Applied Water Science最新文献

{"title":"Highly efficient ZnCo2O4 nanospheres and ZnCo2O4/GO nanocomposites as visible light photocatalysts for degradation of organic pollutants","authors":"Seyed Amirhossein Ehsanizadeh,&nbsp;Mina Ahmadi-Kashani,&nbsp;Zaid Hamzah Abdulhusain,&nbsp;May Jaleel Abed,&nbsp;Masoud Salavati-Niasari","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02473-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02473-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The increasing prevalence of environmental pollution has led to the development of photocatalysts as a viable approach for degrading synthetic and organic pollutants, such as dyes, in wastewater treatment. By using a controllable Pechini sol–gel technique, a visible light-responsive ZnCo₂O₄ nanophotocatalyst was fabricated for the degradation of methyl red and thymol blue as organic pollutants. A range of factors, such as the nature of cross-linking and capping agents, were implemented to assess their impact on the purity and particle size of ZnCo₂O₄. To the best of our knowledge, there is no existing research on ZnCo₂O₄ nanoparticles synthesized via the Pechini sol–gel method using different capping and cross-linking agents, particularly in terms of their ability to degrade dyes under visible light. Following this, graphene oxide (GO) was integrated onto ZnCo₂O₄ nanospheres to create a promising photocatalyst for the pollutant degradation under visible light exposure. The BET analysis indicates that the samples possess an average pore size within the mesopores range, which is optimal for photocatalytic activity. The ZnCo₂O₄/GO nanocomposite exhibited a band gap of approximately 2.37 eV that enhances the separation of charge carriers, reducing recombination rates and improving the photocatalytic efficiency. A high photodegradation efficiency of 94.3% was achieved for pollutant after exposure to visible light for a duration of 120 min, using the integration of GO (25% wt) with ZnCo₂O₄, which was higher than that of ZnCo₂O₄/GO-10% (78.7%), ZnCo₂O₄/GO-50% (81.6%), and pure ZnCo₂O₄ (91.4%). In addition, the presence of benzoic acid as a hydroxyl scavenger remarkably impacts the photocatalytic activity. This highlights the vital importance of OH• radicals in this process.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02473-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143929968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Designing a novel highly efficient magnetic binary NiFe2O4/CeO2 nano-photocatalyst for visible-light-driven degradation of organic pollutants","authors":"Saba Roostaei,&nbsp;Mina Ahmadi-Kashani,&nbsp;Masoud Salavati-Niasari,&nbsp;Forat H. Alsultany","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02479-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02479-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Herein, novel magnetic binary NiFe₂O₄/CeO₂ nanocomposites were simultaneously prepared via simple sol–gel auto-combustion method serving as an efficient photocatalyst toward dye degradation under visible light illumination. Various gelation agents, including tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), ammonia (NH₃), ethylene diamine (EN), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), were employed to evaluate their influence on the purity and particle size of the NiFe₂O₄/CeO₂ nanocomposite. The designed nanocomposite was investigated through its performance in the photodecomposition of eosin (EO) and malachite green (MG) dyes. The results exposed that the anionic dye is degraded much more efficiently than cationic dye. The as-prepared photocatalyst displayed remarkable photocatalytic performance, with a 95% efficiency in degrading EO and a comparatively lower efficiency of 68.29% for MG. The pseudo-first-order kinetic model has been identified as the most appropriate for describing the adsorption of dyes onto the photocatalyst. The rate constant (<i>k</i>) for decolorization of EO over a period of 120 min using NiFe₂O₄/CeO₂ photocatalyst was determined to be 0.02798 min⁻¹. The magnetic characteristics of NiFe₂O₄/CeO₂ showed ferromagnetic behavior, which enhances the recovery of catalyst from water, suggesting a valuable opportunity in the practical applications. Besides, the mechanism of photocatalytic degradation was examined through scavenger experiments, which revealed the reactive radicals involved, emphasizing the crucial effect of ·O₂^– radicals in this procedure. The influence of the initial dye concentration and amount of photocatalyst on the degradation efficiency was also examined thoroughly. Moreover, the recyclability of the photocatalyst was verified over five repeated cycles, demonstrating