Applied Water Science最新文献

{"title":"Spatio-temporal analysis of bottled mineral water brands and their compliance with standards","authors":"Neyha Rubab Syed,&nbsp;Ali Raza,&nbsp;Fahad Alshehri,&nbsp;Sattam Almadani,&nbsp;Sudhir Kumar Singh,&nbsp;Ahmed Elbeltagi","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02441-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02441-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Assessing bottled mineral water (BMW) against drinking water guidelines set by the World health organization, international bottled water association, and Pakistan standards and quality control authority is critical for ensuring product safety. The present study used physico-chemical parameters to conduct a spatio-temporal analysis of BMW brands in Pakistan. Data were collected from the Pakistan council of research in water resources (PCRWR), comprised of 33 water quality reports (2013–2024) from various districts of Pakistan. The prime objective was to create spatial maps of physico-chemical parameters, including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), hardness, total dissolved solids (TDS), chloride (Cl) and arsenic (As). Comparative analysis of water samples from BMW brands revealed that safe brands met the permissible ranges for pH, EC, hardness, TDS, Cl, and arsenic (As), while unsafe brands did not meet these limit and were deemed for consumption. Integrating spatial data with geographic information systems enabled a more efficient and timely assessment of physico-chemical parameters. Additionally, classifying brands as safe, unsafe, disappeared and emerging over quarterly periods helped allowed for clear differentiation. Overall, the results underscore the importance of continued regulatory efforts by the PCRWR to maintain high standards for BMW in Pakistan. Future strategies could include more frequent testing, public disclosure of non-compliant brands, and incentives for consistent performers to further improve market safety and reliability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02441-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143904689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attenuation of salinity-induced stress and improvement of brackish water aquaculture of Labeo rohita through dietary interventions of multi-species probiotics","authors":"Habiba Jamil,&nbsp;Abdul Ghaffar,&nbsp;Fozia Afzal,&nbsp;Hussain Ahmad,&nbsp;Ghulam Abbas,&nbsp;Dalia Fouad,&nbsp;Farid Shokry Ataya,&nbsp;Kun Li","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02447-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02447-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present investigation was targeted to determine the attenuating role of multi-species probiotics (MSP) of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (1.9 × 10¹⁰ CFU/g), <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> (2 × 10¹⁰ CFU/g), and <i>Clostridium butyricum</i> (2.2 × 10⁸ CFU/g), against salinity-induced stress and dietary influence on physiological indices of aquaria reared <i>Labeo rohita</i> fingerlings. Three hundred and twenty-four fish (weighed = 60 ± 2.35 g initially) were divided into nine equal groups, each with three replicates for a duration of 60 days. These experimental groups were represented as follows: (S0/NS) salinity-free group fed with basal diet, (S6/NS) 6.00 ppt salinity stress group fed with basal diet, (S12/NS) 12.00 ppt salinity stress group fed with basal diet, (S0/MSP1) salinity-free group fed with 1% MSP, (S6/MSP1) 6.00 ppt salinity stress group fed with 1% MSP, (S12/MSP1) 12.00 ppt salinity stress group fed with 1% MSP, (S0/MSP2) salinity-free group fed with 2% MSP, (S6/MSP2) 6.00 ppt salinity stress group fed with 2% MSP, and (S12/MSP2) 12.00 ppt salinity stress group fed with 2% MSP. Probiotics supplemented fish exhibited positively improved growth, digestive enzymes, nutrient utilization, hematobiochemical traits, and antioxidant capacity under different levels of salinity compared to non-supplemented fish (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Stress indices in terms of oxidative stress, cortisol and glucose and osmoregulatory responses under salinity stress improved significantly in fish nurtured on probiotic added diet over time compared to non-probiotic diet groups (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). The histomorphology of hepato-renal, intestine and gills structures was observed with improved histoarchitecture in terms of cellular integrity and functionality in MSP diet groups compared to non-probiotics ones. Studies of erythrocytes structures and intestinal histometric indices revealed significant improvement across MSP feeding in salinity test groups, compared to non-probiotic salinity groups (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Consequently, we find that dietary administration of these multi-species probiotics enhanced stress coping capacity and yielding improvements in physiology of reared <i>Labeo rohita</i> under salinity stress conditions, resulting in a significant enhancement in brackish fish culture production.