groundwater interactions relationship. Based on the Budyko framework, under CMIP6 climate scenarios, to establish an optimized decomposition and reconstruction simulation system, furthermore, to explore the changing characteristics of temperature, precipitation, and runoff. Observed hydrometeorological parameters were utilized to calibrate and validate the established model. A set of statistical indices was employed to assess the modeling performance, and the coupled model attained favorable simulation accuracy. The main results indicated that although surface water served as the dominant recharge source for groundwater from 1971 to 2020, representing a cumulative reduction of 26.7% from the initial value of the historical period, and an increased average annual decline rate of 0.45%. Future scenario projections revealed an increasing trend in total watershed runoff under both SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5, with growth rates of 13.6% and 14.2%, respectively. A runoff inflection point is projected to occur around the 2070s (± 10 years), which will appear approximately 10 years earlier under the high-emission SSP5-8.5 scenario. In addition, intensified precipitation extremes may trigger severe hydrological risks, which are expected to concentrate around the 2040s and 2070s.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-026-02946-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148769026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Graphene oxide/SPEEK nanocomposite proton exchange membranes for enhanced bioelectricity generation and biofouling resistance in microbial fuel cells","authors":"Mostafa Ghasemi,&nbsp;Saad A. Aljlil,&nbsp;Kimia Rostami,&nbsp;Udayabhaskararao Thumu","doi":"10.1007/s13201-026-02945-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-026-02945-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) have emerged as a promising technology for simultaneously treating wastewater and generating renewable energy. However, their large-scale application is still limited by the drawbacks of conventional proton exchange membranes, such as Nafion, primarily due to their high cost. Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) has therefore attracted considerable attention as a lower-cost alternative membrane with good proton conductivity. Nevertheless, pristine SPEEK membranes often suffer from excessive swelling and limited mechanical stability. To overcome these limitations, nanocomposite membranes incorporating graphene oxide (GO) have been developed to improve structural stability and electrochemical performance. In this study, SPEEK membranes incorporating GO nanosheets were developed as a cost-effective, high-performance alternative. GO was introduced into the SPEEK matrix at loadings ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 wt%, and the resulting nanocomposite membranes were systematically characterized by various spectroscopy and microscopy techniques. Among the prepared samples, the membrane containing 2.0 wt% GO exhibited the most balanced physicochemical properties, including a proton conductivity of 0.089 S cm⁻¹ at 30 °C, a water uptake of 34.2%, and an ion exchange capacity of 1.62 meq g⁻¹. When evaluated in a dual-chamber MFC system, this optimized membrane achieved a maximum power density of 480 mW m⁻², a Coulombic efficiency of 47.3%, and a COD removal efficiency of 94.6% within 72 hours of operation. Furthermore, long-term stability testing over 60 days demonstrated only a 7.2% reduction in performance, indicating significantly improved stability compared with Nafion 117 under identical operating conditions. Surface analysis revealed reduced biofouling on the SPEEK/GO membrane, indicating improved resistance to microbial adhesion. These findings demonstrate that incorporating GO into SPEEK is an effective strategy for enhancing membrane performance and durability in MFC applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-026-02945-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148769027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}