its good stability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02479-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143930050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploration of electrochemical energy storage potential of MWCNT scaffolds functionalized with Lu2FeMnO6 synthesized via a facile sol–gel Pechini chemical method","authors":"Vahid Rahimkhoei,&nbsp;Masoud Salavati-Niasari,&nbsp;Forat H. Alsultany,&nbsp;Aseel M. Aljeboree,&nbsp;Masood Hamadanian","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02470-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02470-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Lately, there has been considerable attention directed toward the development of a hydrogen storage cell power system that is both environmentally friendly and free from pollution. In the past decade, numerous notable advancements in methods of energy storage have emerged, influencing research, innovation, and the potential direction for enhancing our comprehension of energy storage. In the present research, the sol–gel Pechini methodology was utilized to synthesize Lu₂FeMnO₆ nanostructures and evaluate their viability as hydrogen storage materials for the inaugural time. The influence of stabilizing agents, the molar ratio of the gelling agent to the stabilizing agent, and the calcination temperature were meticulously examined to attain the optimal dimensions and morphological characteristics. While researchers have a growing interest in hydrogen energy, the application of double perovskite nanostructures for hydrogen absorption has not yet been explored. Diverse dimensions and configurations of nanocomposites were scrutinized utilizing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analyses were conducted to ascertain the purity and chemical compositions of the nanocomposites. Among the various methodologies employed for hydrogen storage, the electrochemical approach is recognized as one of the most efficacious, as it facilitates the generation and storage of hydrogen under standard temperature and pressure conditions. This investigation explored the ramifications of integrating varying concentrations of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) to augment the hydrogen storage capacity of a composite material through an electrochemical methodology. The Lu₂FeMnO₆/MWCNT nanocomposites exhibited optimal performance when the concentration of MWCNT was set at 2%, achieving a discharge capacity of 540.27 mAhg⁻¹ after 15 cycles in a 2 M KOH electrolyte, which represents a 2.45-fold enhancement compared to the capacity demonstrated by Lu₂FeMnO₆ nanostructures. This investigation elucidates a promising methodology for the advancement of more efficient electrode materials via the integration of double perovskites. </p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02470-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143929967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced oily wastewater treatment: silver nanoparticles-coated graphene oxide/MXene nanocomposite membranes","authors":"Zaina Algarni,&nbsp;Aseel Salah Mansoor,&nbsp;Usama Kadem Radi,&nbsp;Abdelfattah Amari,&nbsp;Naim Ben Ali,&nbsp;Sujay Raghavendra Naganna,&nbsp;Saad Sh. Sammen,&nbsp;Ali Salem","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02459-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02459-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>There's growing interest in using membrane technology to treat oily wastewater in industries. Nevertheless, membrane fouling is still a major challenge for removing oil particles from the wastewater. As reducing the membrane fouling requires material and surface science insights, in this work, a nanocomposite membrane was investigated for oily wastewater treatment using synthesized silver nanoparticles (<i>AgNPs</i>) coated graphene oxide (<i>GO</i>)/<i>MXene</i> nanocomposite. The synthesized nanocomposite underwent characterization through <i>FT</i>-<i>IR</i>, <i>XRD</i>, <i>FE</i>-<i>SEM</i>, <i>EDX</i>, and Raman spectroscopy; and in order to characterize the fabricated membranes, <i>SEM</i>, and <i>AFM</i> analysis were applied and the membrane properties such as Hardness, Young’s modulus, thickness, swelling ratio, and Water Contact Angle were studied. The efficiency of the produced membranes was assessed by computing the membrane's oil rejection and permeate flow; the results showed that the rejection was upper than 99.0% and the permeate flux was obtained as high as 160 L/m² h. The study of the membrane surface charge by zeta potential analysis showed that the membrane performance could be optimized in terms of antibacterial and anti-fouling using