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02447-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143904733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of index-overlay methods for assessing shallow groundwater vulnerability in southeast Hungary","authors":"Abdelouahed Fannakh,&nbsp;Barta Károly,&nbsp;Andrea Farsang,&nbsp;Mohammed Ben Ali","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02463-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02463-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study evaluated three index-overlay methods (i.e., DRASTIC, GOD, and susceptibility index (SI)) for their suitability to assessing the vulnerability of shallow aquifer in southeast Hungary to contamination from the land surface. Accordingly, the most recent information on the shallow aquifer depth, recharge rate, land use, and geology/hydrogeology of the groundwater basin was created and integrated in a geographic information system and through a linear combination to compose the methods indices. All three methods delineated approximately 95% of the groundwater basin as being moderately to highly susceptible to contamination, which was mainly due to the sandy soil, high recharge rate, gentle topography, and agricultural activities related to land use. A positive linear correlation was also found, during the validation of the final vulnerability maps, between the vulnerability indices and observed nitrate concentration. The vulnerability indices of SI, DRASTIC, and GOD showed correlations of 0.5635, 0.3615, and 0.3499, respectively, with the available nitrate concentration in the groundwater. Thus, SI was concluded as the most suitable method for assessing the vulnerability of shallow aquifers in southeast Hungary to contamination. The outcomes of this study provide useful information that will help policymakers identify the main contributors to groundwater contamination as well as adopt effective management strategies to avoid further pressure on this invaluable resource. </p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02463-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143904732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancement of membrane distillation performance by porous organic and inorganic materials: a state-of-the-art review","authors":"Yehia Manawi,&nbsp;Jasir Jawad,&nbsp;Abdelaziz Hussain,&nbsp;Saad Aljlil,&nbsp;Jenny Lawler,&nbsp;Viktor Kochkodan","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02449-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02449-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Membrane distillation (MD) is an attractive thermally driven separation process due to its efficiency to treat highly concentrated feed streams in desalination and different industrial applications. Usually, hydrophobic microfiltration membranes are employed in MD process; however, conventional MD membranes possess rather low permeating flux and are prone to fouling. As a result, MD has not been widely adopted for water treatment and separation purposes at large commercial scale yet. Hence, development of novel MD membranes with enhanced properties is an important task. One of the main approaches to adjust porous structure and properties of MD membranes is through incorporation of different additives in membrane matrix. For the first time, the present paper overviews the use of porous organic and inorganic materials with controlled pore size such as metal organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, halloysites, zeolites and carbon nanotubes for enhancing properties and separation performance of MD membranes. While the employing of some of these materials in MD membranes looks promising, there are some issues that need to be addressed such as fabrication costs of such porous materials, stability of the additive’s incorporation in the membrane matrix and lack of long-term testing of the prepared MD membranes with real feed streams. The future work should also focus on the development of affordable and less complex techniques for preparation of MD membranes incorporated with porous organic and inorganic materials to compete with the fabrication of conventional MD membranes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02449-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143904731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved productivity of seawater desalination systems through humidification–dehumidification process integrated with renewable and fogging technologies in a lowest cost","authors":"Ibrahim Nabil,&nbsp;Mohamed M. Khairat Dawood,&nbsp;Tamer M. Mansour,&nbsp;Ali I. Shehata,&nbsp;Abdalla M. Abdalla","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02446-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02446-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Water desalination using renewable energy with a cooling system integrated with a fogging technique has recently made significant advancements. This study investigates the influence of the fogging technique on improving the process of HDH water desalination integrated with a cooling system. An experimental study investigated how operational factors like the mass flow rate ratio, feed water temperature, feed water salinity, cooling water temperature, and nozzle orifice diameter affected the salinity of the produced water, freshwater productivity, and GOR. The fogging system achieves maximum productivity of 25.08 L/h and 25.39 L/h when employing nozzles with orifice sizes of 0.3 mm for feed water salinity levels of 34,000 ppm and 12,000 ppm, respectively. The greatest GOR was achieved by utilizing a nozzle orifice of 0.3 mm, resulting in GOR values of 8.79 and 8.84 for concentrations of 34,000 ppm and 12,000 ppm, respectively. The salinity of the produced water reaches 1500 ppm and 500 ppm when the fog is created at a temperature of 80 °C, with feed water salinity levels of 34,000 ppm and 12,000 ppm, respectively. The fogging nozzle’s size directly affects the generated water’s salinity. When the size of the fogging nozzle reduces from 0.3 to 0.1 mm, the salinity decreases by about 34.8% and 33.3% for 34,000 ppm and 12,000 ppm, respectively. This pattern indicates that the water’s salinity decreases as the nozzle’s diameter decreases. Nevertheless, under identical circumstances, water productivity declined by 56% and 55% at 34,000 ppm and 12,000 ppm, respectively. The water production cost was 0.0268–0.0088 ($/liter). The study concludes that the salinity of the generated water reduces as the feed water temperature increases and the nozzle size decreases. In contrast, water productivity, GOR, and lower cost are enhanced using a larger nozzle.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02446-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Industrial wastewater treatment using extracellular polymer substances/bioflocculants: a review","authors":"Bishwambhar Mishra,&nbsp;Parashuram Kallem,&nbsp;Rajasri Yadavalli,&nbsp;Sanjeeb Kumar Mandal,&nbsp;C. Nagendranatha Reddy,&nbsp;B. Sumithra,&nbsp;N. S. V. Lakshmayya,&nbsp;Fawzi Banat","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02462-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02462-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02462-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of household greywater sources and rainwater remediation on Mediterranean climate topsoils","authors":"Ailsa G. Hardie,&nbsp;Ncumisa Madubela,&nbsp;Eugene L. Lategan,&nbsp;Catherine E. Clarke","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02460-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02460-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Reuse of greywater for irrigation has surged due to increasing urban freshwater scarcity. Greywater sources differ in ease and cost of reuse, with limited studies on the effects of irrigation with different sources on soil properties and subsequent rainwater remediation. Thus, this study compared the effect of four major household greywater sources (shower (SH), dishwasher (DW) and liquid and powdered laundry detergent (LLD and PLD)) on soil properties and rainwater remediation potential of two contrasting (albic Planosol (bleached) and Lixisol (rhodic)) topsoils under Mediterranean climate conditions. Summer irrigation with the greywater and tap water sources was simulated (370 mm) followed by winter rainfall simulation (370 mm). Soil chemical, physical and microbial properties were determined after each simulation. Irrigation with SH and LLD greywaters was least harmful to soil chemistry; however, LLD decreased soil infiltration rate by 48–53%, and SH resulted in hydrophobic crusting. Irrigation with PLD and DW greywater was most damaging, resulting in alkalisation, sodification and salinisation accompanied by soil structural degradation, decreasing infiltration by 85–100%. All treatments reduced soil bacterial diversity and species richness. Rain simulation was only able to reduce sodicity and salinity associated with PLD and DW application on the rhodic soil, as the clay fraction was more stable, permitting some infiltration. Therefore, PLD and DW greywaters should not be used directly for irrigation, especially on bleached soils, as this can halt rainwater percolation. Furthermore, use of less chemically harmful SH or LLD liquid greywaters could result in undesirable soil physical problems in the long term.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02460-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Propose canal diversion surface flow constructed wetland for drainage water treatment: a Tala drain Egypt's Nile Delta","authors":"Mohamed Elsayed Gabr","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02440-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02440-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study proposed a canal diversion surface flow constructed wetland (CWT) to treat the drainage water in the Tala Drain Gharbia Governorate where the Nile Rosetta Branch is its outfall. The treated water will be used for irrigation purposes. The proposed treatment system consists of a sedimentation pond, a CWT with reed plants, and a treated water storage pond. Field data on hydraulic, climatic, and influent concentrations were collected. The first order of P-K-C* relaxed tanks was applied to design the CWT. The results indicated that for a 2400 m³/d design discharge, a BOD sedimentation pond of a surface area of 2600 m² (260 m long and 10 m broad) is required for one-day hydraulic retention and 1.0 m water depth. The CWT area is controlled by the winter BOD indicated four parallel CWTs each one of a surface of 12,480 m², hydraulic loading rate of 0.05 m/d, and a hydraulic retention period (HT) of 2.76 days. The CWT water balance indicates that minimum and maximum water losses of 3 and 14%, respectively, recorded in January and June and the minimum and maximum operation discharge are 2482 and 2741m³/d, respectively. The rates of elimination of BOD, TN, TP, and FC showed 62, 58.4, 43, and 99.8%, respectively indicating good water quality for irrigation uses. The treated drainage water is still far from the drinking water standards and needs purification. The proposed green wastewater treatment system in the study region and similar regions will help decision-makers as a primary strategic water resource management and ecological solution to