synthesized nanocomposite membranes; that fully align with the findings of the efficiency of killing the bacteria (<i>E</i>_<i>KB</i>) of different membranes using <i>S. aureus</i> as a Gram-positive and <i>E. coli</i> as a Gram-negative bacterium. The results of membrane fouling analysis showed that the modified membranes with <i>FRR</i> of 96.9% have higher sustainability compared to the <i>PA6</i> neat membrane (<i>FRR</i> = 65.6%). Moreover, the classic Hermia fouling model revealed that the fouling mechanism of intermediate blocking best explains how fouling affects the membrane's performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02459-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143919169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water usage efficiency and productivity change: a non-convex metafrontier Malmquist index","authors":"Sebastián Lozano,&nbsp;María M. Borrego-Marin","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02466-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02466-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper uses a non-convex metafrontier approach to study the temporal evolution and the productivity change in the water usage efficiency of 91 countries during the period 2015–2020. A circular three-stage Network Data Envelopment Analysis (NDEA) production process is considered. The non-radial Directional Distance Function (DDF) is used to compute the system efficiency as well as that of the three stages. Three sets of NDEA models are solved: contemporaneous group, intertemporal group and intertemporal metafrontier. The corresponding Malmquist index and its decomposition into efficiency change, best practice gap change and technology gap change is computed for each country and averaged for each world region. The results found indicate that water usage inefficiency seems to be limited to a relatively small number of countries and is due to shortfalls in the gross value added and treated municipal wastewater dimensions. The inefficiency in gross value added actually shows an upward trend. The inefficiency in the water withdrawal and treated municipal wastewater dimensions have remained approximately constant during this period while the inefficiency in produced municipal wastewater have decreased slightly. As regards productivity change, most regions had a negative evolution during this period. Central Asia and Middle East-Western Asia are the exception to this trend and their productivity improvement is mostly due to an improvement in their best practice gap and, to a lesser extent, in their technology gap ratios.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02466-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143919170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced paraben removal through synergistic catalytic ozonation and adsorption processes using Fe3O4-GAC magnetic composite","authors":"Bahareh Ahmadi,&nbsp;Abooalfazl Azhdarpoor,&nbsp;Mohammad Hoseini","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02475-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02475-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The potential long-term deleterious effects of parabens on ecosystems, particularly as endocrine disruptors, have been a source of concern due to their persistent presence in natural waters. This study evaluated the catalytic performance of Fe₃O₄-enhanced granular activated carbon (Fe₃O₄-GAC) in the catalytic ozonation of methyl-paraben (MP) and ethyl-paraben (EP). Characterization confirmed that Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle improved GAC’s surface properties, enhancing reaction efficiency. Under optimized conditions (1.5 g/L GAC, pH 3, 20 mg/L parabens, 45 min), the adsorption process achieved removal efficiencies of 70% for MP and 65% for EP. Fe₃O₄-GAC outperformed ozonation and catalytic ozonation with GAC, removing 98% of MP and 95% of EP at pH 9, 1 g/L catalyst, and 5 min of reaction time. Adsorption kinetics followed the <i>pseudo</i>-first-order kinetic model with higher determination coefficients (R²: 0.9369 for MP, 0.9164 for EP) than the <i>pseudo</i>-second-order model, while the Langmuir isotherm best described the process (R²: 0.9782 for MP, 0.9933 for EP). Degradation in catalytic ozonation using Fe₃O₄-GAC also followed the <i>pseudo</i>-first-order kinetic model, achieving rate constants of 0.4437 min⁻¹ for MP and 0.3076 min⁻¹ for EP. Moreover, the catalyst demonstrated excellent reusability, maintaining high performance after five successive cycles. These findings underline the potential of Fe₃O₄-GAC as a sustainable and efficient catalyst for removing parabens from water, addressing an urgent environmental challenge.