meet the United Nations' Water Sustainable Development Goals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02440-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of baffle configurations, blockage, and flow variability on downstream scour in box culverts","authors":"Andaz Mohammed Rasul,&nbsp;Kaywan Othman Ahmed,&nbsp;Jamil Bahrami,&nbsp;Mohsen Isari,&nbsp;Muhammed Raza Kavian pour,&nbsp;Younes Aminpour,&nbsp;Farhad Faghihi,&nbsp;Miklas Scholz,&nbsp;Chaitanya Baliram Pande","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02455-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02455-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This research utilized physical models to examine changes at the culvert outlet under diverse scenarios, including three different designs of baffle configurations, different levels of blockage, and flow discharges during both steady and unsteady flow states. The study assessed a box culvert with three outlets of different baffle arrangements and blockage rates of 0%, 25%, and 50% at the inlet. For unsteady flow conditions, two hydrographs were created, each containing seven unique flow discharges. Conversely, for steady flow conditions, flow rates of 13.8 <i>l/s</i> and 20 <i>l/s</i> were employed. The sediment and flow scenarios were meticulously chosen to maintain clear water throughout the experimental procedures. According to the findings, the scour patterns under both steady and unsteady flow conditions, as well as the effectiveness of the baffle in minimizing scour depths, were compared with the base case scenario at different blockage levels at culvert outlets. In-depth analysis of baffles application versus the base case scenario under the same blockage conditions showed that the deepest scour depths were typically found further from the outlet in the base case scenario. During steady flow conditions, the first design configuration of baffle reduced the deepest scour depth by 29.87% at a flow rate of 20 l<i>/s</i> with 25% blockage and configuration three was most effective at 37.70% reduction for 13.8 l<i>/s</i> with no inlet blockage. In unsteady flow conditions, during the first hydrograph, the first design configuration reduced the deepest scour depth by 37.33% at 25% blockage, while configuration two achieved a 34.48% reduction during the second hydrograph with 25% blockage. However, with baffles introduced, the greatest scour depth occurred much closer to the outlet. Additionally, an increase in flow rate resulted in larger scour holes, and scouring intensified with incremental increases in hydrograph steps. Nevertheless, an increase in blockage did not consistently result in a proportional increase in scour depth across all instances.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02455-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automated interpretation of deep learning-based water quality assessment system for enhanced environmental management decisions","authors":"Javed Mallick,&nbsp;Saeed Alqadhi,&nbsp;Majed Alsubih,&nbsp;Mohamed Fatahalla Mohamed Ahmed,&nbsp;Hazem Ghassan Abdo","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02452-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02452-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Water quality assessment is a critical issue in the Aseer region of Saudi Arabia, where environmental and anthropogenic factors pose a major challenge to both drinking water and irrigation systems. The aim of this study was to carry out a detailed assessment of the water resources in the region, focussing on the most important aspects affecting water quality. The main objectives were to calculate various water quality indices for drinking and irrigation purposes, to develop an automated system using convolutional neural networks (CNN) to predict these indices and to increase the transparency of these models using explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methods. Methodologically, the study used CNN algorithms optimised by Bayesian techniques for the prediction of eight water quality indices, coupled with SHAPley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis under XAI to interpret the complex decision-making processes of these models. This dual approach enabled a comprehensive and insightful assessment of water quality. Using a robust dataset from the Aseer region, eight water quality indices were calculated, revealing significant variations and highlighting areas of concern. In this study, the entropy weight-based DWQI averaged 77.90 with a high standard deviation (std) of 39.08, reflecting considerable variability. The automated CNN models demonstrated robust performance in predicting water quality indices, with high accuracy (R² = 0.959 in training and 0.945 in testing) for sodium percentage (Na%). However, the Magnesium Hazard (MH) index showed lower accuracy, suggesting possible overfitting and the need for further optimisation. SHAP analysis highlighted chloride, sulphate, and total dissolved solids as key contributors to the WQI, while sodium and calcium were significant for the sodium adsorption ratio. These insights enhance understanding of parameter influence on water quality assessments. This study introduces an advanced computational approach integrating CNN and XAI techniques, improving water quality evaluation and supporting informed environmental management in the Aseer region.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02452-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}