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02475-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143919171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on multi-objective optimal allocation of water resources based on differentiation coefficient in Sichuan Province, China","authors":"Zuli He,&nbsp;Qin Xie,&nbsp;Xinyu Xia,&nbsp;Ke Pan,&nbsp;Yiting Zhang,&nbsp;Lingjing Lan,&nbsp;Xiaoshuang Xu,&nbsp;Hourui Ren,&nbsp;Bin Liu","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02464-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02464-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The sustainable development of modern cities requires seeking rational water resources allocation strategies to alleviate supply–demand conflicts and improve the adverse development trend of water resources carrying capacity (WRCC). In this study, a conceptual framework of water resources \"Endowment-Utilization-Development-Risk-Green (EUDRG)\" is constructed to evaluate WRCC, and the coupling coordination degree (CCD) is employed to measure the coordinated development status of the water resources-social economic-ecological environment system. A water resources optimization allocation model under WRCC constraints is proposed, considering the minimization of water resources supply-demand contradictions, the minimization of sewage discharge, and the maximization of economic benefits simultaneously. The case study results show that: (1) The CCD and WRCC of 21 cities in Sichuan Province exhibit significant spatiotemporal differentiation characteristics; (2) The gravity center of WRCC in Sichuan Province tends to shift toward the northeast with Chengdu as the core; (3) The water resources optimization allocation model established in this paper is realistic and reasonable. The differentiated water resources control schemes under five different scenarios allow managers to make choices according to their preferences.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02464-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143919172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel machine learning models for meteorological drought forecasting in the semi-arid climate  region","authors":"Chaitanya Baliram Pande,&nbsp;Dinesh Kumar Vishwakarma,&nbsp;Aman Srivastava,&nbsp;Kanak N. Moharir,&nbsp;Fahad Alshehri,&nbsp;Norashidah Md Din,&nbsp;Lariyah Mohd Sidek,&nbsp;Bojan Đurin,&nbsp;Abebe Debele Tolche","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02445-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02445-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The central region of Maharashtra, India, is susceptible to agriculture, meteorological, and hydrological droughts, impacting local ecosystems. The scarcity of historical data  impedes monitoring and forecasting regional droughts. Given the limited studies on ensemble and Machine Learning (ML) models for drought forecasting, this research compares five ML models [Robust Linear Regression, Bagged Trees, Boosted Trees, Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Matern Gaussian Process Regression (GPR)] to determine superior accuracy in the regional context. The study aims to assess the accuracy of the developed models in predicting future drought events and gain insights into meteorological droughts in tropical climates using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)-SPI-3 and SPI-6. Subset regression analysis exhibited SPI-1, -3, -4, -5, and -6 as the best input subsets for SPI-3, whereas SPI-1 and -2 for SPI-6. Results indicated that the Matern GPR model outperformed other models in SPI-3 and SPI-6 training phases (MSE = 0.1954, 0.0493; RMSE = 0.4420, 0.2221; MAE = 0.3382, 0.1683; MARE = 1.3807, 0.5237; NSE = 0.6585, 0.9048; R = 0.9165, 0.9920; R² = 0.8399, 0.9841). In testing, the SVM model bettered  in SPI-3 and SPI-6 forecasting (MSE = 0.5735, 0.8479; RMSE = 0.7573, 0.9208; MAE = 0.5882, 0.5300; MARE = − 0.5638, − 0.3621; NSE = 0.8676, 0.8601; R = 0.9317, 0.9275; R² = 0.8680, 0.8603). The ensemble method played a novel and crucial role in significantly improving the accuracy of drought forecasting by developing ML models based on various algorithms that operate more efficiently, require fewer inputs, and exhibit less complexity than precise models, proving highly effective for drought warning systems. Therefore, results offer valuable insights for crop planning, drought challenges, water management, and maintaining the study area ecosystem. In conclusion, the study addressed the challenge proposed  by incomplete previous data for monitoring and forecasting regional drought events by employing advanced data imputation techniques, ensemble learning methods, and incorporating robust ML  models like SVM and Matern GPR.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02445-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143904734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting climate change impacts on groundwater aquifer levels in the Henan North China Plain","authors":"Rabia Dars,&nbsp;Jianhua Ping,&nbsp;Xuemei Mei,&nbsp;Chun Chen,&nbsp;Abdul Raheem Shahzad,&nbsp;Joshua Mahwa,&nbsp;Muhammad Afzal Jamali","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02434-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02434-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Monitoring GWL over extended periods is crucial for comprehending the fluctuations of groundwater resources in the present context for ongoing global changes. This study analyzed the effects of climate variations on the GWL in Henan Province North China Plain using two deep-learning models Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BidLSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU). These models predicted monthly variations in GWL at 85 monitoring wells across the area using a dataset from 1980 to 2015. For validation and evaluation, both models were quantitatively calibrated using training set (1980–2015) to predict GWL from 2016 to 2100. The dataset was partitioned, with 80% allocated for training and 20% for testing. The result interpreted that in AHP3 well, GWL declined to 120 m in 1980 due to reduced precipitation 57 mm and Et 62 mm, while temperature stayed at 10 °C as of 2070, In the Zhengzhou and Keifing regions GWL declined by 98 m in the 1980 s despite rising precipitation 72 mm and Et 60 mm, due to insufficient recharge by 2100, GWL is expected to reach 140 m, driven by climate changes, including a temperature increase to 17 °C. The results indicated significant changes with the effect of precipitation, significant increase in temperature and surface Et. Anthropogenic activity also impacted GWL in the area. The trained models demonstrated good performance, with a prediction error of 0.0350, 0.0346 m, and the root mean square error (RMSE) was recorded at 0.1870, 0.1860 m. By accurately predicting GWLs, the BidLSTM model can help ensure that groundwater resources are used sustainably and efficiently.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02434-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143904735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatio-temporal analysis of bottled mineral water brands and their compliance with standards","authors":"Neyha Rubab Syed,&nbsp;Ali Raza,&nbsp;Fahad Alshehri,&nbsp;Sattam Almadani,&nbsp;Sudhir Kumar Singh,&nbsp;Ahmed Elbeltagi","doi":"10.1007/s13201-025-02441-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13201-025-02441-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Assessing bottled mineral water (BMW) against drinking water guidelines set by the World health organization, international bottled water association, and Pakistan standards and quality control authority is critical for ensuring product safety. The present study used physico-chemical parameters to conduct a spatio-temporal analysis of BMW brands in Pakistan. Data were collected from the Pakistan council of research in water resources (PCRWR), comprised of 33 water quality reports (2013–2024) from various districts of Pakistan. The prime objective was to create spatial maps of physico-chemical parameters, including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), hardness, total dissolved solids (TDS), chloride (Cl) and arsenic (As). Comparative analysis of water samples from BMW brands revealed that safe brands met the permissible ranges for pH, EC, hardness, TDS, Cl, and arsenic (As), while unsafe brands did not meet these limit and were deemed for consumption. Integrating spatial data with geographic information systems enabled a more efficient and timely assessment of physico-chemical parameters. Additionally, classifying brands as safe, unsafe, disappeared and emerging over quarterly periods helped allowed for clear differentiation. Overall, the results underscore the importance of continued regulatory efforts by the PCRWR to maintain high standards for BMW in Pakistan. Future strategies could include more frequent testing, public disclosure of non-compliant brands, and incentives for consistent performers to further improve market safety and reliability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8374,"journal":{"name":"Applied Water Science","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-025-02441-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143904689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}